Papers by Derek Lutterbeck
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
Coup-proofing—that is, measures aimed at preventing military coups and ensuring military loyalty—... more Coup-proofing—that is, measures aimed at preventing military coups and ensuring military loyalty—has been a key feature of civil–military relations in Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) states. Just as the MENA region has been one of the most coup-prone regions in the world, coup-proofing has been an essential instrument of regime survival in Arab countries. The most commonly found coup-proofing strategies in the region include (a) so-called “communal coup-proofing,” involving the appointment of individuals to key positions within the military based on family, ethnic, or religious ties; (b) providing the military with corporate and/or private benefits in order to ensure its loyalty; (c) creating parallel military forces in addition to the regular military, so as to “counter-balance” the latter; (d) monitoring of the military through a vast internal security and intelligence apparatus; and (e) promoting professionalism, and thus political neutrality, within the military. The exp...
This case study has been developed in the framework of the EU-funded “Study on smuggling of migra... more This case study has been developed in the framework of the EU-funded “Study on smuggling of migrants: characteristics, responses and cooperation with third countries”. Five case studies served as an information collection tool to contribute to the data collection of the larger study, in order to provide detailed information on the phenomenon of migrant smuggling and policies to address it as occurring in particular countries or along particular route segments. The rationale for the decision on case study countries and route segments covered has been made based on their relevance according to indicators such as the number of irregular migrants apprehended (particularly based on Frontex data), border type, modus operandi, migration route and relationship with third countries, following the requirements in line with the tender specifications for the Study. In this case study Ethiopia was selected as the country of departure, with Libya chosen as a transit country and Malta and Italy as...
In recent years, migration across the Mediterranean has become an issue of growing concern to the... more In recent years, migration across the Mediterranean has become an issue of growing concern to the countries of the region and beyond. It has also become a rather divisive issue between the two shores of the Mediterranean, as the interests of countries to the North and those of the South have often conflicted in questions related to migration in the region. For the countries along the southern rim of the Mediterranean, the situation has in many ways been more complex. As far as they themselves have become destination or transit countries for would-be migrants coming from further south, they too have come to view irregular migration as a growing burden, and have been espousing an increasingly restrictive immigration control agenda. On the other hand, as migrant-sending countries, southern Mediterranean countries have also been interested in opening channels for legal migration into the EU for their citizens in order to relieve pressure on their saturated labor markets. As a consequence of these diverging interests, collaboration between the countries north and south of the Mediterranean in the area of migration policy has generally been rather difficult to achieve, and at times the migration issue has led to considerable tensions between north and south Mediterranean countries. The aim of this volume is twofold: to offer a broader perspective on the migration-development nexus, and to give a stronger voice to the often-overheard voices of southern Mediterranean countries on migration and development issues. The majority of the contributions contained in this volume explore various facets of the relationship between migration and development from the perspective of the countries along the southern rim of the Mediterranean, although some of them also provide critical analyses of EU policies in this area.
The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundatio... more The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international community in pursuing good governance and reform of the security sector. The Centre develops and promotes norms and standards, conducts tailored policy research, identifies good practices and recommendations to promote democratic security sector governance, and provides in-country advisory support and practical assistance programmes. SSR Papers is a flagship DCAF publication series intended to contribute innovative thinking on important themes and approaches relating to security sector reform (SSR) in the broader context of security sector governance (SSG). Papers provide original and provocative analysis on topics that are directly linked to the challenges of a governance-driven security sector reform agenda. SSR Papers are intended for researchers, policy-makers and practitioners involved in this field.
Journal of Borderlands Studies
This license allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing a... more This license allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. This book was originally published by the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international community in pursuing good governance and reform of the security sector. The title transferred to Ubiquity Press when the series moved to an open access platform. The full text of this book was peer reviewed according to the original publisher's policy at the time. The original ISBN for this title was 978-92-9222-180-5. SSR Papers is a flagship DCAF publication series intended to contribute innovative thinking on important themes and approaches relating to security sector reform (SSR) in the broader context of security sector governance (SSG). Papers provide original and provocative analysis on topics that are directly linked to the challenges of a governance-driven security sector reform agenda. SSR Papers are intended for researchers, policy-makers and practitioners involved in this field. The views expressed are those of the author(s) alone and do not in any way reflect the views of the institutions referred to or represented within this paper.
Migration, Security, and Citizenship in the Middle East, 2013
Migration, Security, and Citizenship in the Middle East, 2000
Eurafrican Migration: Legal, Economic and Social Responses to Irregular Migration, 2015
The Journal of North African Studies, 2015
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 09662830500336193, Jan 24, 2007
ABSTRACT A distinctive feature of the security landscape in western Europe of the post-Cold War e... more ABSTRACT A distinctive feature of the security landscape in western Europe of the post-Cold War era is that the dividing line between internal and external security has become increasingly obsolete—mainly as a consequence of the growing importance of transnational as well as other challenges to security which defy the distinction between domestic and international security. This article examines this convergence of internal and external security agendas from the perspective of the coercive apparatus of western European countries, pointing to a militarisation and externalisation of policing, and an internalisation and ‘policisation’ of soldiering: while police forces are taking on military characteristics, and are extending their activities beyond the borders of the state, military forces are turning to internal security missions, and are adopting certain police features. Moreover, agencies which have traditionally been located at the interface between police and military forces, i.e. gendarmerie-type or paramilitary forces, are assuming an increasingly important role.
Mediterranean Politics
Over recent years, there has been growing concern in European countries with irregular migration ... more Over recent years, there has been growing concern in European countries with irregular migration and other – supposedly related – transnational challenges from across the Mediterranean, which have come to be seen both as a security risk as well as a humanitarian challenge. In response, European countries have been stepping up their efforts to police their Mediterranean borders. This has involved both an increasing militarization of migration control in the Mediterranean, in the sense of the deployment of semi-military and military forces and hardware in the prevention of migration by sea, and an intensification of law enforcement co-operation between the countries north and south of the Mediterranean. This article discusses the evolution of these policing activities in and across the Mediterranean, as well as some of its perverse side effects, such as the growing involvement of human smugglers, and the diversion of the migratory flows towards other, usually further and more dangerou...
ABSTRACT Thèse rel. intern. Genève. Literaturverz.
Mediterranean Politics
While Russia during the Yeltsin period was largely relegated to a spectator role in the Mediterra... more While Russia during the Yeltsin period was largely relegated to a spectator role in the Mediterranean, under Vladimir Putin it has emerged as an increasingly significant player in the region. In particular in the energy and military sectors, Russia has shown a renewed interest in the Mediterranean and also stepped up its efforts to establish closer relationships with the countries of the southern shores of the Mediterranean sea. This in turn has been of considerable concern to Western, and in particular European, countries, which at least to some extent have seen Russia's growing activism in the Mediterranean as a challenge to their interests. As a result, there now appears to be a renewed rivalry between Western countries and Russia in the region – rivalry predominantly over oil and gas supplies, as well as military cooperation, in particular arms sales, with the countries south of the Mediterranean. This renewed, but transformed, geopolitical contest between East and West seem...
European Security, 2005
A distinctive feature of the security landscape in western Europe of the post- Cold War era is th... more A distinctive feature of the security landscape in western Europe of the post- Cold War era is that the dividing line between internal and external security has become increasingly obsolete */mainly as a consequence of the growing importance of transnational as well as other challenges to security which defy the distinction between domestic and international security. This article examines this
The Journal of North African Studies, 2009
Long shunned by Western countries for its support of terrorist activities, Libya has, over recent... more Long shunned by Western countries for its support of terrorist activities, Libya has, over recent years, become an increasingly important partner of European countries in a number of key policy fields. This article examines the rapprochement between Europe and Libya in three areas ...
Mediterranean Quarterly, 2009
Located at the southernmost tip of Europe, just off the coast of Africa, Malta has in recent year... more Located at the southernmost tip of Europe, just off the coast of Africa, Malta has in recent years increasingly been in the international spotlight as a front-line state for irregular immigration from Africa to the European Union. Since about 2002, Malta has experienced a growing influx ...
Mediterranean Politics, 2006
Over recent years, there has been growing concern in European countries with irregular migration ... more Over recent years, there has been growing concern in European countries with irregular migration and other -supposedly related -transnational challenges from across the Mediterranean, which have come to be seen both as a security risk as well as a humanitarian challenge. In response, European countries have been stepping up their efforts to police their Mediterranean borders. This has involved both an increasing militarization of migration control in the Mediterranean, in the sense of the deployment of semi-military and military forces and hardware in the prevention of migration by sea, and an intensification of law enforcement co-operation between the countries north and south of the Mediterranean. This article discusses the evolution of these policing activities in and across the Mediterranean, as well as some of its perverse side effects, such as the growing involvement of human smugglers, and the diversion of the migratory flows towards other, usually further and more dangerous, routes across the Mediterranean sea.
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Papers by Derek Lutterbeck