Papers by Albert Zastawny
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 76/2, 227-251, Kraków, 2024
In 2005, during rescue archaeological excavations preceding the building of the A-4 motorway, at ... more In 2005, during rescue archaeological excavations preceding the building of the A-4 motorway, at Site no. 7 in Zakrzowiec, Wieliczka district, a feature interpreted as a grave of the Wyciąże-Złotniki group of the Lengyel-Polgár complex was discovered. The human skeleton was not preserved, but the grave furnishings consisted of two amphorae of the ‘milk jug’ type (German term: Milchtopf, Hungarian term: tejesköcsög). Vessels of this type belong to the basic taxonomic distinction of the Wyciąże-Złotniki group and are known from both graves and settlement sites. One of the vessels from the grave in Zakrzowiec has a unique decoration in the form of discshaped handles (German term: Scheibenhenkels) and a circumferential zigzag pattern formed of short engraved lines. This is the first such decoration on “milk jug” type amphorae known from the Lesser Poland region.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 76/1, 469-496, Kraków, 2024
This article presents the study of a unique artefact in the form of a very large trapezoidal axe-... more This article presents the study of a unique artefact in the form of a very large trapezoidal axe-head with rectangular section from Słupów, Lesser Poland, against the background of Eneolithic phenomena occurring in the
area. The specimen is in the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków since 1929, but has not been discussed until now. It was made by local communities from flint of the G variety, a raw material exploited by
Eneolithic groups in western Lesser Poland. The axe-head from Słupów is one of the largest flint axes to have been discovered on Polish lands. This find provokes a broader discussion of the role of local production of macrolithic four-sided forms against a wider background.
Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 2024
The Early Eneolithic period in Lesser Poland is represented by the Lublin-Volhynian culture and t... more The Early Eneolithic period in Lesser Poland is represented by the Lublin-Volhynian culture and the Wyciąże-Złotniki group. For both of them, the main cultural references were the Middle Copper Age groups from the Carpathian Basin (the Bodrogkeresztúr, the Hunyadihalom-Lažňany, the Balaton-Lasinja cultures, as well as the Ludanice, and the Bajč-Retz-Gajary groups). One of the most important indicators of the Transcarpathian influence was the use of various copper objects by local communities and their deposition in graves. A set of seventeen objects, mostly from well-dated grave contexts, was analysed to establish the provenance of the copper artefacts used in western Lesser Poland. This set included artefacts discovered in Złota Grodzisko I and Grodzisko II, Książnice 2, Koniecmosty, Kraków-Wyciąże 5 and Kraków-Cło 7. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to study the chemical compositions, while lead isotope ratios were determined using a inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (HR-MC-ICP-MS). In addition, some of the objects were visually inspected under a digital microscope to determine how they were made and used. As a result of this analytical programme, it was possible to establish that both Lesser Poland groups used the same copper distribution networks. Initially (c. 4050–3950 BC), the copper originated from the mines in Serbia that at the time were controlled, as suggested in the literature, by the peoples of the Bodrogkeresztúr culture, and also from the mines in the Slovak ore Mountains, linked to the Ludanice group. It appears, however, that from c. 3950 BC onwards, the only source of metal for the production of copper objects used by the inhabitants of western Lesser Poland were the mines located in the Slovak Ore Mountains. This research also suggested that, while around 3950–3800 BC, there was a marked regression in the production and use of copper artefacts in the Carpathian Basin, in the area of western Lesser Poland there was an increase in the use and, most likely, local production of original copper jewellery.
Studia Historica Nitriensia, vol. 27, Supplementum 3, 35-46, Nitra, 2023
The article presents the latest results of radiocarbon dating carried out on samples of animal bo... more The article presents the latest results of radiocarbon dating carried out on samples of animal bones from three sites of the Baden culture in Lesser Poland: Kraków-Pleszów, site 17-20, Igołomia, site 1, Smardzowice, site 38. New radiocarbon measurements increase the small series of 23 dates 14C as we have had so far. They are interesting and important. The date from Kraków-Pleszów is currently the oldest for the Baden culture in Lesser Poland (4450,40 BP), while the measurements for Smardzowice and Igołomia are the youngest (4290,30 BP; 4265,35 BP). Thus, the obtained results set the time frame for the development of the Baden culture in the areas north of the Carpathians.
Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 376, Bonn 2022, 151-171; From Farmers to Heroes? Archaeological Studies in Honor of Sławomir Kadrow, 2022
The article presents the results of radiocarbon dating and the context of the discovery of organi... more The article presents the results of radiocarbon dating and the context of the discovery of organic materials from which five new age easurements
were obtained for the Malice culture from the area of western Lesser Poland. Analysis of wood charcoal samples and animal bone were
carried out a few years ago, but they have not yet been published and discussed. The new dates come from excavated settlement features at four sites in the Kraków vicinity: Kraków-Olszanica, Kraków-Witkowice, Zakrzowiec and Targowisko. It is worth noting that until 2020 we did not
have any published radiocarbon measurements for the Malice culture from the Kraków region. We currently have 15 dates from eight sites in the
entire area of western Lesser Poland. The presentation of the results of radiocarbon analysis in this article is primarily of a source nature. Its aim
is to introduce new data into the scientific circulation for research on the absolute chronology of the Malice culture, as well as other important
issues, including the genesis of this culture in the Kraków region.
Slovenská archeológia 70-1, Nitra, 2022
The study presents a general characteristic of the Šariš agglomeration of the Baden culture (BaC)... more The study presents a general characteristic of the Šariš agglomeration of the Baden culture (BaC) following from the
data of archaeological and mostly natural science analyses (mineral-petrographic, archaeozoological, archaeobotanical,
anthropological and radiocarbon). Representative find contexts from three settlement areas and one locality with burials
were selected form the region for comparative analyses. The above-mentioned sites identify the BaC settlement period
in the region from the horizon of the Boleráz/Early Classical BaC stage (Baden I/II ) to its late classical development stage
(Baden III /IV ). The published data were excerpted from a more extensive information database containing results of
analyses of BaC find contexts from Trans-Carpathian regions of Slovakia (Gemer, Košická kotlina basin, Zemplín, Spiš,
Šariš) and Lesser Poland, which were integral parts of the north-eastern regional expansion of the Baden cultural complex.
Materiały Archeologiczne 43, Kraków, 2022
In the years 1921-1924 Józef Żurowski carried out large rescue excavations in Książnice Wielkie, ... more In the years 1921-1924 Józef Żurowski carried out large rescue excavations in Książnice Wielkie, discovering the settlements of the Funnel Beaker culture and Funnel Beaker-Baden assemblages, the Corded Ware culture cemetery, and Early Medieval graves. The huge, as yet untapped, research potential of this site has become the reason for a scientific return to Książnice Wielkie. After almost 100 years since J. Żurowski's fieldwork, the Archaeological Museum in Kraków resumed research. In 2017, geomagnetic prospecting was carried out, and since 2018, rescue excavations have been conducted in cooperation with the Institute of Archaeology of Jagiellonian University. In 2018-2019, a further part of the Funnel Beaker-Baden settlement was discovered, along with new Corded Ware culture and Early Medieval graves, as well as Lublin-Volhynian culture and Lusatian culture features.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 2021
In the years 2006-2011, at the site Więckowice 4, rescue excavations were carried out in the east... more In the years 2006-2011, at the site Więckowice 4, rescue excavations were carried out in the eastern part of an extensive (over 15 ha) multicultural zone. The most numerous are the remains of the LBK settlement from the "music note" phase. The southeastern part of the settlement was explored, discovering lines of building pits and post holes belonging to 3-4 longhouses. A particularly unique discovery was a fragment of a LBK vessel with powdered graphite preserved on the outer surface. In addition to the LBK ornament of engraved lines, it is decorated in a manner referring to the ornamentation of the Eastern Linear circle (Tiszadob-Kapušany group). The presence of graphite on the vessel wall has been confirmed by the results of SEM-EDS analyses. This is the first such find in Lesser Poland. To comprehensively address the cultural significance of this find we provide an upto-date overview of graphite usage in a wide range of LBK contexts.
A planitiebus usque ad montes. Studia archaeologica Andreae Pelisiak vitae anno sexagesimo quinto oblata, 2020
The article presents the first results of radiocarbon dating for the Neolithic settlement in Ksią... more The article presents the first results of radiocarbon dating for the Neolithic settlement in Książnice Wielkie in the history of research of this site. AMS dates were obtained from animal bone samples for three settlement pits with Funnel Beaker and Funnel Beaker-Baden materials. These are materials from the research of J. Żurowski, carried out in 1921–1924 and elaborated by B. Burchard and A. Eker
in 1964. The obtained results are an introduction to further work on the absolute chronology of the discussed site. There is also a plan to release a publication of the materials from J. Żurowski’s research. In addition, the results of these analyses will be verified through the
materials from new excavations in Książnice Wielkie, conducted since 2018 by the Archaeological Museum in Kraków and the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 72/1, Kraków, 2020
In 1964, Barbara Burchard and Anna Eker published a study of the Funnel Beaker culture materials ... more In 1964, Barbara Burchard and Anna Eker published a study of the Funnel Beaker culture materials from
Książnice Wielkie, Proszowice district. These materials were obtained by Józef Żurowski, who conducted large
rescue excavations in 1921-1924. He has never published the results of research, and the study by B. Burchard
and A. Eker is so far the only comprehensive one of the Funnel Beaker culture settlement there. Since then, this
site has not been the subject of detailed research and analysis. The huge, as yet untapped, research potential of
this site has become the reason for a scientific return to Książnice Wielkie. After almost 100 years since J. Żurowski’s
fieldwork, the Archaeological Museum in Kraków resumed research. In 2017, magnetic prospecting was
carried out, and since 2018, rescue excavations have been directed. Stone artefacts are also being studied, and
radiocarbon analyses of materials obtained in the 1920s are being conducted.
Materiały Archeologiczne 42, Kraków, 2018
Józef Żurowski in 1932 conducted a small-scale research on the hill called Grodzisko in Chełm, Bo... more Józef Żurowski in 1932 conducted a small-scale research on the hill called Grodzisko in Chełm, Bochnia district. The artifacts from this surveys are stored in the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków. It is a site located at a distance of 30 km to south-eastern direction from the middle of Kraków. It is situated in the bend of the Raba River, which is right tributary of the Vistula. The interest of the archaeologists of this place was started in 1880, mainly due to exposed location and assumptions about existence of the early medieval stronghold here. From the research of J. Żurowski derive above all ceramic materials of the Neolithic cultures, mainly of the Baden culture. It settlement was accumulated on the traces of older settlement: the Malice culture, the Pleszów-Modlnica and the Wyciąże-Złotniki groups of the Lengyel-Polgár circle and the Lublin-Volhynian culture. The materials from 1932 must be considered as a collection (lack of documentation), which were obtained from the multicultural layers. Worthy of note are numerous artifacts of the Baden culture from the settlement which was investigated by M. Cabalska over the period 1966-1972. Especially interesting is determining the presence of the Lublin-Volhynian pottery. The sites of this culture have not yet been reported in the western Lesser Poland on the right flank of the Vistula River.
Materiały Archeologiczne 42, Kraków , 2018
The Archaeological Museum in Kraków stores a small collection of the Baden culture artifacts from... more The Archaeological Museum in Kraków stores a small collection of the Baden culture artifacts from Trenčín in western Slovakia. The collection consists of fragments of clay pots and stone tools made of radiolarit.
The artifacts were placed in the Museum in 1930. Except for the place of origin of these findings, the information about the circumstances of their discovery and their archeological context are unknown. The materials can be assigned to the Late Classic Baden horizon. The sites which are dated as such are very scarce in western, and in particular, south-western Slovakia. In this area prevail the findings of the Boleráz group of
the oldest horizon of the Baden complex in Central Europe and the sites of the Post-Baden Bošáca culture.
The Holocene, 2020
The study of past environments, their ecology, and detailed changes through time has become an im... more The study of past environments, their ecology, and detailed changes through time has become an important task of environmental science. Records of paleoenvironment usually vary between regions owing to different influences of local climate, vegetation, relief, and depositional processes. Therefore, studying local sequences thoroughly allows paleoenvironmental and paleoecological reconstructions for particular regions, but it also provides important data that complement the global record. The Żarska Cave is an exceptional site, which owing to its thick and undisturbed Holocene sediments with very rich paleobotanical and paleozoological materials has become the most complete example of the uppermost Upper Pleistocene and Holocene cave deposits in the Polish uplands. The aim of our study was to understand paleoenvironmental changes in southern Poland, from the late Glacial to the late Holocene, which has been targeted by use of a detailed geological analysis accompanied by analysis of a wide range of paleobotanical, paleozoological, and archeological assemblages. All the results obtained have permitted characterization of the paleoenvironmental changes occurring in the area of the Polish Jura during the last >15 ka years. A particularly well-represented sequence covers the Allerød interstadial, which revealed the presence of forests with associated shade-loving mollusks and rodents. The beginning of the Holocene was clearly identified with an increase of shaded forest habitats, which developed in a still relatively cold climate with continental features, and with the first appearance of mesophilous deciduous trees. During the middle Holocene, unusual evidence for maple forests is documented, which developed before the formation of beech forests, typical for the late Holocene. The obtained sequence has great significance not only for the Polish Jura region, but also has wider implications for southern Poland and the vast area of the northern Carpathian foreland.
Badania archeologiczne w Polsce środkowowschodniej, zachodniej Białorusi i Ukrainie w roku 2018, A. Zakościelna (red.), Lublin , 2019
Na okładce: zapinka podkowiasta z Koprzywnicy (X-XI w.), pow. sandomierski (fot. Dorota Awiorko)
Multas Per Gentes Et Multa Per Saecula. Amici Magistro Et Collegae Suo Ioanni Christopho Kozłowski Dedicant, Kraków, 2018
The cultural situation in western Lesser Poland before the Baden culture in its classical phase i... more The cultural situation in western Lesser Poland before the Baden culture in its classical phase is extremely interesting. The development of two great cultural circles – the Funnel Beaker culture and Lengyel-Polgár circle – reached its apogee at that time and was evolving into its final stage, still subjected to several periodic influences from the south of the Carpathian Mts. The intensity of the transformations observed in the central section of the Danube River basin was noticeable as well in areas situated in the upper Vistula River basin. Influences from “the south” are connected mostly with the Boleráz stage of the Baden culture development and also with an older chronological horizon: Funnel Beaker culture Ib/Baalberge –Lažňany – Hunyadihalom – Furchenstichkeramik. They are recognized in the form of imitation of the elements of the material culture noticeable in local communities.
Furthermore, traces of small migrations of population from beyond the Carpathians have been more recognized so far.
Badania archeologiczne w Polsce środkowowschodniej, zachodniej Białorusi i Ukrainie w roku 2017, A. Zakościelna (red.), Lublin, 2018
Stan i potrzeby badań archeologicznych w Karpatach, J. Gancarski (red.), Krosno, 2017
In 3400-2800 BC the Carpathian zone and the adjacent part of western
Lesser Poland, and the nort... more In 3400-2800 BC the Carpathian zone and the adjacent part of western
Lesser Poland, and the northern and south-eastern part of Slovakia were
the north-easternmost territory of the Eneolithic Baden Circle. Recently
the role of the Carpathians in the cultural relations of this period has
been the subject of the research project DEC-2013/09/B/HS3/03401
sponsored by National Science Centre Poland and conducted jointly by
an international team from the Archaeological Museum in Kraków and
the Institute of Archaeology at the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Nitra.
Otázky neolitu a eneolitu našich krajín – 2013, I. Cheben (Ed.), Nitra, 2017
The first in Lesser Poland materials including pottery decorated with needle etching ornament (Fu... more The first in Lesser Poland materials including pottery decorated with needle etching ornament (Furchenstich) in the settlement context, referring to the Bajč-Retz group, were discovered in 2008 at site 5 in Modlnica near Kraków. They were described as the assemblages of the Modlnica type (Zastawny, Grabowska 2011; 2013). In 2012, in the course of elaboration of new materials deriving from the research conducted along the A4 Motorway in the Kraków region by the Cracow Team for Motorway Survey another pottery finds of such character were registered. They derive from two sites: Kraków Bieżanów 30 and Zakrzowiec 7 (Fig. 1). At site 7 in Zakrzowiec, only one fragment of needle etching pottery – a stray find – was found (Fig. 2) whereas at site 30 in Kraków Bieżanów an assemblage composed of 69 fragments of such pottery was discovered – it was occurring with materials of the Funnel Beaker Culture (Fig. 8).
Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie, l'Université Jagellonne, Cracovie, 2016
Slovenská archeológia, 2017
We do not know burial customs of the Baden culture people in the territory of Eastern Slovakia. U... more We do not know burial customs of the Baden culture people in the territory of Eastern Slovakia. Unique cremation burials have been reported only from Veľký Slavkov and Spišské Tomášovce-Hadušovce. However, their find situations have not been explained or published. Part of an incomplete human skeleton comes from a settlement pit in Streda nad Bodrogom, but the place where the finds and anthropological remains from the feature are deposited is still unknown. This makes the unexpected find of at least one cremation burial of the Baden culture from Veľký Šariš even more valuable. It was documented and rescued during the investigation of the exterior of the St. Cunigunde's chapel, which is a national monument from the late Gothic. Another group of vessels, without anthropological remains, comes from the supposed second Baden burial from the same site. The newly discovered finds from Veľký Šariš represent relics close to the oldest horizon of the Baden culture in Eastern Slovakia. On the basis of the analysis of the typological-chronological features of pottery, within relative chronology, they can be dated to stage Baden II at the latest.
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Papers by Albert Zastawny
area. The specimen is in the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków since 1929, but has not been discussed until now. It was made by local communities from flint of the G variety, a raw material exploited by
Eneolithic groups in western Lesser Poland. The axe-head from Słupów is one of the largest flint axes to have been discovered on Polish lands. This find provokes a broader discussion of the role of local production of macrolithic four-sided forms against a wider background.
were obtained for the Malice culture from the area of western Lesser Poland. Analysis of wood charcoal samples and animal bone were
carried out a few years ago, but they have not yet been published and discussed. The new dates come from excavated settlement features at four sites in the Kraków vicinity: Kraków-Olszanica, Kraków-Witkowice, Zakrzowiec and Targowisko. It is worth noting that until 2020 we did not
have any published radiocarbon measurements for the Malice culture from the Kraków region. We currently have 15 dates from eight sites in the
entire area of western Lesser Poland. The presentation of the results of radiocarbon analysis in this article is primarily of a source nature. Its aim
is to introduce new data into the scientific circulation for research on the absolute chronology of the Malice culture, as well as other important
issues, including the genesis of this culture in the Kraków region.
data of archaeological and mostly natural science analyses (mineral-petrographic, archaeozoological, archaeobotanical,
anthropological and radiocarbon). Representative find contexts from three settlement areas and one locality with burials
were selected form the region for comparative analyses. The above-mentioned sites identify the BaC settlement period
in the region from the horizon of the Boleráz/Early Classical BaC stage (Baden I/II ) to its late classical development stage
(Baden III /IV ). The published data were excerpted from a more extensive information database containing results of
analyses of BaC find contexts from Trans-Carpathian regions of Slovakia (Gemer, Košická kotlina basin, Zemplín, Spiš,
Šariš) and Lesser Poland, which were integral parts of the north-eastern regional expansion of the Baden cultural complex.
in 1964. The obtained results are an introduction to further work on the absolute chronology of the discussed site. There is also a plan to release a publication of the materials from J. Żurowski’s research. In addition, the results of these analyses will be verified through the
materials from new excavations in Książnice Wielkie, conducted since 2018 by the Archaeological Museum in Kraków and the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
Książnice Wielkie, Proszowice district. These materials were obtained by Józef Żurowski, who conducted large
rescue excavations in 1921-1924. He has never published the results of research, and the study by B. Burchard
and A. Eker is so far the only comprehensive one of the Funnel Beaker culture settlement there. Since then, this
site has not been the subject of detailed research and analysis. The huge, as yet untapped, research potential of
this site has become the reason for a scientific return to Książnice Wielkie. After almost 100 years since J. Żurowski’s
fieldwork, the Archaeological Museum in Kraków resumed research. In 2017, magnetic prospecting was
carried out, and since 2018, rescue excavations have been directed. Stone artefacts are also being studied, and
radiocarbon analyses of materials obtained in the 1920s are being conducted.
The artifacts were placed in the Museum in 1930. Except for the place of origin of these findings, the information about the circumstances of their discovery and their archeological context are unknown. The materials can be assigned to the Late Classic Baden horizon. The sites which are dated as such are very scarce in western, and in particular, south-western Slovakia. In this area prevail the findings of the Boleráz group of
the oldest horizon of the Baden complex in Central Europe and the sites of the Post-Baden Bošáca culture.
Furthermore, traces of small migrations of population from beyond the Carpathians have been more recognized so far.
Lesser Poland, and the northern and south-eastern part of Slovakia were
the north-easternmost territory of the Eneolithic Baden Circle. Recently
the role of the Carpathians in the cultural relations of this period has
been the subject of the research project DEC-2013/09/B/HS3/03401
sponsored by National Science Centre Poland and conducted jointly by
an international team from the Archaeological Museum in Kraków and
the Institute of Archaeology at the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Nitra.
area. The specimen is in the collection of the Archaeological Museum in Kraków since 1929, but has not been discussed until now. It was made by local communities from flint of the G variety, a raw material exploited by
Eneolithic groups in western Lesser Poland. The axe-head from Słupów is one of the largest flint axes to have been discovered on Polish lands. This find provokes a broader discussion of the role of local production of macrolithic four-sided forms against a wider background.
were obtained for the Malice culture from the area of western Lesser Poland. Analysis of wood charcoal samples and animal bone were
carried out a few years ago, but they have not yet been published and discussed. The new dates come from excavated settlement features at four sites in the Kraków vicinity: Kraków-Olszanica, Kraków-Witkowice, Zakrzowiec and Targowisko. It is worth noting that until 2020 we did not
have any published radiocarbon measurements for the Malice culture from the Kraków region. We currently have 15 dates from eight sites in the
entire area of western Lesser Poland. The presentation of the results of radiocarbon analysis in this article is primarily of a source nature. Its aim
is to introduce new data into the scientific circulation for research on the absolute chronology of the Malice culture, as well as other important
issues, including the genesis of this culture in the Kraków region.
data of archaeological and mostly natural science analyses (mineral-petrographic, archaeozoological, archaeobotanical,
anthropological and radiocarbon). Representative find contexts from three settlement areas and one locality with burials
were selected form the region for comparative analyses. The above-mentioned sites identify the BaC settlement period
in the region from the horizon of the Boleráz/Early Classical BaC stage (Baden I/II ) to its late classical development stage
(Baden III /IV ). The published data were excerpted from a more extensive information database containing results of
analyses of BaC find contexts from Trans-Carpathian regions of Slovakia (Gemer, Košická kotlina basin, Zemplín, Spiš,
Šariš) and Lesser Poland, which were integral parts of the north-eastern regional expansion of the Baden cultural complex.
in 1964. The obtained results are an introduction to further work on the absolute chronology of the discussed site. There is also a plan to release a publication of the materials from J. Żurowski’s research. In addition, the results of these analyses will be verified through the
materials from new excavations in Książnice Wielkie, conducted since 2018 by the Archaeological Museum in Kraków and the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.
Książnice Wielkie, Proszowice district. These materials were obtained by Józef Żurowski, who conducted large
rescue excavations in 1921-1924. He has never published the results of research, and the study by B. Burchard
and A. Eker is so far the only comprehensive one of the Funnel Beaker culture settlement there. Since then, this
site has not been the subject of detailed research and analysis. The huge, as yet untapped, research potential of
this site has become the reason for a scientific return to Książnice Wielkie. After almost 100 years since J. Żurowski’s
fieldwork, the Archaeological Museum in Kraków resumed research. In 2017, magnetic prospecting was
carried out, and since 2018, rescue excavations have been directed. Stone artefacts are also being studied, and
radiocarbon analyses of materials obtained in the 1920s are being conducted.
The artifacts were placed in the Museum in 1930. Except for the place of origin of these findings, the information about the circumstances of their discovery and their archeological context are unknown. The materials can be assigned to the Late Classic Baden horizon. The sites which are dated as such are very scarce in western, and in particular, south-western Slovakia. In this area prevail the findings of the Boleráz group of
the oldest horizon of the Baden complex in Central Europe and the sites of the Post-Baden Bošáca culture.
Furthermore, traces of small migrations of population from beyond the Carpathians have been more recognized so far.
Lesser Poland, and the northern and south-eastern part of Slovakia were
the north-easternmost territory of the Eneolithic Baden Circle. Recently
the role of the Carpathians in the cultural relations of this period has
been the subject of the research project DEC-2013/09/B/HS3/03401
sponsored by National Science Centre Poland and conducted jointly by
an international team from the Archaeological Museum in Kraków and
the Institute of Archaeology at the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Nitra.