Books by Maria Joao Correia Santos
É com grande prazer que apresentamos as Actas da Jornada sobre o Cabeço das Fráguas,
realizada no... more É com grande prazer que apresentamos as Actas da Jornada sobre o Cabeço das Fráguas,
realizada no passado dia 23 de Abril no Museu da Guarda, celebrando vivamente a boa
colaboração institucional que subjaz a esta iniciativa e o êxito de uma reunião científica que
congregou uma elite de especialistas a nível internacional, no intuito genuíno de progredir
no conhecimento deste lugar extraordinário para a arqueologia peninsular que é o Cabeço
das Fráguas.
Papers by Maria Joao Correia Santos
Epigraphic inscriptions that present high level of surface degradation are usually difficult and ... more Epigraphic inscriptions that present high level of surface degradation are usually difficult and tricky to read. Until now, most epigraphic readings have been accomplished by empiric procedures, supported by the visual and tactile perception of the observer, which is naturally subjective, and, often, complemented by lightning techniques, like raking light, that enhance surface texture and detail by casting dramatic shadows on the surface. What if some of these heavily eroded inscriptions that are no longer perceived still keep traces of engravings? To address this challenge a simple and cost-effective method is presented, the Morphological Residual Model (M.R.M.). This method creates high contrast depictions of surface irregularities using 3D scanning data and morphological filtering algorithms. In most cases, the main epigraphic reading problems are overcome by this methodology as exemplified in the case-studies presented.
The objective of this article is to present the possibilities and advantages of using the Morphol... more The objective of this article is to present the possibilities and advantages of using the Morphological Residual Model (M.R.M.) technique as a new and accurate method for epigraphic reading, through the display of four paradigmatic case studies from Portugal. For each inscription, this new application allowed to recapture nearly the entire original engraved text, including the traces unseen to the human eye that were until now, impossible to recover through traditional epigraphic procedures. Each of these cases produced new readings that enlighten not only the text but also the context to which they were associated, pushing forward the epigraphic research.
The analysis of the epigraphic assemblage of Panóias, using the Morhological Residual Model (M.R.... more The analysis of the epigraphic assemblage of Panóias, using the Morhological Residual Model (M.R.M.), as a new method of reading, allowed the reconstitution of nearly the entire engraved texts, including the traces barely noticed nowadays, which implies the correction of former readings of CIL II 2395a, 2395c y 2395d, as well as the revision of the previous interpretations of this sanctuary. Therefore, Serapis, which was thought to be just one of the several deities referred in this cult place, appears now, not only in one, but in two inscriptions, together with Isis and Core, respectively, forming a whole much more coherent, within this particular religious environment.
A figura parece evocar a representação de uma nutrix, podendo constituir o retrato da própria def... more A figura parece evocar a representação de uma nutrix, podendo constituir o retrato da própria defunta, profissão que na Península Ibérica aparece documentada a partir do século II e III e que, além das escravas, se sabe ter sido igualmente exercida por mulheres livres.
Madrider Mitteilungen, 53, Mainz, pp. 455-496
Referred by several authors as an important rock sanctuary, the site of Mogueira stands
like a p... more Referred by several authors as an important rock sanctuary, the site of Mogueira stands
like a paradigm of the difficulties that we have to deal with, when studying this type of places. Its archaeological excavation in 2009 allowed no only to deny the roman chronology for
what was supposed to be a rock sanctuary, but also to identify the real cult place that really
existed, not in the summit of the hill, but down in the valley, next to a water spring, where
are located several rock engravings and rock inscriptions. Through a rigorous presentation
of the archaeological data, we intend with this work, to tell what could have been the true
story of Mogueira.
Cadernos do Endovélico, 1, Caminhos da Identidade, Edições Colibri, Lisboa, pp. 143-148
This paper aims to discuss whether Rocha da Mina can or cannot be classified as a rock sanctuary ... more This paper aims to discuss whether Rocha da Mina can or cannot be classified as a rock sanctuary and if is it valid its relation with the cult of Endovélico.
Sylloge Epigraphica Barcinonensis (SEBarc) XII, Barcelona, pp. 197-224
The analysis of the epigraphic assemblage of Panóias, using the Morhological
Residual Model (MR... more The analysis of the epigraphic assemblage of Panóias, using the Morhological
Residual Model (MRM), as a new method of reading, allowed the reconstitution of nearly
the entire engraved texts, including the traces barely noticed nowadays, which implies the
correction of former readings of CIL II, 2395a, 2395c y 2395d, as well as the revision of the
previous interpretations of this sanctuary. Therefore, Serapis, which was thought to be just
one of the several deities referred in this cult place, appears now, not only in one, but in two
inscriptions, together with Isis and Core, respectively, forming a whole much more coherent,
within this particular religious environment.
Brief note about some new aspects found in the sanctuary of Cueva de Santa Cruz, especially regar... more Brief note about some new aspects found in the sanctuary of Cueva de Santa Cruz, especially regarding the existing and still not published rock altar.
Regarding the assemblage of the new rock inscriptions recently published, it is
important to mak... more Regarding the assemblage of the new rock inscriptions recently published, it is
important to make an update and a re-evaluation of the data known so far, above all in what
concerns to votive texts or inscriptions associated with supposed cult places. Within this
subject, are the cases of Pena Escrita (Vilar de Perdizes, Montalegre), Mogueira (Resende,
Viseu) and Pias dos Mouros (Argeriz, Valpaços), considered as rock sanctuaries and revealing
background questions that we must try to answer.
O presente artigo tem como objectivo a divulgação dos resultados da escavação arqueológica
de sa... more O presente artigo tem como objectivo a divulgação dos resultados da escavação arqueológica
de salvaguarda e do acompanhamento arqueológico dos trabalhos de construção do
parque de estacionamento subterrâneo do Largo Vitorino Damásio (Santos-o-Velho, Lisboa),
realizada entre 9 de Abril e 30 de Julho de 2003. Os trabalhos efectuados permitiram a identificação
de uma antiga estrutura portuária em madeira, contribuindo para o melhor conhecimento
da história da zona ribeirinha de Lisboa e destacando a importância e a responsabilidade
que assumem cada vez mais as intervenções arqueológicas preventivas no quadro do
acompanhamento de obras de construção nesta área específica de Lisboa.
The current paper intends to publish the results of the emergency archaeological
digging of Larg... more The current paper intends to publish the results of the emergency archaeological
digging of Largo de Jesus (Mercês, Lisbon), that took place between 3rd of January and
30th of May of 2005. The accomplished work allowed to identify several archaeological realities
that trace the history of this area since the XVIth century, pointing out the importance
and the responsibility that assumes the emergency excavations for the historical reconstitution
of ancient Lisbon.
Both ceremonies of the sautramani and the suovetaurilia, whose the
most profound study still rem... more Both ceremonies of the sautramani and the suovetaurilia, whose the
most profound study still remains the one that Dumézil led in 1937, correspond
to a very specific ritual context, mainly expiatory and centred on
the war god – Indra, in the Vedic case, and Mars in the roman ceremony.
Aiding the intervention of the war god, there are associated two divinities
related with the prosperity and so, the third function in dumezilian
terms, and still another two deities within the spectre of the first function.
A very specific group of victims define this kind of ritual: a he-goat
– or, in its alternative, a pig (which is the case of the suovetaurilia) –, a
ram and a bull. To the war god is dedicated the bull, to the third function
deities are dedicated the he-goat and the ram and, finally, to the
supreme deities involved in the rite, are designed libations of liquor or
ritual cakes. We speak here, than, of two coordinates: the kind of deities
implied and the animal species sacrificed.
Si tibi occurrerit vetustis arboribus et solitam altitudinem egressis
frequens lucus et conspect... more Si tibi occurrerit vetustis arboribus et solitam altitudinem egressis
frequens lucus et conspectum caeli [densitate] ramorum aliorum alios
protegentium summovens, illa proceritas silvae et secretum loci et admiratio
umbrae in aperto tam densae atque continuae fidem tibi numinis
faciet.
Seneca, Epistulae Morales, 4, 41, 3-4
The present text proposes to consider the sanctuary of Cabeço das Fráguas and its particularities... more The present text proposes to consider the sanctuary of Cabeço das Fráguas and its particularities
within the sacred space conception of the Indo-european Hispania.
Attempting to better understand the context of the rock inscription from Cabeço das
Fráguas, whi... more Attempting to better understand the context of the rock inscription from Cabeço das
Fráguas, which clearly indicates this site as a sanctuary, a research project has been
conducted between 2006 and 2009, revealing an important religious centre, occupied
from the VIIIth century BC till the Ist century AD, whose principal results are presented in
this paper.
In the context of the indigenous religious practices of Western Spain, the confrontation of the a... more In the context of the indigenous religious practices of Western Spain, the confrontation of the archaeological record with the interpretations based on compared religions is, at the moment, of the most importance in the attempt of reconstructing what we can really know and in defining new lines of investigation. Attaining to what we know at the present, it urges, than, to revaluate former interpretations and contextualize the available data, usually taken separately.
That is precisely the attempt of the brief following lines, concerning two figurative bronze pieces, generally interpreted as testimonies of the suovetaurilia practice within the indigenous communities of Western Spain, and which detained analysis, within a very special artefact assemblage, advises special caution.
The current paper suggests a new analysis for the testimonies of the animal sacrifice and the sac... more The current paper suggests a new analysis for the testimonies of the animal sacrifice and the sacrifice of men and horses in the western Roman Hispania, according to the perspective of compared religions, in the context of the Indo-European tradition. There lays the effort of defining clearly what we can really know and with what can we count on to proceed the investigation in these dominions.
The current paper suggests a new analysis for the testimonies of the animal sacrifice and the sac... more The current paper suggests a new analysis for the testimonies of the animal sacrifice and the sacrifice of men and horses in the western Roman Hispania, according to the perspective of compared religions, in the context of the Indo-European tradition. There lays the effort of defining clearly what we can really know and with what can we count on to proceed the investigation in these dominions.
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Books by Maria Joao Correia Santos
realizada no passado dia 23 de Abril no Museu da Guarda, celebrando vivamente a boa
colaboração institucional que subjaz a esta iniciativa e o êxito de uma reunião científica que
congregou uma elite de especialistas a nível internacional, no intuito genuíno de progredir
no conhecimento deste lugar extraordinário para a arqueologia peninsular que é o Cabeço
das Fráguas.
Papers by Maria Joao Correia Santos
like a paradigm of the difficulties that we have to deal with, when studying this type of places. Its archaeological excavation in 2009 allowed no only to deny the roman chronology for
what was supposed to be a rock sanctuary, but also to identify the real cult place that really
existed, not in the summit of the hill, but down in the valley, next to a water spring, where
are located several rock engravings and rock inscriptions. Through a rigorous presentation
of the archaeological data, we intend with this work, to tell what could have been the true
story of Mogueira.
Residual Model (MRM), as a new method of reading, allowed the reconstitution of nearly
the entire engraved texts, including the traces barely noticed nowadays, which implies the
correction of former readings of CIL II, 2395a, 2395c y 2395d, as well as the revision of the
previous interpretations of this sanctuary. Therefore, Serapis, which was thought to be just
one of the several deities referred in this cult place, appears now, not only in one, but in two
inscriptions, together with Isis and Core, respectively, forming a whole much more coherent,
within this particular religious environment.
important to make an update and a re-evaluation of the data known so far, above all in what
concerns to votive texts or inscriptions associated with supposed cult places. Within this
subject, are the cases of Pena Escrita (Vilar de Perdizes, Montalegre), Mogueira (Resende,
Viseu) and Pias dos Mouros (Argeriz, Valpaços), considered as rock sanctuaries and revealing
background questions that we must try to answer.
de salvaguarda e do acompanhamento arqueológico dos trabalhos de construção do
parque de estacionamento subterrâneo do Largo Vitorino Damásio (Santos-o-Velho, Lisboa),
realizada entre 9 de Abril e 30 de Julho de 2003. Os trabalhos efectuados permitiram a identificação
de uma antiga estrutura portuária em madeira, contribuindo para o melhor conhecimento
da história da zona ribeirinha de Lisboa e destacando a importância e a responsabilidade
que assumem cada vez mais as intervenções arqueológicas preventivas no quadro do
acompanhamento de obras de construção nesta área específica de Lisboa.
digging of Largo de Jesus (Mercês, Lisbon), that took place between 3rd of January and
30th of May of 2005. The accomplished work allowed to identify several archaeological realities
that trace the history of this area since the XVIth century, pointing out the importance
and the responsibility that assumes the emergency excavations for the historical reconstitution
of ancient Lisbon.
most profound study still remains the one that Dumézil led in 1937, correspond
to a very specific ritual context, mainly expiatory and centred on
the war god – Indra, in the Vedic case, and Mars in the roman ceremony.
Aiding the intervention of the war god, there are associated two divinities
related with the prosperity and so, the third function in dumezilian
terms, and still another two deities within the spectre of the first function.
A very specific group of victims define this kind of ritual: a he-goat
– or, in its alternative, a pig (which is the case of the suovetaurilia) –, a
ram and a bull. To the war god is dedicated the bull, to the third function
deities are dedicated the he-goat and the ram and, finally, to the
supreme deities involved in the rite, are designed libations of liquor or
ritual cakes. We speak here, than, of two coordinates: the kind of deities
implied and the animal species sacrificed.
frequens lucus et conspectum caeli [densitate] ramorum aliorum alios
protegentium summovens, illa proceritas silvae et secretum loci et admiratio
umbrae in aperto tam densae atque continuae fidem tibi numinis
faciet.
Seneca, Epistulae Morales, 4, 41, 3-4
within the sacred space conception of the Indo-european Hispania.
Fráguas, which clearly indicates this site as a sanctuary, a research project has been
conducted between 2006 and 2009, revealing an important religious centre, occupied
from the VIIIth century BC till the Ist century AD, whose principal results are presented in
this paper.
That is precisely the attempt of the brief following lines, concerning two figurative bronze pieces, generally interpreted as testimonies of the suovetaurilia practice within the indigenous communities of Western Spain, and which detained analysis, within a very special artefact assemblage, advises special caution.
realizada no passado dia 23 de Abril no Museu da Guarda, celebrando vivamente a boa
colaboração institucional que subjaz a esta iniciativa e o êxito de uma reunião científica que
congregou uma elite de especialistas a nível internacional, no intuito genuíno de progredir
no conhecimento deste lugar extraordinário para a arqueologia peninsular que é o Cabeço
das Fráguas.
like a paradigm of the difficulties that we have to deal with, when studying this type of places. Its archaeological excavation in 2009 allowed no only to deny the roman chronology for
what was supposed to be a rock sanctuary, but also to identify the real cult place that really
existed, not in the summit of the hill, but down in the valley, next to a water spring, where
are located several rock engravings and rock inscriptions. Through a rigorous presentation
of the archaeological data, we intend with this work, to tell what could have been the true
story of Mogueira.
Residual Model (MRM), as a new method of reading, allowed the reconstitution of nearly
the entire engraved texts, including the traces barely noticed nowadays, which implies the
correction of former readings of CIL II, 2395a, 2395c y 2395d, as well as the revision of the
previous interpretations of this sanctuary. Therefore, Serapis, which was thought to be just
one of the several deities referred in this cult place, appears now, not only in one, but in two
inscriptions, together with Isis and Core, respectively, forming a whole much more coherent,
within this particular religious environment.
important to make an update and a re-evaluation of the data known so far, above all in what
concerns to votive texts or inscriptions associated with supposed cult places. Within this
subject, are the cases of Pena Escrita (Vilar de Perdizes, Montalegre), Mogueira (Resende,
Viseu) and Pias dos Mouros (Argeriz, Valpaços), considered as rock sanctuaries and revealing
background questions that we must try to answer.
de salvaguarda e do acompanhamento arqueológico dos trabalhos de construção do
parque de estacionamento subterrâneo do Largo Vitorino Damásio (Santos-o-Velho, Lisboa),
realizada entre 9 de Abril e 30 de Julho de 2003. Os trabalhos efectuados permitiram a identificação
de uma antiga estrutura portuária em madeira, contribuindo para o melhor conhecimento
da história da zona ribeirinha de Lisboa e destacando a importância e a responsabilidade
que assumem cada vez mais as intervenções arqueológicas preventivas no quadro do
acompanhamento de obras de construção nesta área específica de Lisboa.
digging of Largo de Jesus (Mercês, Lisbon), that took place between 3rd of January and
30th of May of 2005. The accomplished work allowed to identify several archaeological realities
that trace the history of this area since the XVIth century, pointing out the importance
and the responsibility that assumes the emergency excavations for the historical reconstitution
of ancient Lisbon.
most profound study still remains the one that Dumézil led in 1937, correspond
to a very specific ritual context, mainly expiatory and centred on
the war god – Indra, in the Vedic case, and Mars in the roman ceremony.
Aiding the intervention of the war god, there are associated two divinities
related with the prosperity and so, the third function in dumezilian
terms, and still another two deities within the spectre of the first function.
A very specific group of victims define this kind of ritual: a he-goat
– or, in its alternative, a pig (which is the case of the suovetaurilia) –, a
ram and a bull. To the war god is dedicated the bull, to the third function
deities are dedicated the he-goat and the ram and, finally, to the
supreme deities involved in the rite, are designed libations of liquor or
ritual cakes. We speak here, than, of two coordinates: the kind of deities
implied and the animal species sacrificed.
frequens lucus et conspectum caeli [densitate] ramorum aliorum alios
protegentium summovens, illa proceritas silvae et secretum loci et admiratio
umbrae in aperto tam densae atque continuae fidem tibi numinis
faciet.
Seneca, Epistulae Morales, 4, 41, 3-4
within the sacred space conception of the Indo-european Hispania.
Fráguas, which clearly indicates this site as a sanctuary, a research project has been
conducted between 2006 and 2009, revealing an important religious centre, occupied
from the VIIIth century BC till the Ist century AD, whose principal results are presented in
this paper.
That is precisely the attempt of the brief following lines, concerning two figurative bronze pieces, generally interpreted as testimonies of the suovetaurilia practice within the indigenous communities of Western Spain, and which detained analysis, within a very special artefact assemblage, advises special caution.
the data known so far, above all in what concerns votive texts or inscriptions associated with
supposed cult places.
This is the case of Pena Escrita (Vilar de Perdizes, Montalegre), Mogueira (Resende, Viseu) and Pias
dos Mouros (Argeriz, Valpaços), considered to be rock sanctuaries and raising background questions we
must try to answer.
Apresentado no GENIUS LOCI: Lugares e Significados, realizada em Porto (Portugal), 20-22 Abril 2016.
Lino Tavares Dias (1997: 301) e António Baptista Lopes (1998: 290-291) referem a existência de um acampamento militar romano no alto da Serra do Marão, definido por um recinto rectangular, ao qual lhe estaria associado uma torre de planta quadrangular. Este possível acampamento é identificado por uma inscrição gravada sobre um penedo que se localiza nas proximidades: Castra Oresbi. A exiguidade dos dados arqueológicos apresentados levou mesmo alguns autores (Martins 2009: 127) a contestar esta interpretação, considerando “mais viável a hipótese do penedo estar associado a um termo de populus, ou a um limite de "grupo social" de categoria inferior ao primeiro” (ibid.).
Posto isto, propomo-nos realizar uma revisão integral da evidência arqueológica disponível através de pesquisa bibliográfica, prospecção, aplicação de tecnologias geoespaciais e análise epigráfica. O objetivo deste trabalho passa por avaliar o verdadeiro potencial arqueológico desta zona e propor uma reinterpretação desta problemática científica.