Because adult Korean-born adoptees have unique experiences, the factors that contribute to their ... more Because adult Korean-born adoptees have unique experiences, the factors that contribute to their psychological well-being need to be studied separately from both Caucasian and Korean Americans. In this Internet-based study with 83 adult Korean-born adoptees in the United States, both ethnic identity and adjustment to adoption (considered a component of adoptive identity) were expected to predict psychological well-being. Results supported predictions: Each measure of psychological well-being (personal growth, self-acceptance, and positive relationships with others) was affected by the predictive variables in unique ways. Cultural socialization experiences also were related to personal growth, but this association was fully mediated by strength of ethnic identity. Implications for adoptive parents and counselors are discussed.
Because adult Korean-born adoptees have unique experiences, the factors that contribute to their ... more Because adult Korean-born adoptees have unique experiences, the factors that contribute to their psychological well-being need to be studied separately from both Caucasian and Korean Americans. In this Internet-based study with 83 adult Korean-born adoptees in the United States, both ethnic identity and adjustment to adoption (considered a component of adoptive identity) were expected to predict psychological well-being. Results supported predictions: Each measure of psychological well-being (personal growth, self-acceptance, and positive relationships with others) was affected by the predictive variables in unique ways. Cultural socialization experiences also were related to personal growth, but this association was fully mediated by strength of ethnic identity. Implications for adoptive parents and counselors are discussed.
In this section, four authors contributed their thoughts on how writing textbooks on the psycholo... more In this section, four authors contributed their thoughts on how writing textbooks on the psychology of women and gender has changed over the last 35 years. The introduction summarizes common themes in these reflections: the explosion in research and theory about women and gender; increased inclusion of diversity and intersectionality; increased appreciation of the power of the social context and power itself; the challenge of keeping a feminist perspective; changes in the student population; and changes in the publishing industry. Some comments about the future of the field are included.
U.S. society continues to accept myths regarding the supposed weakness of women’s bodies. Women’s... more U.S. society continues to accept myths regarding the supposed weakness of women’s bodies. Women’s displays of physical power are often prevented or undermined, typically in ways centering on the concept of femininity. Increasing numbers of female athletes have not led to a true physical feminist liberation, one which would increase women’s confidence, power, respect, wealth, enjoyment of physicality, and escape from rape and the fear of rape. Despite these possible benefits, most feminists have not encouraged the development of physical power in women. Although caution regarding physical power is warranted, the benefits of a physical, libratory feminism outweigh the risks.
This longitudinal path analysis tested Yakunina et al.'s (2012) partially mediated model of the r... more This longitudinal path analysis tested Yakunina et al.'s (2012) partially mediated model of the relationship between the five multicultural personality factors (MPQ) measured at Time 1 and psychological adjustment measured at Time 2 in 120 U.S. students studying in Costa Rica for a semester. With the addition of other individual and social variables, this model also was tested as a predictor of students' sociocultural adjustment. Individual (multicultural personality traits, openness to diversity, study abroad goals, language proficiency), social (homestay experience, amount of contact with co-nationals, amount of contact with locals), and structural factors (participation in structured group programs) were considered. Results for psychological adjustment mostly supported Yakunina et al.'s findings except for the relationship between openness to diversity and adjustment, raising the question of whether level of openness to diversity itself changes over the course of the study abroad experience. For sociocultural adjustment, a partially mediated model was the best fit, with social interaction with locals serving as a mediator of students' MPQ level of open-mindedness and the quality of the homestay experience. Level of language ability at Time 1 was a direct predictor of this type of adjustment. Thus, the two types of adjustment have different predictors, with language proficiency and social interactions with locals being most important for sociocultural adjustment. Implications of the results for study abroad programs and future research are discussed.
Although there has been much research on the link between femininity and female appearance, body ... more Although there has been much research on the link between femininity and female appearance, body image, and eating disorders, there has been little research with respect to the behavior of eating itself. Recent literature has indicated that an individual's perception of a women can be isffected by the amount of food that the woman is perceived as eating. This study explored the relationship between meal size and perceptions of a woman by asking 97 college students to give their impressions of a female student who wa: seen via a television monitor eating one of four meals. Meals were variod in terms of both amount and gender connotations. Four questionnaires were used in th, study: a questionnaire focusing participants' attention on the meal without revealing the meal's importance in the study; an adaptation of the Bem Sex Role Inventory designed to measure the viewer's impression of the woman's sex-typed characteristics; a Social Appeal Scale used to evaluate how...
Although much research has investigated predictors of homophobia in males, little attention has b... more Although much research has investigated predictors of homophobia in males, little attention has been given to the predictors of homophobia in females. The current study investigated how self-esteem, self-discrepancy (how much females think they fit others' expectations of how they should act with respect to gender-stereotyped attributes), and gender-attribute importance (how important gender stereotypes are to their gender identity) related to homophobia in 71 primarily White and middle-class college women. Other predictors evaluated were gender role attitudes, authoritarian attitudes, and extent of contact with lesbians and gay men. Results indicated that unlike for college men, self-discrepancy did not correlate with attitudes toward lesbians. The highest correlations with homophobia for college women were authoritarian attitudes, belief in sex role egalitarianism, degree of contact with gay men and lesbians, and importance of feminine attributes to participant's femininity. The only significant predictor, however, was authoritarian attitudes, which accounted for 62% of the variance. Numerous research studies have investigated negative attitudes toward homosexuals. Among the most common correlates of homophobia are authoritarianism, traditional gender role attitudes, religiosity, and extent of contact with homosexuals (Herek, 1988; Lance, 1987; Newmann, 1989; Whitley & Lee, 2000). However, most of the research has focused on males' attitudes toward homosexuals, usually explicitly or implicitly toward gay men. Research that has examined attitudes toward gay men and lesbians separately has found that men's attitudes toward gay men are more negative than men's attitudes toward lesbians, while women's attitudes are equal toward both groups of homosexuals (Kite & Whitley, 1998
Attribution questionnaires were completed by 137 students in an introductory economics course imm... more Attribution questionnaires were completed by 137 students in an introductory economics course immediately preceding the first exam in their class and immediately after their exams were returned. Results indicate that males and females used attributions differently, although not as a function of perceived outcome. In contrast, sex-typing groups varied their attribution as a function of perceived outcome. Self-esteem is proposed as a possible mediating variable. It was concluded that sex typing in relation to perceived successful and unsuccessful performance is an important variable in attributional research. Attributions play a powerful role in the academic world. Whether students attribute their performance to ability, effort, task difficulty, or luck affects students' self-esteem, expectancies of success, the outcome of the task, and gender-related variables. One of the most important factors is expectancies, which have been shown to be fairly good and consistent predictors of attributions (Deaux & Emswiller, 1974; Shrauger, 1975; Simon & Feather, 1973). Expected outcomes are more likely to be attributed to internal causes (e.g., ability and effort) than are unexpected outcomes.
... Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Book; Authored Book]. Gender: Stereotypes and roles (3rd ed.).... more ... Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Book; Authored Book]. Gender: Stereotypes and roles (3rd ed.). Basow, Susan A. Belmont, CA, US: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. (1992). xiv, 447 pp. Abstract. ... Most of the differences that do exist are the result of gender roles, not the cause. ...
Page 1. Sex Roles, Vol. 20, Nos. 7/8, 1989 The Effect of Satisfaction and Gender on Self-Evaluati... more Page 1. Sex Roles, Vol. 20, Nos. 7/8, 1989 The Effect of Satisfaction and Gender on Self-Evaluations of Task Performance Susan A. Basow, ~ James W. Smither, 2 Leslie Rupert, and Hillarie Collins 2 Lafayette College Previous ...
Student evaluations completed over a 4-year period at a private liberal arts college were analyze... more Student evaluations completed over a 4-year period at a private liberal arts college were analyzed for the effects of teacher gender, student gender, and divisional affiliation. A significant multivariate interaction between teacher gender and student gender was found for each of the 4 semesters examined. Overall, the ratings of male professors appeared to be unaffected by student gender. In contrast, female professors tended to receive their highest ratings from female students and their lowest ratings from male students. This interaction generally remained when possible confounding factors (such as teacher rank) were partialed out. The mean ratings received by female and male professors also varied as a function of the divisional affiliation of the course. Implications of these findings are discussed. Portions of this article were presented at the 102nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, August 1994. Appreciation goes to Michelle Noll for her research assistance, to Andrew Vinchur for his statistical advice, and to Lafayette College for its support of this project.
In the pagt 10 years, eating disorders among adolescent females have become of increasing concern... more In the pagt 10 years, eating disorders among adolescent females have become of increasing concern. To assess the prevalence of eating disorders, unusual eating-related behaviors'and attitudes, and psychological states among college women, 677 women, from three private northeastern United States colleges, completed a questionnaire assessing depression, .self-esteem, assertiveness, body image, size, and eating,attitudes and behaviors. An analysis of the results sho'wed that;.although distorted eating attitudes and behaviors appeared to be fairly common, extreme responses were characteristic of a minority of the women. Of the 677 respondents, 1.5 percent could be classified as near anorexics, 3.7 percent as clinical bulimics, 3.5 percent as ne'ar bulimics, 3.5 percent as overweight, and 87.7 percent as "normals." The two bulimic groups were highest in depression and lowegt in self-esteem and assertiveness. They significantly overestimated their body size, tended to weigh more than "normals," to have the most varied and bizarte methods of losing weight, and to have the greatest weight fluctuations. Each group had,unique patterns of eating-related behavior, with the overweight group representing a midpoint between the "normals" and the eating-disordered. (AuthoriBLI rI
... The achievement motivation levels of high school students from four ethnic groups and univers... more ... The achievement motivation levels of high school students from four ethnic groups and university students from Fijian and Indo-Fijian ethnic groups were examined using a four-factor scale, self-esteem, and attitudes toward women. ...
Abstract 1. Although women as a group have made significant advances into the professoriate, they... more Abstract 1. Although women as a group have made significant advances into the professoriate, they remain a minority on campuses across the US. Furthermore, women faculty are overrepresented in community colleges and in the lower, untenured ranks, ...
Because adult Korean-born adoptees have unique experiences, the factors that contribute to their ... more Because adult Korean-born adoptees have unique experiences, the factors that contribute to their psychological well-being need to be studied separately from both Caucasian and Korean Americans. In this Internet-based study with 83 adult Korean-born adoptees in the United States, both ethnic identity and adjustment to adoption (considered a component of adoptive identity) were expected to predict psychological well-being. Results supported predictions: Each measure of psychological well-being (personal growth, self-acceptance, and positive relationships with others) was affected by the predictive variables in unique ways. Cultural socialization experiences also were related to personal growth, but this association was fully mediated by strength of ethnic identity. Implications for adoptive parents and counselors are discussed.
Because adult Korean-born adoptees have unique experiences, the factors that contribute to their ... more Because adult Korean-born adoptees have unique experiences, the factors that contribute to their psychological well-being need to be studied separately from both Caucasian and Korean Americans. In this Internet-based study with 83 adult Korean-born adoptees in the United States, both ethnic identity and adjustment to adoption (considered a component of adoptive identity) were expected to predict psychological well-being. Results supported predictions: Each measure of psychological well-being (personal growth, self-acceptance, and positive relationships with others) was affected by the predictive variables in unique ways. Cultural socialization experiences also were related to personal growth, but this association was fully mediated by strength of ethnic identity. Implications for adoptive parents and counselors are discussed.
In this section, four authors contributed their thoughts on how writing textbooks on the psycholo... more In this section, four authors contributed their thoughts on how writing textbooks on the psychology of women and gender has changed over the last 35 years. The introduction summarizes common themes in these reflections: the explosion in research and theory about women and gender; increased inclusion of diversity and intersectionality; increased appreciation of the power of the social context and power itself; the challenge of keeping a feminist perspective; changes in the student population; and changes in the publishing industry. Some comments about the future of the field are included.
U.S. society continues to accept myths regarding the supposed weakness of women’s bodies. Women’s... more U.S. society continues to accept myths regarding the supposed weakness of women’s bodies. Women’s displays of physical power are often prevented or undermined, typically in ways centering on the concept of femininity. Increasing numbers of female athletes have not led to a true physical feminist liberation, one which would increase women’s confidence, power, respect, wealth, enjoyment of physicality, and escape from rape and the fear of rape. Despite these possible benefits, most feminists have not encouraged the development of physical power in women. Although caution regarding physical power is warranted, the benefits of a physical, libratory feminism outweigh the risks.
This longitudinal path analysis tested Yakunina et al.'s (2012) partially mediated model of the r... more This longitudinal path analysis tested Yakunina et al.'s (2012) partially mediated model of the relationship between the five multicultural personality factors (MPQ) measured at Time 1 and psychological adjustment measured at Time 2 in 120 U.S. students studying in Costa Rica for a semester. With the addition of other individual and social variables, this model also was tested as a predictor of students' sociocultural adjustment. Individual (multicultural personality traits, openness to diversity, study abroad goals, language proficiency), social (homestay experience, amount of contact with co-nationals, amount of contact with locals), and structural factors (participation in structured group programs) were considered. Results for psychological adjustment mostly supported Yakunina et al.'s findings except for the relationship between openness to diversity and adjustment, raising the question of whether level of openness to diversity itself changes over the course of the study abroad experience. For sociocultural adjustment, a partially mediated model was the best fit, with social interaction with locals serving as a mediator of students' MPQ level of open-mindedness and the quality of the homestay experience. Level of language ability at Time 1 was a direct predictor of this type of adjustment. Thus, the two types of adjustment have different predictors, with language proficiency and social interactions with locals being most important for sociocultural adjustment. Implications of the results for study abroad programs and future research are discussed.
Although there has been much research on the link between femininity and female appearance, body ... more Although there has been much research on the link between femininity and female appearance, body image, and eating disorders, there has been little research with respect to the behavior of eating itself. Recent literature has indicated that an individual's perception of a women can be isffected by the amount of food that the woman is perceived as eating. This study explored the relationship between meal size and perceptions of a woman by asking 97 college students to give their impressions of a female student who wa: seen via a television monitor eating one of four meals. Meals were variod in terms of both amount and gender connotations. Four questionnaires were used in th, study: a questionnaire focusing participants' attention on the meal without revealing the meal's importance in the study; an adaptation of the Bem Sex Role Inventory designed to measure the viewer's impression of the woman's sex-typed characteristics; a Social Appeal Scale used to evaluate how...
Although much research has investigated predictors of homophobia in males, little attention has b... more Although much research has investigated predictors of homophobia in males, little attention has been given to the predictors of homophobia in females. The current study investigated how self-esteem, self-discrepancy (how much females think they fit others' expectations of how they should act with respect to gender-stereotyped attributes), and gender-attribute importance (how important gender stereotypes are to their gender identity) related to homophobia in 71 primarily White and middle-class college women. Other predictors evaluated were gender role attitudes, authoritarian attitudes, and extent of contact with lesbians and gay men. Results indicated that unlike for college men, self-discrepancy did not correlate with attitudes toward lesbians. The highest correlations with homophobia for college women were authoritarian attitudes, belief in sex role egalitarianism, degree of contact with gay men and lesbians, and importance of feminine attributes to participant's femininity. The only significant predictor, however, was authoritarian attitudes, which accounted for 62% of the variance. Numerous research studies have investigated negative attitudes toward homosexuals. Among the most common correlates of homophobia are authoritarianism, traditional gender role attitudes, religiosity, and extent of contact with homosexuals (Herek, 1988; Lance, 1987; Newmann, 1989; Whitley & Lee, 2000). However, most of the research has focused on males' attitudes toward homosexuals, usually explicitly or implicitly toward gay men. Research that has examined attitudes toward gay men and lesbians separately has found that men's attitudes toward gay men are more negative than men's attitudes toward lesbians, while women's attitudes are equal toward both groups of homosexuals (Kite & Whitley, 1998
Attribution questionnaires were completed by 137 students in an introductory economics course imm... more Attribution questionnaires were completed by 137 students in an introductory economics course immediately preceding the first exam in their class and immediately after their exams were returned. Results indicate that males and females used attributions differently, although not as a function of perceived outcome. In contrast, sex-typing groups varied their attribution as a function of perceived outcome. Self-esteem is proposed as a possible mediating variable. It was concluded that sex typing in relation to perceived successful and unsuccessful performance is an important variable in attributional research. Attributions play a powerful role in the academic world. Whether students attribute their performance to ability, effort, task difficulty, or luck affects students' self-esteem, expectancies of success, the outcome of the task, and gender-related variables. One of the most important factors is expectancies, which have been shown to be fairly good and consistent predictors of attributions (Deaux & Emswiller, 1974; Shrauger, 1975; Simon & Feather, 1973). Expected outcomes are more likely to be attributed to internal causes (e.g., ability and effort) than are unexpected outcomes.
... Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Book; Authored Book]. Gender: Stereotypes and roles (3rd ed.).... more ... Citation. Database: PsycINFO. [Book; Authored Book]. Gender: Stereotypes and roles (3rd ed.). Basow, Susan A. Belmont, CA, US: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. (1992). xiv, 447 pp. Abstract. ... Most of the differences that do exist are the result of gender roles, not the cause. ...
Page 1. Sex Roles, Vol. 20, Nos. 7/8, 1989 The Effect of Satisfaction and Gender on Self-Evaluati... more Page 1. Sex Roles, Vol. 20, Nos. 7/8, 1989 The Effect of Satisfaction and Gender on Self-Evaluations of Task Performance Susan A. Basow, ~ James W. Smither, 2 Leslie Rupert, and Hillarie Collins 2 Lafayette College Previous ...
Student evaluations completed over a 4-year period at a private liberal arts college were analyze... more Student evaluations completed over a 4-year period at a private liberal arts college were analyzed for the effects of teacher gender, student gender, and divisional affiliation. A significant multivariate interaction between teacher gender and student gender was found for each of the 4 semesters examined. Overall, the ratings of male professors appeared to be unaffected by student gender. In contrast, female professors tended to receive their highest ratings from female students and their lowest ratings from male students. This interaction generally remained when possible confounding factors (such as teacher rank) were partialed out. The mean ratings received by female and male professors also varied as a function of the divisional affiliation of the course. Implications of these findings are discussed. Portions of this article were presented at the 102nd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, August 1994. Appreciation goes to Michelle Noll for her research assistance, to Andrew Vinchur for his statistical advice, and to Lafayette College for its support of this project.
In the pagt 10 years, eating disorders among adolescent females have become of increasing concern... more In the pagt 10 years, eating disorders among adolescent females have become of increasing concern. To assess the prevalence of eating disorders, unusual eating-related behaviors'and attitudes, and psychological states among college women, 677 women, from three private northeastern United States colleges, completed a questionnaire assessing depression, .self-esteem, assertiveness, body image, size, and eating,attitudes and behaviors. An analysis of the results sho'wed that;.although distorted eating attitudes and behaviors appeared to be fairly common, extreme responses were characteristic of a minority of the women. Of the 677 respondents, 1.5 percent could be classified as near anorexics, 3.7 percent as clinical bulimics, 3.5 percent as ne'ar bulimics, 3.5 percent as overweight, and 87.7 percent as "normals." The two bulimic groups were highest in depression and lowegt in self-esteem and assertiveness. They significantly overestimated their body size, tended to weigh more than "normals," to have the most varied and bizarte methods of losing weight, and to have the greatest weight fluctuations. Each group had,unique patterns of eating-related behavior, with the overweight group representing a midpoint between the "normals" and the eating-disordered. (AuthoriBLI rI
... The achievement motivation levels of high school students from four ethnic groups and univers... more ... The achievement motivation levels of high school students from four ethnic groups and university students from Fijian and Indo-Fijian ethnic groups were examined using a four-factor scale, self-esteem, and attitudes toward women. ...
Abstract 1. Although women as a group have made significant advances into the professoriate, they... more Abstract 1. Although women as a group have made significant advances into the professoriate, they remain a minority on campuses across the US. Furthermore, women faculty are overrepresented in community colleges and in the lower, untenured ranks, ...
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