Fontem paginae Isaacus Newtonus inspicere

{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Isaacus Newtonus''',<ref>''Isaacus Newtonus'' apud [[Christianus Hugenius|Christianum Hugenium]], ''Cosmotheoros'' liber 2 [http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/11-ResearchProjects/boulliau/bio-historical/06-b-sir-d-brewster.htm ''Boulliau Biography,''] in "Isaacus Neutonus": [https://books.google.com/books?id=MNk0YdFrAQ8C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=%22isaac+neutonus%22&source=bl&ots=NuhMl5_T6a&sig=0Grzb_12JRoS68Rt56hCT-wXbuo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAWoVChMIx9rJwqvKxwIVzFs-Ch3ipwgF#v=onepage&q=%22isaac%20neutonus%22&f=false]. "Js. Newton" sub titulo ''Principiorum mathematicorum'' anni 1687: vide imaginem.</ref> vel '''Isaacus Newton''' ({{pns|onis|m}}),<ref>''Newton'', ''-onis'' apud [[Leonhardus Eulerus|Eulerum]]. Cfr. "Quod ad posteriorem qusstionem attinet, unde Astronomia maxima adepta est incrementa, ea a primo inventore '''Newtone''' simul eo usque perfecta esse videtur ...", verba memorata ab {{cite journal
	| author = Andreas Verdun
	| date = [[September|Septembri]] 2013
	| title = Leonhard Euler's early lunar theories 1725–1752: Part 2: developing the methods, 1730–1744
	| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/23479154
	| journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences
	| volume = 67
	| issue = 5
	| pages = 477-551
	| doi = 10.1007/s00407-013-0118-0
	| access-date = 19 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}.</ref><ref>Cfr. {{cite book
	| last = De Guevara
	| first = Andrea
	| year = 1833
	| title = Institutionum elementarium philosophiae ad usum studiosae juventutis
	| url = http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080021745_C/1080021745_T1/1080021745_04.pdf
	| location = [[Matritum|Matriti]]
	| publisher = Typographia Regia
	| page = 60
}}, "Unde non tam urberes philosophia collegit fructus, quam polliceri sibi poterat a viris tam excelso donatis ingenio; qui si quarto post saeculo vixissent, cum Cartesiis, et '''Newtonibus''' fortunatius adlaborassent in aedificio scientiarum ad sublimitationis apicem elevando."</ref><ref>{{cite book
	| last = Gautier d'Agoty
	| first = Jacobus
	| year = 1749
	| title = Photophusis chroagenesis. De optice errores Isaaci Newtonis aurati equitis demonstrans
	| url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KNtrvgAACAAJ
	| location = [[Londinium|Londinii]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
	| last = Evers
	| first = M.
	| year = 1988
	| title = Pro Newtone et religione: de receptie van Newton en de Engelse fysicotheologen in de Bibliothèque Ancienne et Moderne (1714-1727)
	| journal = Documentatieblad Werkgroep Achttiende Eeuw
	| volume = 20
	| issue = 2
	| pages = 247-267
}}</ref><ref>Cfr. {{cite journal
	| author = Henriot
	| date = [[Martius|Martii]] 1820
	| title = De cometa qui, anno 1819, ipsis improvisus astronomis, apparuit.
	| url = https://archive.org/details/classicaljourna38unkngoog/page/n156/mode/2up?view=theater
	| journal = The classical journal
	| volume = 21
	| access-date = 19 [[Aprilis]] 2023
}}: "Heu! mentes hominum nunc degener educat aetas. / Ipsa, suis quondam '''Newtonibus''' inclyta, quondam / praescia fatorum, divinae praescia legis ..."</ref> [[Anglice]] ''Isaac Newton'' (anno [[1642]], die [[25 Decembris]] secundum [[calendarium Iulianum]] natus; mortuus die [[20 Martii]] [[1727]])<ref>Dies [[4 Ianuarii]] [[1643]] et [[31 Martii]] [[1727]] secundum [[calendarium Gregorianum|Gregorianum]].</ref> fuit [[physicus]], [[mathematicus]], [[astronomia|astronomus]], [[philosophia naturalis|philosophus naturalis]], [[alchemia|alchemista]], et [[theologia|theologus]] [[Anglia|Anglus]], qui "a multis [[scientia (ratio)|scientista]] maximus et momenti maximi qui umquam vixit"<ref>"By many to be the greatest and most influential [[scientist]] who ever lived." {{cite book
|title=The biography book: a reader's guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time
|first1=Daniel S.
|last1=Burt
|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group
|year=[[2001]]
|isbn=1-573-56256-4
|page=315
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jpFrgSAaKAUC}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=jpFrgSAaKAUC&pg=PA315 Pars paginae 315.]</ref> habetur. Eius [[liber|libellus]] ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]],'' anno [[1687]] editus, fundamenta [[mechanica classica|mechanicae classicae]] exponit. Quod opus [[gravitas (physica)|gravitationem universam]] et [[leges motus Newtoni|tres leges motus]] offert, quae [[scientia (ratio)|scientificum]] [[universum|universi]] corporei conspectum per proxima tria [[saeculum|saecula]] dominata est. Newtonus monstravit motum rerum in [[Tellus|Tellure]] et [[corpus caeleste|corpora caelestia]] ab eadem copia [[lex naturalis|legum naturalium]] gubernari per constantiam [[leges Keplerianae|legum motionis planetariae Kepleranarum]] et suae rationis [[gravitatio]]nis demonstratam, ergo [[heliocentrismus|heliocentrismum]] tandem refellens et [[Revolutio Scientifica|Revolutionem Scientificam]] promovens. Newtonus fuit praeses [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regalis Societatis]] [[Londinium|Londinii]], in quam anno [[1672]] cooptatus fuerat, exinde ab anno [[1703]] usque ad annum [[1727]]. Praeterea, opera sua [[Latine]] exaravit.

== Vita ==
=== Pueritia et adulescentia ===
[[Fasciculus:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumb|Isaac Newtonus anno [[1689]] a [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfrido Kneller]] depictus.]]
Newtoni [[pater]], [[ovis aries|ovium]] altor efficax et titulo ''Lord of the Manor'' ornatus, ante filium natum mortuus est. Anno [[1646]] [[mater]] eius iterum [[matrimonium]] iniit, Isaacus apud [[avia]]m [[Woolstropia]]e manebat, ut titulum servaret.<ref>Stephen Haddelsey et Susan Haiman, The National Trust, ed., ''Woolsthorpe Manor: Birthplace of Isaac Newton'' (Swindon: Acorn Press, 2008, ISBN 978-1-84359-224-2).</ref> Vitrico autem mortuo, mater Woolstropiam rediit. Sunt, qui difficilem eius ingenium in diremptione novem annorum a matre ponant. Mater filium duodecim annos natum misit in publicum [[Grantham]]i ludum litterarium<ref>Castillioneus, p. XXI.</ref>. Anno [[1660]], cum Newtonus aetatis duodevicesimum annum egit, ad [[Collegium Trinitatis (Cantabrigia)|Collegium Trinitatis]] [[Universitas Cantabrigiensis|Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]] transiit, ubi [[1664]] [[Artium Baccalaureus|artium baccalaureus]] factus est.<ref>Ibidem.</ref> [[Collegium]] autem anno [[1665]] propter [[Pestis Londinensis|Pestem Londinensem]] clausum est, quare in patriam domum revertit, ubi sequentibus annis se studiis [[optica]]e, [[algebra]]e, et [[mechanica]]e dedidit.

Tum Cantabrigiae [[Platonismus]] viguit. Newtoni notae illo tempore scriptae, quas ''Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae'' intitulavit, demonstrant eum et cogitationibus [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesianis]] et [[atomus|atomismo]] [[Petrus Gassendus|Petri Gassendi]] et Platonismo [[Henricus Morus|Henrici Mori]] imbutum esse. Hae cogitationes, quamvis prorsus diversae, ex tunc [[philosophia naturalis|philosophiam naturalem]] Newtoni constituerunt.

=== Newtonus summum culmen gloriae attingit ===
[[Quadragena]] anno [[1667]] dimissa Newtonus [[Socius (universitas)|socius]] Collegii Trinitatis Cantabrigiae factus est, quo cum honore coniuncta erat, ut 39 articulis [[Ecclesia Anglica|Ecclesiae Anglicae]] assentiret et [[caelibatus|caelibatum]] promitteret, praeterea inter septem annos ad [[Sacri Ordines|ordines sacros]] accederet. [[1668]] [[magister (universitas)|magister]] creatus, electus est anno [[1669]] [[professor]] [[Cathedra Lucasiana|Cathedrae Lucasianae]] [[mathematica|mathematicorum]]. [[Isaacus Barrow]], qui secesserat, eum ipse successorem commendavit.

Eodem anno liber eius ''De Analysi per Aequationes Numeri Terminorum Infinitas'' manu scriptus in usu esse coepit, quo principia [[Calculus infinitesimalis|calculi infinitesimalis]] in lucem data sunt. Hoc libro, quamvis tum a paucis scientificis lecto, princeps mathematicus aetatis suae factus est. A [[1670]] ad [[1672]] praelegit lectiones[[ Optica]]s, inquisivit [[refractio luminis|refractionem luminis]] et instrumenta optica fabricavit. Anno [[1672]] [[telescopium]] reflectivum perfecit, quod [[Regalis Societas Londini|Regali Societati Londini]] demonstravit. Eodem anno librum ''New Theory about Light and Colours'' intitulatum in ''Philosophical Transactions'' Regalis Societatis publicavit. Hae litterae maxime disputabantur. Imprimis cum [[Robertus Hooke|Roberto Hooke]], qui erat inter Regalis Societatis primores, ei fuit acris controversia, cum utrique persuasissimum esset nullam nisi propriam opionem ab opinione alterius distincte diversam esse veram.

Iudicia de litteris eius minus benevola Newtonus aegre tulit; quare magis magisque se recepit et experimentis [[Alchemia|alchemisticis]] se dedit. Anno [[1673]] in studiis [[Biblia|Bibliorum]] et [[Patres Ecclesiae|Patrum Ecclesiae]] versari coepit, quod usque ad mortem continuavit. Ad animi iudicium venit, ut doctrina [[trinitas|trinitatis]] sit [[haeresis]], quae [[religio Christiana|Christianis]] saeculo quarto persuasum est. Anno [[1675]] impetravit, ut a sacris ordinibus [[dispensatio|dispensaretur]].

Post aliam controversiam – nunc cum [[Societas Iesu|Iesuitis]] [[Anglia|Anglicis]] [[Leodium|Leodii]] – Newtonus anno [[1678]] prostratione nervosa affectus est; anno sequenti mater eius mortua est. Per sex annos, usque ad [[1684]], Newtonus vixit in recessu, dubitationibus sui vexatus. Anno [[1679]] iterum mechanicae studuit; litterae eius ''De Motu Corporum'' anno [[1684]] scriptae iam elementa eorum continuerunt, quae tribus annis post in ''Principiis'' expositurus erat. Hoc opere [[Galilaeus Galilaei|Galileai]] de [[acceleratio]]ne, [[Iohannes Keplerus|Kepleri]] de motibus [[planeta]]rum et [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesii]] de [[inertia]] investigationes in unum coniungens rationem [[Gravitas (physica)|gravitatis]] explicavit et in tribus legibus motus fundamentalibus exprimendis fundamenta mechanicae classicae posuit. 
Newtonus inter gentes notus fiebat; Multi scientifici iuvenes ad eum congregati sunt. Alia cum Hooke controversia, nunc de lege gravitationis, a quo Newtonus incusatus est, quod sententiam gravitationem cum quadratu intervalli minuere ei surripuisse.

Anno [[1687]] primum locum obtinuit inter eos, qui [[Iacobus II (rex Angliae)|Iacobum II]] regem Angliae arcere studuerunt, ne Universitas Cantabrigiensis in institutum [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Catholicum]] immutaret. Circa [[1689]] Newtonus litterarum de rebus theologicis commercium cum [[Ioannes Lockius|Ioanne Lockio]] philosopho Anglico coepit et in amicitiam et fidem [[Nicolaus Fatius Duillierius|Ncolai Fatii Duillierii]], mathematici [[Helvetia|Helvetici]], se contulit. Anno [[1689]] Universitas Cantabrigiensis eum in [[Parlamentum]] Anglicum emisit, ut universitatem repraesentaret. Cum anno [[1693]] amicitia cum Fatio dissoluta est, altera prostratione nervosa affecta est; ab amicis Lockio et [[Samuel Pepys]] adiutus est.
[[Fasciculus:Sir_Isaac_Newton_by_Sir_Godfrey_Kneller,_Bt.jpg|thumb|Isaac Newtonus anno 1702 Londinii a [[Godfridus Kneller|Godfrido Kneller]] depictus.]]

=== Ultimi anni ===
Anno [[1696]] posteriore [[Earl of Halifax]]  amico intercedente [[guardianus]] (''wardein'') monetae regalis ([[Royal Mint]]) [[Londinium|Londinii]] et [[1699]] magister (''master'') eius factus est. Newtonus munere aliter ac multi antea non solum reditus causa functus est, sed severe in monetam adulterinam exercentes animadvertit. Tribus annis post ([[1699]]) unus ex octo sodalibus [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]] invitatus est. [[1701]] cathedram professoris universitatis Cantabrigiensis cessit; eodem anno sine nomine legem de refrigeratione corporum solidorum publicavit. [[1703]] praeses Regalis Societatis Londinii creatus hoc munere usque ad mortem functus est. Anno sequenti, postquam Hooke mortuus est, denique opus "[[Optice|Opticks]]" intitulatum in lucem edere potuit. Anno [[1705]] ei ab [[Anna (regina Britanniae)|Anna]], regina Britanniae, dignitas equestris data est, non autem propter merita scientifica, sed ob cursum honorum.
Eodem anno etiam controversia cum [[Godefridus Guilielmus Leibnitius|Godefrido Guilielmo Leibnitio]] coepit, quis eorum [[Calculus infinitesimalis|calculum infinitesimalem]] invenisset.

=== Funus et monumentum funebre ===
[[Fasciculus:Isaac_Newton_grave_in_Westminster_Abbey.jpg|thumb|Sepulcrum Newtoni in [[Abbatia Sancti Petri de Westmonasterio]].]]
Iam anno [[1696]] Newtonus Londinii in domo magnificenter cum parvo [[observatorium|observatorio]] aedificata vixit. Studiis historiae antiquae, theologiae et [[mystica]]e se dedit. Ab anno [[1697]] (aut [[1707]]?) domus Newtoni a [[Catherina Barton]], filia sororis germanae, gesta est, quam adoptavit; Newtonus undeviginti annos natus sponsam quidem habuisse traditur, sed numquam uxorem in matrinonium duxit. Anno [[1720]] plus quam 20000 [[Libra pondus|libras]] amisit, cum negotia in hemisphaera australi praeter spem evenerunt; tamen usque ad mortem locuples manebat.  Bona valetudine usus est usque ad octogesimum aetatis annum, quo [[urina]]e [[incontinentia]] affligi coepit;<ref>Castilloneus, p. XXIX</ref> postremis vitae diebus [[Urolithiasis|calculo]] laboravit.<ref>ibidem</ref>

Octo diebus, postquam mortuus est, Newtonus magna celebritate in [[Abbatia Sancti Petri de Westmonasterio]] ante chorum conditus est. In sepulcro legitur: 
:''Hic depositum est, quod mortale fuit Isaaci Newtoni.'' 

Prope est monumentum, cui inscriptum est: 
:''H. S. E. ISAACUS NEWTON Eques Auratus, / Qui, animi vi prope divinâ, / Planetarum Motus, Figuras, / Cometarum semitas, Oceanique Aestus. Suâ Mathesi facem praeferente / Primus demonstravit: / Radiorum Lucis dissimilitudines, / Colorumque inde nascentium proprietates, / Quas nemo antea vel suspicatus erat, pervestigavit. / Naturae, Antiquitatis, S. Scripturae, / Sedulus, sagax, fidus Interpres / Dei O. M. Majestatem Philosophiâ asseruit, / Evangelij Simplicitatem Moribus expressit. / Sibi gratulentur Mortales, / Tale tantumque exstitisse / HUMANI GENERIS DECUS. / NAT. XXV DEC. A.D. MDCXLII. OBIIT. XX. MAR. MDCCXXVI''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091016081238/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-isaac-newton Westminster Abbey]</ref>. 

[[Alexander Pope]] poeta distichum Anglicum scripserat, quod in monumento poni vetitum est: 
:''Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night:'' 
:''God said, Let Newton be! and all was light''. 

Quod Castilloneus in Latinum vertit:  
:''Naturam legesque suas nox atra tegebat:'' 
:''Sit Newtonus, ait Deus, et lux cuncta fuerant''.<ref>Castilloneus, p. XXXI</ref>

== Leges motus ==
''[[Leges motus Newtoni|Leges motus]]'' a Newtono propositae hodieque pro legum physicarum fundamentis habentur, dummodo de velocitatibus subluminalibus agatur. En leges motus Newtonianae, ex ipsis verbis tertiae ''Principiorum'' editionis descriptae:
# ''Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quescendi vel movendi uniformiter in derectum, nisi quatenus illud a viribus impressis cogitur statum suum mutare.''
# ''Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, & fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur.''
# ''Actioni contrarium semper & aequalem esse reactionem: sive corporum duorum actiones in se mutuo semper esse aequales & in partes contrarias dirigi.''

== Opera ==
* ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]''
* ''Arithmetica Universalis''
* ''De Motu Corporum''
* ''[[Optice|Opticks]]'' (Anglice)
* ''Method of Fluxions'' (Anglice)
* ''An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture'' (Anglice)

== ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica'' ==
[[Fasciculus:Newton-Principia-Mathematica 1-500x700.jpg|thumbnail|Prima pagina [[liber|libri]] ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica''.]]
Opus principale Isaaci Newtoni est ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica'' ([[1687]]). In illum inscripsit fundamenta novae mathematico-mechanicae perceptionis mundi. Usque ad illa tempora magna pars physicae constituebatur hypothesibus speculativis et earum deductionibus logicis. Newtonus primus poscit, ut in processu recognoscentiae scientifico [[empirismus]] purus praecedat.

Causa gloriae Newtoni, auctor [[physica]]e classicae theoreticae et scientiarum naturalium exactarum, est praesertim opus suum principale ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica,'' in quo tria axiomata sua [[mechanica]]e ([[leges motus Newtoni|Axiomata Newtoniana]]) formulavit. Praeterea concepit [[aequatio motus|aequationem motus]], aequationem fundamentalem dynamicam, et cum ea motus corporum theoretice tractavit. Hic etiam [[lex gravitationis|legem gravitationis]] suam anno [[1666]] excogitavit, et monstrat [[aequatio motus]] suam in casu motionis planetae circum [[Sol]]em [[Leges Keplerianae|Leges Keplerianas]] comportare. Applicatio [[mechanica]]e theoreticae Newtoni et attractionis massarum universalis ad motus [[astrum|astrorum]] fecit eum auctorem [[mechanica caelestis|mechanicae caelestis]]. Newtonus primo valabilitatem legum [[natura]]lium terrestrium etiam pro astris demonstravit. Hoc est pro scientia naturali uniformi [[Les Temps Modernes|Novorum Temporum]] condicio fundamentalis, quae a physica [[Aristoteles|Aristotelis]] maxime discrepat. In ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica'' praeterea [[aestus marinus|aestus]] explicavit, fundamenta [[theoria potentialis|theoriae potentialis]] posuit, processus fluenti ([[Liquida Newtoniana]]), quaestiones vibrationis et quaestiones ex [[acustica]] etiam [[calculus infinitesimalis|calculum infinitesimalem]] tractavit. Newtonus etiam ortum [[praecessio]]nis et [[nutatio]]nis axis [[Tellus|Terrae]] explicavit et [[massa]]s [[Luna]]e ac planetarum calculavit.

== Notae ==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

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== Bibliographia addita ==
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* {{Cite book| author=Christianson, Gale E. | title = Isaac Newton and the Scientific Revolution | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year = [[1996]] | isbn = 019530070X}} Vide [http://www.amazon.com/dp/019530070X hoc situm] pro locis et investigation textus.
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* {{Cite book|author=Koyré, A. |title=Newtonian Studies |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=[[1965]]}}
* Newton, Isaac. [[1958]], [[1978]]. ''Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy'', ed. [[I. Bernard Cohen]]. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-46853-8.
* Newton, Isaac (1642–1727). [[1999]]. ''The Principia'': a new Translation, Guide by I. Bernard Cohen ISBN 0-520-08817-4 University of California.
* {{Cite book|author=Pemberton, H. |title=A View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy |publisher=S. Palmer |location=London |year=[[1728]]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shamos, Morris H. |title=Great Experiments in Physics |location=Novi Eboraci |publisher=Henry Holt and Company, Inc. |year=[[1959]] |isbn=0486253465 }}
* Shapley, Harlow, S. Rapport, et H. Wright. [[1946]]. ''A Treasury of Science''; "Newtonia" pp.&nbsp;147–9; "Discoveries" pp.&nbsp;150–4. Novi Eboraci: Harper & Bros.
* {{Cite book| author=Simmons, J. | title = The Giant Book of Scientists {{ndash}} The 100 Greatest Minds of all Time | location = Sydneii | publisher=The Book Company | year = [[1996]]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stukeley |first=W. |title=Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's Life |publisher=Taylor and Francis | place = London |year=[[1936]]}}<!--edited by A. H. White; originally published in 1752-->
* {{Cite book|author=Westfall, R. S. |title=Force in Newton's Physics: The Science of Dynamics in the Seventeenth Century |location=Londinii |publisher=Macdonald |year=[[1971]] |isbn=0444196110 }}

=== De religione ===
* Dobbs, Betty Jo Tetter. [[1991]]. ''The Janus Faces of Genius: The Role of Alchemy in Newton's Thought.''
* Force, James E., and Richard H. Popkin, eds. [[1999]]. ''Newton and Religion: Context, Nature, and Influence.''
* Ramati, Ayval. "The Hidden Truth of Creation: Newton's Method of Fluxions" ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 34: 417–438. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4028372 in JSTOR].
* Snobelen, Stephen. [[2001]]. "God of Gods, and Lord of Lords": The Theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia. ''Osiris,'' 2nd series, 16:169–208. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/301985 in JSTOR.]
* {{cite journal | last1 = Snobelen | first1 = Stephen D. | title = Isaac Newton, Heretic: The Strategies of a Nicodemite | jstor = 4027945 | journal=British Journal for the History of Science | volume = 32 | pages = 381–419 | doi=10.1017/S0007087499003751 | year = 1999 | issue = 4}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pfizenmaier | first1 = Thomas C. | month=January | year = 1997 | title = Was Isaac Newton an Arian? | jstor = 3653988 | journal=Journal of the History of Ideas | volume = 58 | issue = 1| pages = 57–80 }}
* Wiles, Maurice. [[1996]]. ''Archetypal Heresy: Arianism through the Centuries.' [http://books.google.com/books?id=DGksMzk37hMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Arianism+through+the+Centuries%22 liber apud google.com].

=== Vita Latine scripta ===
*Castillioneus, Johannes. [[1744]]. Vita Isaaci Newtoni. In ''Isaaci Newtoni Opuscula, in tres tomos distributa.'' Lausannae et Genavae: Marcus et Michael Bousquet.

=== Fontes primi ===
* Newton, Isaac. [[1999]]. ''The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.'' University of California Press.
** Brackenridge, J. Bruce. [[1996]]. ''The Key to Newton's Dynamics: The Kepler Problem and the Principia: Containing an English Translation of Sections 1, 2, and 3 of Book One from the First (1687) Edition of Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.'' University of California Press.
* Newton, Isaac. ''The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton. Vol. 1: The Optical Lectures, 1670–1672.'' Cambridge U. Press, 1984.
** Newton, Isaac. ''Opticks'' (ed. quarta, [[1730]]) [http://books.google.com/books?id=GnAFAAAAQAAJ&dq=newton+opticks&pg=PP1&ots=Nnl345oqo_&sig=0mBTaXUI_K6w-JDEu_RvVq5TNqc&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fq%3Dnewton%2Bopticks%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sourceid%3Die7%26rlz%3D1I7GGLJ&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail online edition]
** Newton, I. [[1952]]. Opticks, or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light. Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications.
* Newton, I. [[1934]].''Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World,'' tr. A. Motte, rev. [[Florian Cajori]]. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* {{Cite book|author=[[Whiteside, D. T.]] |title=The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=[[1967]]–[[1982]] |isbn=0521077400}}&nbsp;– 8 volumina.
* Newton, Isaac. ''The correspondence of Isaac Newton,'' ed. H. W. Turnbull and others, 7 voll. (1959–77)
* ''Newton's Philosophy of Nature: Selections from His Writings'' ed. H. S. Thayer, (1953), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090813023028/http://www.questia.com/read/5876270 online edition]
* Isaac Newton, Sir; J Edleston; [[Roger Cotes]], [http://books.google.com/books?as_brr=1&id=OVPJ6c9_kKgC&vid=OCLC14437781&dq=%22isaac+newton%22&jtp=I ''Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and Professor Cotes, including letters of other eminent men''], Londinii, John W. Parker, West Strand; Cambridge, John Deighton, 1850. Google Books
* Maclaurin, C. [[1748]]. ''An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries, in Four Books.'' Londinii: A. Millar and J. Nourse.
* Newton, I. [[1958]]. ''Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related Documents,'' eds. I. B. Cohen et R. E. Schofield. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
* Newton, I. [[1962]]. ''The Unpublished Scientific Papers of Isaac Newton: A Selection from the Portsmouth Collection in the University Library, Cambridge,'' ed. A. R. Hall et M. B. Hall. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
* Newton, I. [[1975]]. ''Isaac Newton's 'Theory of the Moon's Motion' (1702).'' Londinii: Dawson.

{{NexInt}}
* [[662 Newtonia]]
* [[8000 Isaac Newton]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Isaac Newton|Isaacum Newtonum}}
{{vicicitatio|Issacus Newtonus}}
{{grc|Ἴσακος Νεύτων}}
* The Latin Library, [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/newton.html selecta ex editione ''Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica'']
* Project Gutenberg, [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/28233 ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica'']
* [http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=44&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Isaac%20Newton%27%29 De Isaaco Newtono in Archivo Societatis Regiae Londinensis,] apud royalsociety.org
* [[:en:wikisource:Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]
* [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-ADV-B-00039-00001/ Universitas Cantabrigiensis, Cambridge Digital Library] High resolution digitised version of Newton's own copy of the first edition, interleaved with blank pages for his annotations and corrections.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130417182012/http://www.ntnu.no/ub/spesialsamlingene/ebok/02a019654.html 1687: Newton's 'Principia', first edition (1687)]. High-resolution presentation of the Gunnerus Library's copy.
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=XJwx0lnKvOgC&pg=PP2 1687: Newton's 'Principia', first edition (1687)].
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C&printsec=titlepage Principia (lingua Anglica commentata)]. 1833 Glasgovia reprint (volume 1) with Books 1 & 2 of the Latin edition annotated by Leseur, Jacquier and Calandrini 1739-42 (described [[#Annotated and other editions|above]]).
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28233 Project Gutenberg]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/sirisaacnewtons01newtgoog Archive.org]

{{Lifetime|1642|1727|Newtonus, Isaacus}}
[[Categoria:Alchemistae]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Cantabrigiensis]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Isaacus Newtonus| ]]
[[Categoria:Physici Britanniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Angliae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]
[[Categoria:Unitariani]]

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{{Myrias|Homines}}
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