Iktisat

This article presents the results of light and electron microscopic (EM) findings of the septum pellucidum (Sp) in a case of thalamic low grade astrocytoma. Furthermore, it presents immunohistochemical staining of the Sp which has not been previously reported in the literature. The tissue specimen was obtained from a 34 year-old male patient, who had undergone subtotal tumor excision operation by the neurosurgery department. The intact part of the Sp was taken for routine light, transmission (TEM), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and immunohistochemical examinations. In light microscopy and TEM examination the myelinated axons were small and medium sized. There was no grey matter in the examined area. In SEM examination, there were holes between the ependymal cells that showed transition zones between the inside of cavity and outside of it. In the immunohistochemical examination of the cryosections of the Sp, the ependymal lining cells were reactive with mAb B-F45. Significance and function of this antigen on ependymal cells remains to be clarified. The connection, relationships and function of the Sp is important in the human body. This detailed case study gives information for further research.

In this study, we examined the biopsy patterns of penile tissues taken during operation from patients subjected to surgical treatment for veno-occlusive dysfunction, and evaluated the importance of penile biopsy. We evaluated the findings from 17 patients with venous impotence. Fourteen of them underwent total vein ligation and the rest penile prosthesis implantation. Tissue speciments taken from superficial and deep dorsal veins, tunica albuginea and corpus cavernosum during operation were examined under electron microscope. Tissue specimens taken from 3 cadavers were used as the control group. Although the deep and superficial vein specimens of all patients did not show significant differences, oedema and increase of fibroblasts in collagen fibres of the corpus cavernosum and tunica albuginea were demonstrated. We concluded that penile biopsy as an invasive method does not give enough information about the choice of treatment for erectile dysfunction.

Background: Biopsy and electrical activity recordings of the corpus cavernosum are 2 new diagnostic methods for the evaluation of impotent men. We evaluated the corpus cavernosum ultrastructure and electromyography (EMG) recordings from patients with erectile dysfunction.Methods: Twenty erectile dysfunction patients with veno-occlusive dysfunction underwent a detailed history, physical examination, biochemical tests, hormonal analysis, injection of an intracavernous vasoactive agent (60 mg papaverine-HCI), color penile Doppler ultrasonography, cavernosometry/ cavernosography and corpus cavernosum electromyography (CC-EMG). Thirteen patients underwent total vein ligation and 7 had penile prosthesis implantations. Tissue samples were obtained during surgery from both corpora cavernosa and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Control corporal tissue samples were taken from 3 cadavers.Results: In 15 patients, CC-EMG recordings were 15.6 ± 0.65 μV in the flaccid state, which decreased in 13 patients after papaverine (5.61 ± 0.25 μV; P < 0.001). Five patients with diabetes mellitus had low amplitudes in the flaccid state (5.26 ± 0.45 μV), which did not vary significantly after a papaverine injection (4.99 |pL 0.75 μV). The pathology of the corpus cavernosum biopsy specimens revealed a smooth muscle cell thickened basal membrane, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, and increased numbers of fibroblasts, but ultrastructurally normal endothelial cells lining the and sinusoids. There was no difference between samples from diabetic or nondiabetic patients, or from either side of the corpora cavernosa. The only pathologic change observed in the controls was mitochondrial swelling.Conclusion: CC-EMG is less invasive and a valuable method in patients with erectile dysfunction, whereas no specific findings were observed from penile biopsy specimens.

During gross anatomy dissections of the brain, a developmental abnormality of the septum pellucidum was found in a 31-year-old male cadaver. Other parts of the central nervous system in this cadaver were normal in every aspect. Histological samples were taken from the neighboring areas of this abnormality, and they were examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. In this abnormality of the septum pellucidum, the two laminae of the septum pellucidum were fused together and there was a hole located 1 cm anterior to its apex. The maximum diameter of the hole was 0.5 cm in the sagittal plane and 0.6 cm in the vertical plane. In the light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examinations, the free margin of this foramen was regular, and the surrounding tissue was intact and histologically unique to the septum pellucidum. Ependymal cells were present at the free margin of the foramen. Cavum vergae, cavum septum pellucidum, and agenesis of the septum pellucidum are described in the literature. These three abnormalities are seen in cadavers usually with histories of schizophrenia and other psychiatric or neurologic disorders. In a retrospective study, the cadaver with this abnormality had a history of schizophrenia and no history or signs of any kind of brain or head operation. As far as we could ascertain, the abnormality described here has not been reported previously.

Progestin-only (p-only) contraceptives often cause breakthrough bleeding for unknown reasons. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of p-only contraceptives to gain a better understanding of breakthrough bleeding mechanism. Wistar rats were divided into etonorgesterel implant (Group 1, n = 25), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injectable (Group 2, n = 25), and control groups (n = 5). Five rats each from groups 1 and 2 were examined every 10 days for up to 50 days after the medication. Uteri and ovaries were removed and prepared for immunohistochemisty and scanning electron microscopy. The tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined by Griess reaction. Dynamic changes of endometrial estrogen and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity were observed in a time-dependent manner in groups 1 and 2. The number of endometrial pinopodes, which are small endometrial protrusions, increased in both groups. There was no difference between groups for the estrogen receptor in the surface epithelium of the ovary. Estrogen-alpha and progesterone receptor in follicular cells decreased in a time-dependent manner. The granulosa cells underwent atrophic and were disorganized. Decreased levels of uterine tissue NO were determined in groups 1 and 2. The effect of some p-only contraceptives make some dynamic changes in the endometrium, ovaries, steroid hormone receptors, cell morphology, and biochemical features of the tissues during their use.

Radiofrequency reduction has become one of the most popular methods in the treatment of inferior nasal concha hypertrophy. During surgical treatment of inferior nasal concha hypertrophy, it is important to cause minimal injury to the overlying ciliated epithelium, since if the ciliated structure of this epithelium is permanently disrupted, it is hard to carry out one of the important functions of lining of the nasal cavity, mucociliary clearance. In this study, the ultrastructure of inferior nasal concha epithelium was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy in 40 patients with inferior nasal concha hypertrophy. The biopsy specimens were taken before the radiofrequency treatment and 8 weeks after the radiofrequency treatment. Then, the effects of radiofrequency treatment on concha epithelium and morphology of ciliae were examined ultrastructurally. In the scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination of the tissue samples taken before radiofrequency treatment, no ultrastructural pathology was observed in the number and morphology of the ciliae and the inferior nasal concha epithelium. The biopsy specimens obtained 8 weeks after radiofrequency treatment also did not show any ultrastructural pathology in these parameters. However, in the transmission electron microscopic examination of the subepithelial tissue, fibrosis was observed in local areas in the biopsy specimens obtained 8 weeks after radiofrequency treatment. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study suggest that ciliated epithelium of the inferior nasal concha is not destroyed by radiofrequency reduction.

It is known that circumventricular organs that are located around the ventricular system of the brain are lack of blood-brain barrier and support the body water-salt balance. They also effect many physiological events such as some neuroendocrine and reproduction mechanisms. In different pathological conditions their results and the step in which the circumventricular organs are affected are unknown. Although circumventricular organs do not have a bloodbrain barrier, they do not completely show the same characteristics.

The study aimed to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of occlusal caries depth measurements obtained from different imaging modalities. The study comprised 21 human mandibular molar teeth with occlusal caries. Teeth were imaged using film, CCD, two different cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) units and a microcomputer tomography (micro-CT). Thereafter, each tooth was serially sectioned, and the section with the deepest carious lesion was scanned using a high-resolution scanner. Each image set was separately viewed by three oral radiologists. Images were viewed randomly, and each set was viewed twice. Lesion depth was measured on film images using a digital caliper, on CCD and CBCT images using built-in measurement tools, on micro-CT images using the Mimics software program, and on histological images using AxioVision Rel. 4.7. Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were assessed according to the Bland/Altman method by calculating Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs). Mean/median values obtained with intraoral systems were lower than those obtained with 3-D and histological images for all observers and both readings. Intra-observer ICC values for all observers were highest for histology and micro-CT. In addition, intra-observer ICC values were higher for histology and CBCT than for histology and intra-oral methods. Inter-observer ICC values for first and second readings were high for all observers. No differences in repeatability were found between Accuitomo and Iluma CBCT images or between intra-oral film and CCD images. Micro-CT was found to be the best imaging method for the ex vivo measurement of occlusal caries depth. In addition, both CBCT units performed similarly and better than intra-oral modalities.

During an anatomic dissection of the posterior mediastinum, an unusual course of the interazygos v. was noted. The hemiazygos v. ascended to the 8th thoracic vertebra, in front of the vertebral column. It left the column, ascending obliquely, and passing in front of the aorta and behind the oesophagus. This transverse segment, crossing the midline, is called the interazygos v. It may be confused with different lesions situated at this level: aneurysm, tumour or lymph node hypertrophy, during CT or MRI studies. Secondly, the surgeon must be aware of this azygos variation as a possible cause of haemorrhage during a procedure in this region. Lors d’une dissection anatomique du médiastin postérieur, un trajet inhabituel de la v. interazygos a été constaté. La v. hemiazygos montait jusqu’ à la huitième vertèbre thoracique, en avant de la colonne vertébrale. Elle quittait la colonne, obliquement ascendante, passant en avant de l’aorte et en arrière de l’oesophage. Ce segment transversal, croisant la ligne médiane, est appelé la v. interazygos. On peut la confondre avec différentes lésions siégeant à ce niveau: anévrysme, tumeur, hypertrophie lymphonodale, lors d’une exploration par CT ou IRM. En second lieu, l’opérateur doit être conscient de cette variation azygos, cause possible d’hémorragie lors d’une intervention dans cette région.

Objectives: Like all biomaterials, ventilation tubes are subject to formation of bacterial biofilm on their surfaces. There might also be surface changes. This increases the risk of complications associated with ventilation tubes. In this study, we examined two groups of ventilation tubes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate biofilm growth and surface deformations. Methods: There were two different types of ventilation tubes used, the first group consisted of 30 silicone tubes and the second group consisted of 16 ionized, processed silicone tubes. The tube samples included those that were either removed or those that were extruded into the ear canal. We investigated the association between scanning electron microscopy findings and the complications that developed during the treatment. Results: As a result of this study, it is found that the ionized, processed silicone tubes are superior to other silicon ventilation tubes in regard to biofilm growth (z = À3.925, p = 0.000, <0.0001) and surface deformations (x 2 = 9.120, p = 0.003, <0.01). Furthermore, we observed that as the duration of the ventilation tube application increases, bacterial biofilm growth (x 2 = 10.718, p = 0.005, <0.01) and surface deformations (z = À2.940, p = 0.003, <0.01) increase. We also observed that biofilm growth and occurrence frequency were related to ''otorrhea'' (x 2 = 10.258, p = 0.036, <0.05) and ''plugging'' (x 2 = 7.952, p = 0.019, <0.05) complications. Conclusion: In this study, we show that ionized, processed silicone ventilation tubes are more robust to bacterial biofilm growth compared to other silicone ventilation

Multiple variations of the azygos venous system were detected during routine dissection. The hemiazygos vein was underdeveloped. On the left side of the thorax, posterior intercostal veins between the 8th and 11th intercostal spaces and the subcostal vein drained into the azygos vein independently. In addition, the posterior 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th intercostal veins united and formed two superior and inferior trunks. The superior common trunk, at the level of the T4 vertebra, crossed the vertebral column obliquely, lying anterior to the aorta and posterior to the esophagus, opening into the azygos vein at the level of the T4 vertebra. The other structures in this part were normal. There were different courses of the azygos vein system. This variation is important in mediastinal surgery and also in the interpretation of radiographs.

Background. Shunt infections are one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity of patients with hydrocephalus. The aim of this research is to compare the bacterial colonization characteristics of a regular silicone elastomer shunt material coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone and dimethylpolysiloxane (silicone). Method. Regular coated shunt materials were compared by in-vivo and in-vitro methods. In the in-vitro experiment, silicone and coated material immersed and not immersed in vancomycin solution was treated with a certain concentration of Staphylococcus epidermidis. In the in-vivo study, silicone and coated material specimens were treated with Staphylococcus epidermidis and they were stereotactically placed in the lateral ventricles of the rats. One week after the inoculation, shunt pieces were removed and the colonies were counted by using a scanning electron microscope. Findings. There was a statistically significant difference of colonization in the in-vitro groups in coated material vs. silicone, coated material vs. vancomycin treated silicone, vancomycin treated coated material vs. silicone, vancomycin treated coated material vs. vancomycin treated silicone. There was no statistically significant difference for colonization in in-vitro groups of coated material and vancomycin treated coated material. With in-vivo experiments we can say that, coated material catheters are superior than the silicone catheters in respect to colonization but after the bacterial colonization has occurred, the amount of colonization did not differ. Interpretation. Coated material catheters are superior to silicone catheters and they prevent bacterial colonization in some respect.

"Ey iman edenler! Allah'tan korkun ve sâdıklarla beraber olun." (Tevbe/119) İnsanoğlu kâinatta hayatını aklı ile yönlendirebilen ve seçme hakkına sahip olan tek varlık olarak canlılık sahnesinde rolünü almıştır. Varlık sahibi olması can taşıması ve diğer fiziki özelliklerini bir kenara bırakacak olursak: Ruh taşımakla ve bu ruhun akli melekelerle yönlendirilmesi ile kendisini yaratılış sahnesinde bulduğu günden bu güne kadar hep iki yol ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır; Hak ve Batıl yol. Hak yolun temsilcileri etraflarına ışık(nur) saçarken batıl yol sahipleri tarihin her karesinde ateş (nar) saçarlar. Bu sünnetullah gereğidir.

Japonya'da en çok satılan kitaplar arasına girmiş ve başarısıyla insanları oldukça çok şaşırtan kokoloji testlerinin esin kaynağı olan bu eski Tibet kişilik testi sizide şaşırtacak. Tek yapmanız gereken rahatlamak ve aşağıda size sorulan sorulara uygun cevaplar vermek. Cevapları çok fazla düşünmeye çalışmayın. Size ilk doğru gözüken cevabı verin ve diğer soruya geçin. Eğer aklınızda tutmakta zorlanırsanız, cevapları kağıda yazabilirsiniz;

The Arab Spring has urged reviewing the political and economic variables` association. There is no consensus in the literature about this relationship. This article reviews the related literature and highlights some guidelines for forming a suitable model to study this relationship accounting for criticisms of various models. Thus, this study recommends that (1), empirically, democracy should be decomposed into its determinants, (2) economic development should include GDP per capita and the development quality indexes, (3) using the V-dem dataset could improve future studies' credibility because it avoids most pitfalls of rival datasets, (4) causality study aids in designing policies to improve economic stability, and (5) using a cross-sectional sample to emphasize the countries specifications` differences when studying the aforementioned relationship.

This paper aims at exploring whether the economic development indicators could have predicted the conflict in Syria in 2011. To evaluate the role of economic development in stabilizing the society, this paper analyses the available historical economic development indicators for the Syrian economy before the conflict in 2011. Reviewing the available official statistics about aforementioned indicators and benchmarking them against middle-income countries reveal that the annual growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the government expenditure, inflation rate, unemployment rate, and human development index (HDI) were at alarming levels before 2011. This paves the way to the 2011 conflict in Syria.

Economists describe how institutional analysis becomes more helpful in understanding human behavior and interactions. As institutions are the game rules in society, and organizations can be considered the players, the purpose of the regulations is to define how the game is played. Thus, institutions identify and limit the number of alternatives of individuals. Likewise, institutions include any form of restriction that human beings formulate to structure human interaction. Hence, the institution analysis is the key to understanding society's evolution and economies' performance. This paper aims to look at the economic role of political institutions. It explores the role of political institutions in shifting economies. To this end, the paper starts to review the concept of institutions, the theoretical framework, and various institutional economics approaches. Then, it describes the role of political institutions in economic performance. This study suggests that a set of decisions that institutions have made, and institutions governance may impact economic performance. Furthermore, the institutions' quality could play a considerable role in economic performance by setting rules that allow actors to make choices and achieve economic performance in light of these rules. Finally, this paper suggests that further empirical research could be done to understand this role better.

The Arab Spring has urged reviewing the political and economic variables` association. There is no consensus in the literature about this relationship. This article reviews the related literature and highlights some guidelines for forming a suitable model to study this relationship accounting for criticisms of various models. Thus, this study recommends that (1), empirically, democracy should be decomposed into its determinants, (2) economic development should include GDP per capita and the development quality indexes, (3) using the V-dem dataset could improve future studies' credibility because it avoids most pitfalls of rival datasets, (4) causality study aids in designing policies to improve economic stability, and (5) using a cross-sectional sample to emphasize the countries specifications` differences when studying the aforementioned relationship.