Papers by Malang B.S Bojang
Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Administrative Sciences, 2022
Purpose: This paper presents a review of the role of co-production in the public sector and discu... more Purpose: This paper presents a review of the role of co-production in the public sector and discusses how co-production can help public administrations to create better public value for contemporary society. Approach/Methodology/Design: Employing a qualitative approach, this study builds on the strategic triangle which depicts public value generation in the public sector. This framework shows how and why co-production is more valuable than classical management theories when public value generation is concerned. Data for this study has been collected through databases searches. The study follows a disciplined process in conducting a literature review as suggested by Webster and Watson (2002)—using keyword searches in ProQuest and Google Scholar. Findings: The paper argues that co-production can help to overcome the many limitations linked to traditional administration theories regarding public value creation. The results from the review indicate that co-production aim at improving th...
In search of answers to locate what is wrong with African civil societies, this study seeks to ev... more In search of answers to locate what is wrong with African civil societies, this study seeks to evaluate and critically explore contemporary debates surrounding civil society organizations in Africa. The study also aimed to ascertain whether African civil society organizations are replica of the Western civil societies. Much of the received wisdom on civil society discourse is that it enhances liberal democracy by widening citizens participations in political processes, eradicate poverty and fill the void created by state deficiencies. Yet civil society in many African countries is faced with doubts on its usefulness, origin and application in the continent. These uncertainties surrounding civil society often centered on its legitimacy, autonomy, authority and purpose. In Africa, civil society legitimacy and freedom can only be guarantee if they are transparent and accountable, in other words, they need to be democratic institutions; and they need to address accusations of manipulati...
This study tries to examine The Gambia Government’s adoption of e-Government practices during the... more This study tries to examine The Gambia Government’s adoption of e-Government practices during the coronavirus (henceforth, COVID-19) pandemic. Due to the phenomenological nature of the unfolding health crisis, this study adopts an online content review based on researchers’ observation of the e-Government platforms leveraged during the
International Journal of Youth Economy, 2017
In search for answers to what is wrong and where to locate what is wrong with Africa's developmen... more In search for answers to what is wrong and where to locate what is wrong with Africa's development, this research attempts to explore critical governance issues affecting the development of Africa. This paper argues that the achievability of Africa's development depends to a larger extend on its political development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to critically explore and evaluate Africa's developmental challenges such as bribery and corruption, bad governance, weak political institutions, and undemocratic values. These huddles are serious, real and many but could be meet through improvement and strengthening of governance and democracy. The importance of this research cannot be over emphasized as the result could be beneficial to both policy makers and scholars alike as to ascertain the problems and policy recommendations to avert the evils that befell on the continent. A total of 150 questionnaires was drawn where respondent (bureaucrats, masters and PhD students in related fields) were asked on Africa's development challenges. The finding shows that Africa's main development challenges were not only corruption, governance, and leadership, but weak institutions to uphold political accountability. Some African countries did well with regards to governance and combating corruption, however a major institutional reform is needed to achieve sustainable development.
It has been well over two decades now when new public management emerged as a management paradigm... more It has been well over two decades now when new public management emerged as a management paradigm. As a management doctrine, new public management is centered on private sector practices implemented in the public sector. Although it has registered some success stories but most of the intended objectives were not met. The public value concept emerges as a response to the weaknesses of new public management and to better equip public sector managers to create public value for the society. The purpose of this study is to explore and evaluate public administration paradigms beyond new public management and to assess public value implications for public sector managers. This study employed cross-sectoral scope review of the extant literature and adopted a narrative approach. In-depth data was collected from top database searches of American and Australian Administrative journals.
The Hidden Agenda Behind the Invasion of Iraq: The Unjust War Over Iraq in 2003. In search for an... more The Hidden Agenda Behind the Invasion of Iraq: The Unjust War Over Iraq in 2003. In search for answers to what is wrong with the 2003 Iraq invasion, this paper attempts to critically assess and explore the U.S invasion of Iraq. The invasion of Iraq was the most controversial and momentous foreign policy decision in recent memory. In analyzing the Iraq war from all perspectives of just war basic tenets indicate that the war was unjust and damaging. Although the Bush administration argued that Iraq possesses Weapon of Mass Destruction, coupled with Saddam support for terrorism which were found faulty and inaccurate. The just war theorists dismissed U.S preemptive war claims and the same is true in this paper. Judging by the basic tenets of the just war tradition, the findings of this paper have shown that the Iraq war does not meet any of the jus ad bellum, jus in bello, or jus post bellum and therefore its justification is invalid or null and void. Employing the just war theory, data...
e-Government is a prerequisite not only for meeting citizen’s needs but also creating the backgro... more e-Government is a prerequisite not only for meeting citizen’s needs but also creating the background for the development of knowledge-based public administration. Yet, e-Government development is still at the infancy stage in many developing countries. The objective of this paper is to identify critical factors that enable citizens to adopt e-Government services in a society that is at the infancy stage of e-Government implementation. In other words, this research seeks to determine citizens’ intentions to adopt eGovernment initiatives in The Gambia. To achieve the purpose of the study, an integrated model from DeLone and McLean (2003) and Bojang (2020) has been adopted having in mind the local context of Gambian society. Using a quantitative approach, online surveys and secondary data were collected and analyzed descriptively. The findings from the survey concluded that awareness creation and quality service provision strongly influence citizens’ intention to adopt e-government ser...
International Journal of Business, Management and Economics
In 1975, Nicholas Henry puts forward five paradigms for public administration. These paradigms de... more In 1975, Nicholas Henry puts forward five paradigms for public administration. These paradigms demonstrate the historical development of public administration since Woodrow Wilson's famous article. The existence of competing paradigms in public administration enhances theoretical development within the discourse. Public value management has brought a new dimension to the discourse. The purpose of this study is to investigate the paradigmatic shift in public management and to determine if the ‘Public Value Management’ represents an emerging paradigm in public administration. The paper attempts to answer two main questions: (a) Does public value management represent a new paradigm in the field of public administration? (b) Is public value management the future of public administration? To answer these questions, the study followed a historical approach to provide an accurate description and analysis of the current state as well as predicting its future course. Data for this study ...
SEISENSE Journal of Management
Purpose- This article aims to address public value by assessing public programs and services'... more Purpose- This article aims to address public value by assessing public programs and services' success in a more cost-effective way. The study also investigates how public managers and elected officials can use public value to guide their decisions on resource allocation to create value for the citizens. Design/methodology- To meet this study's aims, Mark Moore’s strategic triangle is used as the framework for this study. This is a comprehensive framework that evaluates the performance of public sector programs and service delivery. Data for this study has been collected via a primary scoping of the literature on public value. Database searches were conducted in the Social Sciences Index, SCOPUS journals, ISI Social Sciences Citation Index, and Google Scholar. Findings- From the investigation, the result indicates that public value is created by government or public managers in their daily transactions and by non-profit organizations that articulate their objectives and find ...
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2019
In search of answers to locate what is wrong with African civil societies, this study seeks to ev... more In search of answers to locate what is wrong with African civil societies, this study seeks to evaluate and critically explore contemporary debates surrounding civil society organizations in Africa. The study also aimed to ascertain whether African civil society organizations are replica of the Western civil societies. Much of the received wisdom on civil society discourse is that it enhances liberal democracy by widening citizens participations in political processes, eradicate poverty and fill the void created by state deficiencies. Yet civil society in many African countries is faced with doubts on its usefulness, origin and application in the continent. These uncertainties surrounding civil society often centered on its legitimacy, autonomy, authority and purpose. In Africa, civil
society legitimacy and freedom can only be guarantee if they are
transparent and accountable, in other words, they need to be democratic institutions; and they need to address accusations of manipulation for political or personal gain. While this study acknowledged the strength and effectiveness of civil society in Africa but still has a long road ahead to becoming a powerful voice on public policy or enhance democracy in the continent.
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2019
Electronic government(e-Gov) is the innovation of the 21st century. This is because many governme... more Electronic government(e-Gov) is the innovation of the 21st century. This is because many governments around the globe are reforming their service delivery system via the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) to attain greater efficiency in public sector. The potential benefits of eGov were echoed by stakeholder and supranational bodies like United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, just to name a few. Developed countries have started reaping the fruit of ICTs in government service delivery while developing nations are stagnant with structural and sustainable failures of information systems in general. However, this study argued that
some success stories are registered with regards to e-Service delivery in some developing countries and lesson needs to be learned from it—Singapore, Egypt and Chile can best this argument. Using the explanatory method, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.
SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2021
Purpose- This article aims to address public value by assessing
public programs and services' suc... more Purpose- This article aims to address public value by assessing
public programs and services' success in a more cost-effective way.
The study also investigates how public managers and elected
officials can use public value to guide their decisions on resource
allocation to create value for the citizens.
Design/methodology- To meet this study's aims, Mark Moore’s
strategic triangle is used as the framework for this study. This is a
comprehensive framework that evaluates the performance of
public sector programs and service delivery. Data for this study has
been collected via a primary scoping of the literature on public
value. Database searches were conducted in the Social Sciences
Index, SCOPUS journals, ISI Social Sciences Citation Index, and
Google Scholar.
Findings- From the investigation, the result indicates that public
value is created by government or public managers in their daily
transactions and by non-profit organizations that articulate their
objectives and find popular support for the community's common
good.
Practical implications- Arguably, public value management
provides a necessary improvement to public management theories.
It redefines the function of public sector managers in the provision
of socially desirable outcomes through citizen engagement. As a
progress appraisal tool in public organizations, it offers a broader
and inclusive framework than the New Public Management
(NPM).
Originality/value- This study's results contribute to the knowledge
and literature of public value in the public sector. The strategic
triangle builds on the challenges and weaknesses of NPM and it
aims at reshaping institutions to prioritize value creation for
citizens.
Society & Sustainability, 2021
e-Government is a prerequisite not only for meeting citizen’s needs but also creating the backgro... more e-Government is a prerequisite not only for meeting citizen’s needs but also creating the background for the development of knowledge-based public administration. Yet, e-Government development is still at the infancy stage in many developing countries. The objective of this paper is to identify critical factors that enable citizens to adopt e-Government services in a society that is at the infancy stage of e-Government
implementation. In other words, this research seeks to determine citizens’ intentions to adopt eGovernment initiatives in The Gambia. To achieve the purpose of the study, an integrated model from DeLone and McLean (2003) and Bojang (2020) has been adopted having in mind the local context of Gambian society. Using a quantitative approach, online surveys and secondary data were collected and analyzed descriptively. The findings from the survey concluded that awareness creation and quality service provision strongly influence citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services. Political and bureaucratic support and trust in government were also found to be critical factors for the adoption of eGovernment in The Gambia. The availability of information, ease to use of government websites, up-todate information, reliability and quick response from government websites equally influence citizens’
intention to adopt e-Government. This study will help policy-makers to initiate and formulate policies, strategies that will increase the adoption of e-Government initiatives among citizens.
Global Journals , 2020
e-Government or digital government has emerged as the innovation of the 21st century. Both advanc... more e-Government or digital government has emerged as the innovation of the 21st century. Both advanced and emerging countries are modernizing and transforming their administrative systems through the use of internet. The benefits of digital government are enormous and it includes greater accountability of the government, increases efficiency, reduces cost, and improves the standard of living for global citizens. However, e-Government in developing countries is still pose with implementation challenges and these have led to massive e-Government project failures. An adaptation model from DeLone and McLean's Information System (IS) success model is developed and proposed as an alternative for e-Government success in Africa. The results of this study show that political and bureaucratic commitment, economic development, right policies, participation in e-Services, and socio-cultural development are sufficient or necessary factors for e-Government development in Africa. Policy recommendation for e-Government development in Africa is also highlighted. Abstract-e-Government or digital government has emerged as the innovation of the 21st century. Both advanced and emerging countries are modernizing and transforming their administrative systems through the use of internet. The benefits of digital government are enormous and it includes greater accountability of the government, increases efficiency, reduces cost, and improves the standard of living for global citizens. However, e-Government in developing countries is still pose with implementation challenges and these have led to massive e-Government project failures. An adaptation model from DeLone and McLean's Information System (IS) success model is developed and proposed as an alternative for e-Government success in Africa. The results of this study show that political and bureaucratic commitment, economic development, right policies, participation in e-Services, and socio-cultural development are sufficient or necessary factors for e-Government development in Africa. Policy recommendation for e-Government development in Africa is also highlighted. Using an exploratory approach, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.
Readers Insight, 2020
It has been well over two decades now when new public management emerged as a management paradigm... more It has been well over two decades now when new public management emerged as a management paradigm. As a management doctrine, new public management is centered on private sector practices implemented in the public sector. Although it has registered some success stories but most of the intended objectives were not met. The public value concept emerges as a response to the weaknesses of new public management and to better equip public sector managers to create public value for the society.
This study tries to examine The Gambia Government's adoption of e-Government practices during the... more This study tries to examine The Gambia Government's adoption of e-Government practices during the coronavirus (henceforth, COVID-19) pandemic. Due to the phenomenological nature of the unfolding health crisis, this study adopts an online content review based on researchers' observation of the e-Government platforms leveraged during the crisis. Our results show that there is a huge opportunity to leverage e-Government during the pandemic. Moreover, our findings contribute to the literature by arguing that the opportunities e-Government presents to The Gambia government during a health crisis are endless: governmentcitizen engagement is intensified through online interaction, the effective flow of bidirectional information enables citizens to participate in the governance process and thus promote trust in their elected officers, high interactivity provides transparency and improves the quality of public services delivery, the e-Government is an enabler of reliable and trustworthy Abstract-This study tries to examine The Gambia Government's adoption of e-Government practices during the coronavirus (henceforth, COVID-19) pandemic. Due to the phenomenological nature of the unfolding health crisis, this study adopts an online content review based on researchers' observation of the e-Government platforms leveraged during the crisis. Our results show that there is a huge opportunity to leverage e-Government during the pandemic. Moreover, our findings contribute to the literature by arguing that the opportunities e-Government presents to The Gambia government during a health crisis are endless: government-citizen engagement is intensified through online interaction, the effective flow of bidirectional information enables citizens to participate in the governance process and thus promote trust in their elected officers, high interactivity provides transparency and improves the quality of public services delivery, the e-Government is an enabler of reliable and trustworthy public health and safety information during the pandemic and thus enhances public awareness, participation, and support in controlling the health pandemic.
In search for answers to what is wrong with the 2003 Iraq invasion, this paper attempts to criti... more In search for answers to what is wrong with the 2003 Iraq invasion, this paper attempts to critically assess and explore the U.S invasion of Iraq. The invasion of Iraq was the most controversial and momentous foreign policy decision in recent memory. In analyzing the Iraq war from all perspectives of just war basic tenets indicate that the war was unjust and damaging. Although the Bush administration argued that Iraq possesses Weapon of Mass Destruction, coupled with Saddam support for terrorism which were found faulty and inaccurate. The just war theorists dismissed U.S preemptive war claims and the same is true in this paper. Judging by the basic tenets of the just war tradition, the findings of this paper have shown that the Iraq war does not meet any of the jus ad bellum, jus in bello, or jus post bellum and therefore its justification is invalid or null and void. Employing the just war theory, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.
In search for answers to what is wrong and where to locate what is wrong with Africa's developmen... more In search for answers to what is wrong and where to locate what is wrong with Africa's development, this research attempts to explore critical governance issues affecting the development of Africa. This paper argues that the achievability of Africa's development depends to a larger extend on its political development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to critically explore and evaluate Africa's developmental challenges such as bribery and corruption, bad governance, weak political institutions, and undemocratic values. These huddles are serious, real and many but could be meet through improvement and strengthening of governance and democracy. The importance of this research cannot be over emphasized as the result could be beneficial to both policy makers and scholars alike as to ascertain the problems and policy recommendations to avert the evils that befell on the continent. A total of 150 questionnaires was drawn where respondent (bureaucrats, masters and PhD students in related fields) were asked on Africa's development challenges. The finding shows that Africa's main development challenges were not only corruption, governance, and leadership, but weak institutions to uphold political accountability. Some African countries did well with regards to governance and combating corruption, however a major institutional reform is needed to achieve sustainable development.
Bureaucracy as a concept has created a lot of controversies and tension among politician, academi... more Bureaucracy as a concept has created a lot of controversies and tension among politician, academician, authors and even administrators alike, this paper attempts to critically evaluate and analyze the strength and weakness of bureaucracy. This researcher has identified two categories—the pessimist and optimist of bureaucracy. All of whom has shown sufficient reason to back their claims which this paper seeks to explore. The research also seeks to investigate Weber's ideal model and his dilemma on authority. It appears that Weber is more concerned with position and not the person who hold position and this has created a contradiction as some civil servant are promoted in to position based on their seniority and experience, and not competence. The issue here is, where does authority lies-in positions or in competency?
Conference Presentations by Malang B.S Bojang
2nd International European Conference , 2020
This paper is earmarked at establishing a comprehensive analysis of the Economic Community Of Wes... more This paper is earmarked at establishing a comprehensive analysis of the Economic Community Of West African States (ECOWAS) military intervention in The Gambia. The post-independent political establishment in The Gambia and some of the challenges and gains
registered by the first Republic shall be discussed in order to give a comprehensive overview of the previous government’s strive in addressing and promoting human right in the country. Good policies will obviously lead to national development. Democracy, rule of law, good
governance are key essential elements in achieving good foreign policies vis-a-vis national development. The post 1994 military coup and its implications on The Gambia’s regional and international relations shall be discussed. An overview of the deteriorative human rights situation in The Gambia under the second Republic and its impacts on the profile of the country at international level shall be deliberated upon. This paper shall further shed light on the 2016 presidential election that ushered the birth of the third Republic and the ensuing electoral crises
that paved the way for the ECOWAS military intervention in The Gambia shall also be elaborated upon. Using an exploratory approach, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.
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Papers by Malang B.S Bojang
society legitimacy and freedom can only be guarantee if they are
transparent and accountable, in other words, they need to be democratic institutions; and they need to address accusations of manipulation for political or personal gain. While this study acknowledged the strength and effectiveness of civil society in Africa but still has a long road ahead to becoming a powerful voice on public policy or enhance democracy in the continent.
some success stories are registered with regards to e-Service delivery in some developing countries and lesson needs to be learned from it—Singapore, Egypt and Chile can best this argument. Using the explanatory method, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.
public programs and services' success in a more cost-effective way.
The study also investigates how public managers and elected
officials can use public value to guide their decisions on resource
allocation to create value for the citizens.
Design/methodology- To meet this study's aims, Mark Moore’s
strategic triangle is used as the framework for this study. This is a
comprehensive framework that evaluates the performance of
public sector programs and service delivery. Data for this study has
been collected via a primary scoping of the literature on public
value. Database searches were conducted in the Social Sciences
Index, SCOPUS journals, ISI Social Sciences Citation Index, and
Google Scholar.
Findings- From the investigation, the result indicates that public
value is created by government or public managers in their daily
transactions and by non-profit organizations that articulate their
objectives and find popular support for the community's common
good.
Practical implications- Arguably, public value management
provides a necessary improvement to public management theories.
It redefines the function of public sector managers in the provision
of socially desirable outcomes through citizen engagement. As a
progress appraisal tool in public organizations, it offers a broader
and inclusive framework than the New Public Management
(NPM).
Originality/value- This study's results contribute to the knowledge
and literature of public value in the public sector. The strategic
triangle builds on the challenges and weaknesses of NPM and it
aims at reshaping institutions to prioritize value creation for
citizens.
implementation. In other words, this research seeks to determine citizens’ intentions to adopt eGovernment initiatives in The Gambia. To achieve the purpose of the study, an integrated model from DeLone and McLean (2003) and Bojang (2020) has been adopted having in mind the local context of Gambian society. Using a quantitative approach, online surveys and secondary data were collected and analyzed descriptively. The findings from the survey concluded that awareness creation and quality service provision strongly influence citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services. Political and bureaucratic support and trust in government were also found to be critical factors for the adoption of eGovernment in The Gambia. The availability of information, ease to use of government websites, up-todate information, reliability and quick response from government websites equally influence citizens’
intention to adopt e-Government. This study will help policy-makers to initiate and formulate policies, strategies that will increase the adoption of e-Government initiatives among citizens.
Conference Presentations by Malang B.S Bojang
registered by the first Republic shall be discussed in order to give a comprehensive overview of the previous government’s strive in addressing and promoting human right in the country. Good policies will obviously lead to national development. Democracy, rule of law, good
governance are key essential elements in achieving good foreign policies vis-a-vis national development. The post 1994 military coup and its implications on The Gambia’s regional and international relations shall be discussed. An overview of the deteriorative human rights situation in The Gambia under the second Republic and its impacts on the profile of the country at international level shall be deliberated upon. This paper shall further shed light on the 2016 presidential election that ushered the birth of the third Republic and the ensuing electoral crises
that paved the way for the ECOWAS military intervention in The Gambia shall also be elaborated upon. Using an exploratory approach, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.
society legitimacy and freedom can only be guarantee if they are
transparent and accountable, in other words, they need to be democratic institutions; and they need to address accusations of manipulation for political or personal gain. While this study acknowledged the strength and effectiveness of civil society in Africa but still has a long road ahead to becoming a powerful voice on public policy or enhance democracy in the continent.
some success stories are registered with regards to e-Service delivery in some developing countries and lesson needs to be learned from it—Singapore, Egypt and Chile can best this argument. Using the explanatory method, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.
public programs and services' success in a more cost-effective way.
The study also investigates how public managers and elected
officials can use public value to guide their decisions on resource
allocation to create value for the citizens.
Design/methodology- To meet this study's aims, Mark Moore’s
strategic triangle is used as the framework for this study. This is a
comprehensive framework that evaluates the performance of
public sector programs and service delivery. Data for this study has
been collected via a primary scoping of the literature on public
value. Database searches were conducted in the Social Sciences
Index, SCOPUS journals, ISI Social Sciences Citation Index, and
Google Scholar.
Findings- From the investigation, the result indicates that public
value is created by government or public managers in their daily
transactions and by non-profit organizations that articulate their
objectives and find popular support for the community's common
good.
Practical implications- Arguably, public value management
provides a necessary improvement to public management theories.
It redefines the function of public sector managers in the provision
of socially desirable outcomes through citizen engagement. As a
progress appraisal tool in public organizations, it offers a broader
and inclusive framework than the New Public Management
(NPM).
Originality/value- This study's results contribute to the knowledge
and literature of public value in the public sector. The strategic
triangle builds on the challenges and weaknesses of NPM and it
aims at reshaping institutions to prioritize value creation for
citizens.
implementation. In other words, this research seeks to determine citizens’ intentions to adopt eGovernment initiatives in The Gambia. To achieve the purpose of the study, an integrated model from DeLone and McLean (2003) and Bojang (2020) has been adopted having in mind the local context of Gambian society. Using a quantitative approach, online surveys and secondary data were collected and analyzed descriptively. The findings from the survey concluded that awareness creation and quality service provision strongly influence citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services. Political and bureaucratic support and trust in government were also found to be critical factors for the adoption of eGovernment in The Gambia. The availability of information, ease to use of government websites, up-todate information, reliability and quick response from government websites equally influence citizens’
intention to adopt e-Government. This study will help policy-makers to initiate and formulate policies, strategies that will increase the adoption of e-Government initiatives among citizens.
registered by the first Republic shall be discussed in order to give a comprehensive overview of the previous government’s strive in addressing and promoting human right in the country. Good policies will obviously lead to national development. Democracy, rule of law, good
governance are key essential elements in achieving good foreign policies vis-a-vis national development. The post 1994 military coup and its implications on The Gambia’s regional and international relations shall be discussed. An overview of the deteriorative human rights situation in The Gambia under the second Republic and its impacts on the profile of the country at international level shall be deliberated upon. This paper shall further shed light on the 2016 presidential election that ushered the birth of the third Republic and the ensuing electoral crises
that paved the way for the ECOWAS military intervention in The Gambia shall also be elaborated upon. Using an exploratory approach, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.
in the area of pay, staff composition, qualification, and performance appraisal system in the public sector. Employing a literature-based study, data for this study is collected from secondary sources.
is an island and therefore, diplomacy and co-operation are the strategy which governments used to achieve their foreign policy objectives. There is a scholarly consensus that domestic factors are more salient in
foreign policy of small states and international factors are more compelling. This paper attempts to challenge this wisdom in international relations by arguing that domestic factors equally matter in microstate foreign policy—using The Gambia as a case. Using the neo-classical realist theory, this paper hypothesized that foreign policy decision-making in The Gambia is a reflection of their leaders. This paper will accord policy makers with some recommendation on achieving the best from allies and multi-national.