Papers by Dr. Sanjay H Parmar
Agri-India TODAY, 2023
Water scarcity in drought-affected areas necessitates effective water conservation strategies. Mu... more Water scarcity in drought-affected areas necessitates effective water conservation strategies. Mulching, the application of a protective layer on the soil surface, has gained recognition for its potential to mitigate water loss through evaporation and improve soil moisture retention. This research article presents a comprehensive assessment of the impact of mulching on water conservation using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). By integrating these technologies, the study evaluates spatial and temporal variations in water availability and vegetation health. The findings highlight the effectiveness of mulching in reducing evapotranspiration, enhancing soil moisture content, and promoting vegetation growth.
Agriculture & Food: E-Newsletter, 2023
Drought is a recurring natural disaster that has severe impacts on agriculture, food security, an... more Drought is a recurring natural disaster that has severe impacts on agriculture, food security, and
livelihoods. (Atzberger, 2013). It occurs when there is an extended period of inadequate rainfall or water
availability, causing soil moisture deficits and crop failure. Drought resilience refers to the ability of
ecosystems and communities to withstand and recover from drought impacts. (Hoque et al., 2021)
Enhancing drought resilience is crucial for sustainable development, as it reduces vulnerability to future
drought events.
Mulching has been proven to be an effective method for conserving soil moisture and improving crop yields
during drought periods. Water is a main constraint in arid and semi- arid regions for intensive irrigation
(Pandya and Rank, 2014). Remote sensing-GIS integration can also provide valuable information for
monitoring soil moisture levels and predicting potential drought events. (Golla, 2021). This paper aims to
explore the potential of mulching and remote sensing-GIS integration in enhancing drought resilience for
sustainable development. (Mupepi, 2022).
Agri-India TODAY, 2023
Irrigation, mulching, and drought risk are crucial factors in agricultural water management. Remo... more Irrigation, mulching, and drought risk are crucial factors in agricultural water management. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as powerful tools for spatial analysis in these areas. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the application of remote sensing and GIS in the spatial analysis of irrigation, mulching, and drought risk. It explores the use of remote sensing data for estimating evapotranspiration, optimizing irrigation practices, mapping and monitoring mulching techniques, and assessing drought vulnerability. The integration of remote sensing and GIS enables a holistic approach to water resource management, aiding decision-making processes and improving agricultural sustainability.
The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2020
Accurate estimation of crop water requirements (ETc) of any crop is essentially for irrigation sc... more Accurate estimation of crop water requirements (ETc) of any crop is essentially for irrigation scheduling and water management. The present study was undertaken to estimate the crop water requirement (ETc) of maize crops grown in winter seasons in middle Gujarat region of Panam command area Gujarat. The daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated by FAO Penman-Monteith method using 11 years (2006 to 2016) mean meteorological data of Panam command. The most common and practical approach widely used for estimating crop water requirement, and the operational monitoring of soil-plant water balance is the FAO-56 method. In the FAO-56 approach, crop evapotranspiration is estimated by the combination of a reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficients. The Kc values for maize as given in FAO-56 was used in which Kcmid and Kcend were corrected for climatic conditions of stations. The corrected Kc values were used to calculate the daily crop water requirement (ETc) for maize crops grown at Panchmahal region. The results revealed that during winter season (15 October to 15 January) the mean daily (ETo) varies from 5.5 to 7.32 mm day-1. The mean water requirement of maize during initial stage is 1.085 mm day-1 , during developmental stage it varies between 1.085 to 4.35 mm day-1, and during the mid-season stage ETc varies between 4.35 to 5.76 mm day-1 and during late season stage it decreases upto 3.20 mm day-1. The seasonal water requirement of winter maize varies between 312.49 mm to 487.08 mm. This study established precise estimation of evapotranspiration which was the only beneficial water loss from the field. The information generated can be used in scheduling irrigation for winter season maize crops of Panchmhal region.
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 2023
The soil and water conservation structures are constructed to overcome water scarcity as a result... more The soil and water conservation structures are constructed to overcome water scarcity as a result of interannual rainfall variability and paucity of the perennial source of water. The present study was aimed to estimate the design runoff for the efficient hydrologic design of various soils and water conservation structures using machine techniques for enabling efficient harvesting of available rainfall with economical design which can support in developing climate resilience for the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India. The design rainfall at various return periods was predicted by Annual One Day Maximum Rainfall (ADMR) using three technics i.e. Probability Distribution Fitting,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 2023
Understanding rainfall variability is crucial for effective water management, agricultural planni... more Understanding rainfall variability is crucial for effective water management, agricultural planning, and disaster preparedness in the region. Statistical analysis of rainfall data plays a vital role in identifying long-term climate changes, assessing the likelihood of drought or flood events, and developing predictive models. Droughts occur when prolonged periods of below-average rainfall lead to water scarcity and moisture stress. They have severe implications for agriculture, resulting in crop failures, livestock losses, and economic hardships for farmers. Conversely, sporadic floods arise when intense rainfall exceeds the region's capacity to absorb and drain water effectively. The study area for the statistical analysis includes 36 rainfall stations in the Saurashtra region. The analysis covers monthly and seasonal rainfall data from 1980 to 2019, and the aforementioned parameters are calculated to assess rainfall variation.The coefficient of variation (%CV) for monthly rainfall ranges from 65% to over 100%, highlighting significant variability. Months with higher average rainfall, like July and August, exhibit less variability compared to months with lower average rainfall, such as June and September. Coastal districts near the Arabian Sea experience high rainfall variability, making them more susceptible to extreme climatic conditions like droughts and floods. Statistical analysis of rainfall patterns provides valuable insights into the variability of rainfall in the Saurashtra region. It helps identify areas with high variability and assesses the reliability of rainfall as a consistent source for crop production. This information is crucial for water resource management, agricultural planning, and mitigating the impact of droughts and floods in the region.
Agricultural Reviews, 2022
Watershed morphological analysis is momentous for controlling floods risk, forethought and manage... more Watershed morphological analysis is momentous for controlling floods risk, forethought and management of the watershed area, as well as it is foremost useful to perceive catchment hydrology. Remote sensing and geographic information system are used in recent times as a tool for watershed delineation and its planning. Many types of input parameters generally use for watershed delineation such as Toposheet, ALOS, SRTM DEM, ASTER DEM and CARTOSAT DEM. Based on analysis SRTM DEM gives meticulous and clear results compared to other DEM files. Morphometric based prioritization of watershed was given in many research papers but an appropriate result of priority range was not given and this type of study confusing to evaluate the rank of priority based on its erosional behaviour. In many papers results of morphometric parameters were not indicate how to retaliate these results of morphometric parameters to a watershed. This paper deals with the implication of different values of morphometric parameters with adequate contextual information. This review paper can give useful information for the morphometric analysis of watersheds.
MAUSAM, 2020
Trend analysis has become one of the most important issues in hydro-meteorological variables stud... more Trend analysis has become one of the most important issues in hydro-meteorological variables study due to climate change and the focus given to it in the recent past from the scientific community. In this study, long-term trends of rainfall are analyzed in eight stations located in semi-arid central Gujarat region, India by considering time series data of 116 years (1901-2016). Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) as a dyadic arrangement of continuous wavelet transformation combined with the widely applied and acknowledged Mann-Kendall (MK) trend analysis method were applied for analysis of trend and dominant periodicities in rainfall time series at monthly, annual and monsoonal time scales. Initially, rainfall time series applied in this study were decomposed using DWT to generate sub-time series at high and low frequencies, before applying the MK trend test. Further, the Sequential Mann-Kendall (SQMK) test was also applied to find out the trend changing points. The result showed that at the monthly annual and monsoon time scales, the trends in rainfall were significantly decreasing in most of the station. The 4-month and 8-month components were found as dominant at the monthly time series and the 2-year and 4-year component were found as dominant at the monsoon time series, whereas the 2-year components were observed as dominant in the annual time scale.
Journal of Agrometeorology, 2019
The gridded information on temperature are generally
being used for various application in agricu... more The gridded information on temperature are generally
being used for various application in agriculture. Most of
the methods to determine spatial variation in temperature
often use spatial interpolation and extrapolation of data
from the nearest meteorological stations. The problem with
temperature interpolation and extrapolation is that they
depend on many local parameters that can influence its
estimation spatially-distributed.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Determination of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is a key factor for estimation of crop water
... more Determination of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is a key factor for estimation of crop water
requirement, water balance and irrigation scheduling. The FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation has
been accepted universally for estimating of reference evapotranspiration (ET0). This method
demands a number of climatic parameters that are not always available. The determination of water
needed for irrigating crops is one of the main parameters for correct irrigation planning. In this
context the FAO Penman – Monteith (FAO– PM) has been recommended as the best for the
evapotranspiration (ETo) estimates. The traditional methods require several meteorological and crop
data even for estimation of point ET0. Remote sensing images have recently been applied to estimate
temporal and spatially distributed ET0 very effectively and timely. The determination of actual
evapotranspiration of specific crops needs acquisition and routine processing of daily remote sensing
images, which seems time consuming and expensive. In present study, daily, monthly, and yearly
ETo were determined for 2 stations namely Godhra, and Veganpur located in Panam canal command,
middle Gujarat region using long period (11 Year) weather data applying FAO-56 Penman-Monteith
and Hargreaves equations. Further, in this study actual ET was estimated using MOD16 remote
sensing data. The present study was also undertaken to estimate and compare the crop water
requirement (ETc) of maize crops using field methods and remote sensing data based estimation in
winter season of Panam command region, Gujarat. The growth stage wise crop coefficients (Kc)
taken for daily climatic variation were used to estimate the daily ETc for the maize crops. It was
found in this study that remote sensing based data has very similar performance for estimation of
ET0 as compared to point estimation using field studies.
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 2022
Accurate and precise information about crop type, crop stage, and crop acreage is essential for s... more Accurate and precise information about crop type, crop stage, and crop acreage is essential for sustainable utilization of available water resources. The present study is concerned with the estimation of Rabi season growing crops in the Panchmahal district of Gujarat state, India. In these study generation of spectral profiles and crop acreage estimation, Sentinel-2 satellite images were classified using unsupervised classification with ISODATA clustering classification techniques. The satellite image of the study area was classified into 52 classes and overlaid with a ground truth point shape file on the classified image. Total twelve date NDVI based signature derived from sentinel-2 data during rabi season 2020-2021. NDVI based data set is used to classify the study area's major crops, which are maize, wheat, castor, chilli, cotton, pigeon pea, sorghum, and tobacco. The total
Research Biotica, 2023
A substantial rise in water consumption as a result of rapid population development and rising li... more A substantial rise in water consumption as a result of rapid population development and rising living standards has resulted in acute water shortages. Effective water management has become crucial to address this issue. One approach is to adopt irrigation technologies and implement efficient irrigation scheduling to optimize limited water resources. The agricultural industry must find ways to grow more food while using less water, which can be done through improving crop water productivity. The timing and amount of w ter to be applied to crops is determined by irrigation scheduling, which helps to avoid over or under watering. Drip irrigation is increasingly utilized in this region due to its potential for enhancing agriculture production with efficient use of water. Drip irrigation must be scheduled correctly for effective water management in crop production. Realizing the necessity, at Junagadh Agricultural University, an experiment was carried out during year 2018-19, to study effect of drip lateral geometry (3 rows per lateral, 4 rows per lateral and 6 rows per lateral), irrigation regimes (1.0 ET c and 0.8 ET c) and irrigation frequency (2 days, 3 days and 5 days) on wheat. Each treatment was replicated twice. Results revealed that higher plant height (115.01 cm), number of productive tiller (480.50), number of grains spike-1 (47), test weight (59.83 g) and highest grain yield (4,825 kg ha-1) and straw yield (7,655 kg ha-1) was observed under drip lateral geometry of 3 rows per lateral, scheduled at 0.8 ET c and 2 days irrigation frequency.
Research Biotica, 2023
Rain pipe irrigation has emerged as a promising solution for efficient water utilization and impr... more Rain pipe irrigation has emerged as a promising solution for efficient water utilization and improved crop yields at a lower cost compared to traditional irrigation systems. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the hydraulic performance of rain pipes with different lengths (30 m and 45 m) and spacing (4 m and 5 m), operated at various pressures (1 kg cm-2 , 1.25 kg cm-2 and 1.50 kg cm-2) using a 7.5 hp pumping system. Key parameters such as distribution uniformity, uniformity coefficient, mean application rate and coefficient of variation were measured. The results indicated that the rain pipe system achieved optimal performance when operated at an operating pressure of 1.50 kg cm-2 , with a rain pipe length of 30 m and a spacing of 4 m. This configuration resulted in the highest uniformity coefficient (87.83%), distribution uniformity (76.29%) and mean application rate (6.81 cm h-1). Additionally, the maximum discharge per meter length of rain pipe and the maximum coverage width of one rain pipe were attained with a 30 m length operated at 1.5 kg cm-2. These findings emphasize the effectiveness of rain pipe irrigation when employing an operating pressure of 1.5 kg cm-2 , a rain pipe length of 30 m and a spacing of 4 m. The study highlights the suitability of rain pipe irrigation as a cost-effective and efficient alternative for water management in Indian agriculture. By optimizing the operating pressure, rain pipe length and spacing, farmers can enhance water use efficiency and improve crop productivity, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices in the face of limited water resources.
Research Boitica, 2022
Determination of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) during the crop growth is important f... more Determination of the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET c ) during the crop growth is important for precise irrigation scheduling, sustainable development and environmentally sound water management. Development of a crop coefficient (K c ) can enhance ET c estimations in relation to specific crop phenological development. An experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil at Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh to determine growth stage specific K c of wheat (GW-366) using drip irrigation under different land configurations (L 1 : broad bed furrow and L 2 : flat land) at different irrigation levels (I 1 : 1.0 ET c and I 2 : 0.8 ET c ). Soil moisture sensors were utilized to estimate Actual crop evapotranspiration. Results revealed that adjusted FAO K c predicts higher value than sensor-based K c values under both land configurations. Broad bed furrow (BBF) land configuration observed lower K c values compared to flat land configuration at all growth stages of wheat. Sensor based K c-ini, K c-dev, K c-mid and K c-end values of BBF observed 0.21 (7.26%), 0.59 (13.78%), 1.00 (7.27%) and 0.29 (9.48%) and 0.20 (8.43%), 0.55 (13.04%), 0.91 (8.18%) and 0.26 (9.48%) lower than flat land configuration. Overestimated adjusted FAO-K c values caused a loss 106.18 mm and 89.43 mm precious water for wheat under BBF and flat land respectively.
Smart Agricultural Technology, 2023
Irrigation water is limited and scarce in many areas of the world, including the Panchmahal regio... more Irrigation water is limited and scarce in many areas of the world, including the Panchmahal region, Gujarat, India. Panchmahal is located in between 22 • 30 ′ N to 23 • 30 ′ N latitudes and 73 • 15 ′ E to 74 • 30 ′ E covering an area of 3314.56 km 2. Thus, better estimations of irrigation water requirements are essential to conserve water. The overall objective of the present study was to estimate crop acreage and crop water requirement (ET C) of dominant maize crop at various scales using a satellite remote sensing-based vegetation index. The resulted acreage estimation will helpful in understanding the cropping patterns and their interaction with spatial and temporal variability for present and future estimation of crop water requirements and proper resource availability in this selected region. Twelve clear sky Sentinel-2 satellite images from November 2020 to April 2021 were acquired for the study area for the analysis. For the Rabi season chosen for the current study, 34 images, each with two scenes and a five-day sensing interval, with a total of 68 images were downloaded and applied. The coefficient of maize crop for the entire growing season was generated using average NDVI based values, which were evaluated using remote sensing and GIS techniques. For maize crop, the NDVI and crop coefficient K C (FAO) showed a higher correlation with R 2 = 0.8. As a result, the correlations of crop coefficient (K C) with the NDVI were used to create the K C map. Crop water demand based on actual crop evapotranspiration is a product of the average ET C value and the corresponding area. The total crop water demand for maize crop seasons was found to be 171.50 MCM. ET C maps helped to explain the variability of crop water use during the growing season. According to the findings, ET C maps created using remotely sensed multispectral vegetation indices are a helpful tool for assessing crop water usage at regional and field scales. The findings in this study will be helpful to the irrigation planners and farmers for applying appropriate amounts of irrigation water corresponding to each growth stage using ET C maps at the field scale, leading to water conservation, and better irrigation water management.
Books by Dr. Sanjay H Parmar
Scripown, 2022
The agriculture sector has been confronted with difficulties as a result of rising food demand, f... more The agriculture sector has been confronted with difficulties as a result of rising food demand, food safety concerns and other issues. The employment of technology is the solution to various agricultural challenges and increases in agricultural production. Drones have the ability to bridge the gap between current agricultural productivity and future demands. As a result, it's critical to grasp the ideas of drone classifications, components, and operation. Due to the produced thrust and relative motion of propellers, a drone can move up, down, left, and right according to the command given. A drone has a variety of sensors that aid in stability and serve several functions.
In recent years, agricultural drones have achieved considerable technological advancements. Drones give high-resolution crop images as well as a variety of indices that help farmers make better decisions. Drones have transformed farming by allowing farmers to save money, enhance operational efficiency, and increase profitability. Over time, agricultural drones have grown in popularity, gaining the attention of researchers, manufacturers, and the government. However, there are a lot of obstacles to overcome before drone technology can be successfully deployed in agriculture.
Agricultural sustainability is a top priority in all countries, developed and
developing alike. A... more Agricultural sustainability is a top priority in all countries, developed and
developing alike. Aero-space Remote Sensing and GIS technology are gaining
importance as useful tools in soil and water conservation. This chapter
discusses the integrated use of remote sensing and GIS technologies in soil
and water conservation. Sustainable land management techniques require
strong baseline data on natural resources (soils, physiography, climate,
vegetation, land use, and so on) as well as socioeconomic elements. GIS and
remote sensing play an essential role in data linking and analysis, particularly for detection (direct or indirect), extrapolation and interpretation, area computation, and monitoring. The conceptual framework for plan and site
suitability mapping for soil and water conservation structures is developed, and these parameters are then integrated with other thematic information in the GIS environment, such as land use/cover, drainage, slope, and soil, to arrive at a decision regarding a suitable site for having soil and water conservation structures (Nala bund, check dam, and percolation tank) in its place using a holistic approach. Conclusions appreciate and recognize the importance of spatial technologies in soil and water conservation and
management and recommend their use in developing soil and water
conservation management tools.
Uploads
Papers by Dr. Sanjay H Parmar
livelihoods. (Atzberger, 2013). It occurs when there is an extended period of inadequate rainfall or water
availability, causing soil moisture deficits and crop failure. Drought resilience refers to the ability of
ecosystems and communities to withstand and recover from drought impacts. (Hoque et al., 2021)
Enhancing drought resilience is crucial for sustainable development, as it reduces vulnerability to future
drought events.
Mulching has been proven to be an effective method for conserving soil moisture and improving crop yields
during drought periods. Water is a main constraint in arid and semi- arid regions for intensive irrigation
(Pandya and Rank, 2014). Remote sensing-GIS integration can also provide valuable information for
monitoring soil moisture levels and predicting potential drought events. (Golla, 2021). This paper aims to
explore the potential of mulching and remote sensing-GIS integration in enhancing drought resilience for
sustainable development. (Mupepi, 2022).
being used for various application in agriculture. Most of
the methods to determine spatial variation in temperature
often use spatial interpolation and extrapolation of data
from the nearest meteorological stations. The problem with
temperature interpolation and extrapolation is that they
depend on many local parameters that can influence its
estimation spatially-distributed.
requirement, water balance and irrigation scheduling. The FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation has
been accepted universally for estimating of reference evapotranspiration (ET0). This method
demands a number of climatic parameters that are not always available. The determination of water
needed for irrigating crops is one of the main parameters for correct irrigation planning. In this
context the FAO Penman – Monteith (FAO– PM) has been recommended as the best for the
evapotranspiration (ETo) estimates. The traditional methods require several meteorological and crop
data even for estimation of point ET0. Remote sensing images have recently been applied to estimate
temporal and spatially distributed ET0 very effectively and timely. The determination of actual
evapotranspiration of specific crops needs acquisition and routine processing of daily remote sensing
images, which seems time consuming and expensive. In present study, daily, monthly, and yearly
ETo were determined for 2 stations namely Godhra, and Veganpur located in Panam canal command,
middle Gujarat region using long period (11 Year) weather data applying FAO-56 Penman-Monteith
and Hargreaves equations. Further, in this study actual ET was estimated using MOD16 remote
sensing data. The present study was also undertaken to estimate and compare the crop water
requirement (ETc) of maize crops using field methods and remote sensing data based estimation in
winter season of Panam command region, Gujarat. The growth stage wise crop coefficients (Kc)
taken for daily climatic variation were used to estimate the daily ETc for the maize crops. It was
found in this study that remote sensing based data has very similar performance for estimation of
ET0 as compared to point estimation using field studies.
Books by Dr. Sanjay H Parmar
In recent years, agricultural drones have achieved considerable technological advancements. Drones give high-resolution crop images as well as a variety of indices that help farmers make better decisions. Drones have transformed farming by allowing farmers to save money, enhance operational efficiency, and increase profitability. Over time, agricultural drones have grown in popularity, gaining the attention of researchers, manufacturers, and the government. However, there are a lot of obstacles to overcome before drone technology can be successfully deployed in agriculture.
developing alike. Aero-space Remote Sensing and GIS technology are gaining
importance as useful tools in soil and water conservation. This chapter
discusses the integrated use of remote sensing and GIS technologies in soil
and water conservation. Sustainable land management techniques require
strong baseline data on natural resources (soils, physiography, climate,
vegetation, land use, and so on) as well as socioeconomic elements. GIS and
remote sensing play an essential role in data linking and analysis, particularly for detection (direct or indirect), extrapolation and interpretation, area computation, and monitoring. The conceptual framework for plan and site
suitability mapping for soil and water conservation structures is developed, and these parameters are then integrated with other thematic information in the GIS environment, such as land use/cover, drainage, slope, and soil, to arrive at a decision regarding a suitable site for having soil and water conservation structures (Nala bund, check dam, and percolation tank) in its place using a holistic approach. Conclusions appreciate and recognize the importance of spatial technologies in soil and water conservation and
management and recommend their use in developing soil and water
conservation management tools.
livelihoods. (Atzberger, 2013). It occurs when there is an extended period of inadequate rainfall or water
availability, causing soil moisture deficits and crop failure. Drought resilience refers to the ability of
ecosystems and communities to withstand and recover from drought impacts. (Hoque et al., 2021)
Enhancing drought resilience is crucial for sustainable development, as it reduces vulnerability to future
drought events.
Mulching has been proven to be an effective method for conserving soil moisture and improving crop yields
during drought periods. Water is a main constraint in arid and semi- arid regions for intensive irrigation
(Pandya and Rank, 2014). Remote sensing-GIS integration can also provide valuable information for
monitoring soil moisture levels and predicting potential drought events. (Golla, 2021). This paper aims to
explore the potential of mulching and remote sensing-GIS integration in enhancing drought resilience for
sustainable development. (Mupepi, 2022).
being used for various application in agriculture. Most of
the methods to determine spatial variation in temperature
often use spatial interpolation and extrapolation of data
from the nearest meteorological stations. The problem with
temperature interpolation and extrapolation is that they
depend on many local parameters that can influence its
estimation spatially-distributed.
requirement, water balance and irrigation scheduling. The FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation has
been accepted universally for estimating of reference evapotranspiration (ET0). This method
demands a number of climatic parameters that are not always available. The determination of water
needed for irrigating crops is one of the main parameters for correct irrigation planning. In this
context the FAO Penman – Monteith (FAO– PM) has been recommended as the best for the
evapotranspiration (ETo) estimates. The traditional methods require several meteorological and crop
data even for estimation of point ET0. Remote sensing images have recently been applied to estimate
temporal and spatially distributed ET0 very effectively and timely. The determination of actual
evapotranspiration of specific crops needs acquisition and routine processing of daily remote sensing
images, which seems time consuming and expensive. In present study, daily, monthly, and yearly
ETo were determined for 2 stations namely Godhra, and Veganpur located in Panam canal command,
middle Gujarat region using long period (11 Year) weather data applying FAO-56 Penman-Monteith
and Hargreaves equations. Further, in this study actual ET was estimated using MOD16 remote
sensing data. The present study was also undertaken to estimate and compare the crop water
requirement (ETc) of maize crops using field methods and remote sensing data based estimation in
winter season of Panam command region, Gujarat. The growth stage wise crop coefficients (Kc)
taken for daily climatic variation were used to estimate the daily ETc for the maize crops. It was
found in this study that remote sensing based data has very similar performance for estimation of
ET0 as compared to point estimation using field studies.
In recent years, agricultural drones have achieved considerable technological advancements. Drones give high-resolution crop images as well as a variety of indices that help farmers make better decisions. Drones have transformed farming by allowing farmers to save money, enhance operational efficiency, and increase profitability. Over time, agricultural drones have grown in popularity, gaining the attention of researchers, manufacturers, and the government. However, there are a lot of obstacles to overcome before drone technology can be successfully deployed in agriculture.
developing alike. Aero-space Remote Sensing and GIS technology are gaining
importance as useful tools in soil and water conservation. This chapter
discusses the integrated use of remote sensing and GIS technologies in soil
and water conservation. Sustainable land management techniques require
strong baseline data on natural resources (soils, physiography, climate,
vegetation, land use, and so on) as well as socioeconomic elements. GIS and
remote sensing play an essential role in data linking and analysis, particularly for detection (direct or indirect), extrapolation and interpretation, area computation, and monitoring. The conceptual framework for plan and site
suitability mapping for soil and water conservation structures is developed, and these parameters are then integrated with other thematic information in the GIS environment, such as land use/cover, drainage, slope, and soil, to arrive at a decision regarding a suitable site for having soil and water conservation structures (Nala bund, check dam, and percolation tank) in its place using a holistic approach. Conclusions appreciate and recognize the importance of spatial technologies in soil and water conservation and
management and recommend their use in developing soil and water
conservation management tools.