Microplastics (MPs) due to their microsize, which overlaps with the typical food size of various ... more Microplastics (MPs) due to their microsize, which overlaps with the typical food size of various aquatic organisms, can be ingested and move up the food chain, accumulating in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels. Few studies have focused on the uptake of MPs by ciliates, which are an important element of the microbial cycle. Three different ciliate species were used in the study: Blepharisma japonicum, Euplotes sp. and Spirostomum teres, and two types of polystyrene beads with a diameters of 1 and 2 µm in two concentrations (106 and 107 beads × mL− 1). The results of the experiments showed that microplastics have a variable, species-specific effect on the population growth rate of ciliates, which is directly dependent on their density in the environment (p < 0.01). It was also observed that the number of MPs ingested changed over time, depending on their density and size. On average, the highest number of ingested MPs (883.11 ± 521.47) was recorded after 60 min expos...
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Dec 28, 2023
Microplastics (MPs), due to their micro size, which overlaps with the typical food size of variou... more Microplastics (MPs), due to their micro size, which overlaps with the typical food size of various aquatic organisms, can be ingested and move up the food chain, accumulating in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels. Few studies have focused on the uptake of MPs by ciliates, which are an important element of the microbial cycle. Three different ciliate species were used in this study: Blepharisma japonicum, Euplotes sp., and Spirostomum teres, as well as polystyrene beads with diameters of 1 and 2 µm at two concentrations (10 6 and 10 7 beads × mL −1). The results of the experiments showed that MPs have a variable, species-specific effect on the population growth rate of ciliates, which is directly dependent on their concentration in the environment (P < 0.01). It was also observed that the number of MPs ingested changed over time depending on their concentration and size. On average, the highest number of ingested MPs (883.11 ± 521.47) was recorded at 60 min of exposure to a low concentration of small beads in B. japonicum. The lowest number of beads was ingested after 5 min of exposure to a low concentration of large beads in the same species. The rate of MP uptake by the ciliate species was significantly dependent on their concentration, exposure time, and size (P < 0.001). The highest clearance rate was observed in the fifth minute of the experiment in the environment with the lowest MP concentration.
The study was conducted in August, 2004, at two pelagic sites in the gravel pit lake in Owińska n... more The study was conducted in August, 2004, at two pelagic sites in the gravel pit lake in Owińska near Poznań (Wielkopolska Lakeland) in order to quantify the carbon biomass of microbial components of plankton and their distribution in the vertical profile. The carbon biomass of the investigated plankton components near the bottom (5.0 m) was about twice as high as in the overlying water layers (0.2 and 2.5 m). The contribution of phytoplankton to the total carbon biomass was the highest, ranging from 52 to 86% (mean 71%), and it decreased alongside with the depth. The mean contribution of bacteria to the total carbon biomass was 15.5%, that of crustaceans – 10.5%, whereas of the other studied plankton components i.e. ciliates, heterotrophic flagellates and rotifers, only 2.5%, 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively. Co-occurrence of small phytoplanktonic organisms and Daphnia species testifies to effective carbon flux between the microbial loop and the higher trophic levels.
AbstractRotifers in activated sludge reduce the quantity of dispersed bacteria, ingest filamentou... more AbstractRotifers in activated sludge reduce the quantity of dispersed bacteria, ingest filamentous bacteria, enhance flocculation and limit biomass production. Growth rates of rotifers are inversely correlated with temperature; thus, their density declines drastically in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during the winter. The only species already demonstrated to be able to control bulking is Lecane inermis. However, they cease proliferation at 8°C. The goal of our research was to select other rotifers species whose growth rates at lower temperatures are sufficiently high to maintain a favourable density during cold seasons. We conducted selection experiments in the laboratory at temperatures reflecting the temperature distribution in the majority of municipal WWTPs in the temperate zone. In the first experiment, the general selection stage, we tested the influence of the temperatures 8, 15 and 20°C on competition among different rotifer taxa in sludge samples originating from different WWTPs. The rotif...
Crawling ciliates play important role in activated sludge as they improve flocculation and remove... more Crawling ciliates play important role in activated sludge as they improve flocculation and remove loosely attached bacteria from the flocs. However, there are discrepancies concerning their influence on nitrifying bacteria and nitrification efficiency. We conducted a five weeks experiment in six bioreactors simulating the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) process using activated sludge from a plant in start‐up phase. Half of bioreactors were inoculated with dense Aspidisca cicada culture and the remaining bioreactors served as control. The density of protozoa was regularly evaluated. Artificially increased density of A. cicada did not impair nitrifying bacteria abundance nor flocs structure. On the contrary, when A. cicada abundance was the highest, the total nitrogen in effluent was significantly lower in treatment in comparison to control. Most probably nitrifying bacteria occurring in form of dense colonies or hidden inside the flocs were inaccessible for ciliates.
ABSTRACT In laboratory experiments, the authors tested the efficacy of Lecane inermis rotifers in... more ABSTRACT In laboratory experiments, the authors tested the efficacy of Lecane inermis rotifers in reducing the abundance of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge samples dominated by one filamentous bacterium, Eikelboom Type 0092. The experiment was conducted in three replicates and repeated three times at 1-month intervals. In all repetitions, rotifers were able to significantly reduce the density of bacterial filaments through predation. It was also shown that the influence of rotifers on filament abundance depends on the duration of grazing pressure. The data show that L. inermis, already reported to be effective in reducing the density of Microthrix parvicella, Nostocoida limicola, and Type 021N in activated sludge, can be equally helpful in limiting Type 0092, another troublesome filamentous bacterium found in low-loaded water resource recovery facilities.
Two experiments at different temperatures were conducted in five laboratory‐scale bioreactors wit... more Two experiments at different temperatures were conducted in five laboratory‐scale bioreactors with enhanced nutrient removal simulating the work of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The process was operated in three 8‐hour cycles. The oxygen concentration, pH and temperature were controlled and maintained at 1 mg of O2/L, 7 and 13°C, respectively, throughout the first two weeks and at 20°C for the next 10 days. The introduction of Lecane tenuiseta improved the settling properties of the activated sludge dominated by Microthrix parvicella at both temperatures tested. L. tenuiseta rotifers led to a reduction in filamentous bacteria abundance and did not negatively affect the chemical parameters of the effluent. For each temperature, there were no differences in COD, Ntot, N‐NH4 or P‐PO4 values between the treatment and control bioreactors. The results have shown that the application of L. tenuiseta is a promising biological tool for bulking prevention especially in a cold season.
Organic matter decomposition is one of the most important processes associated with flow of energ... more Organic matter decomposition is one of the most important processes associated with flow of energy and recirculation of organic matter in natural environments. Using commercially sold tea bags of Lipton Sencha green tea (SGT) and Lipton Ceylon black tea (CBT) their decomposition was studied in mixed and coniferous forest. At both stations 25 bags of each tea were buried for a period of 3 months. After elapsed time, the bags were dug up, dried, and the mean weight loss of organic material for each tea type and ecosystem was calculated. In the mixed forest the average weight loss of tea bags was 46.8% for Sencha and 32.1% for Ceylon tea and respectively 44.6% and 30.6%, in the coniferous forest. Statistical analysis test (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in rate of decomposition between tea types, however the differences between the decomposition of the same type of tea on both type of forest were insignificant.
a la patente concedida. La oposición deberá formularse por escrito y estar motivada; sólo se cons... more a la patente concedida. La oposición deberá formularse por escrito y estar motivada; sólo se considerará como formulada una vez que se haya realizado el pago de la tasa de oposición (art. 99.1 del Convenio sobre Concesión de Patentes Europeas).
Microplastics (MPs) due to their microsize, which overlaps with the typical food size of various ... more Microplastics (MPs) due to their microsize, which overlaps with the typical food size of various aquatic organisms, can be ingested and move up the food chain, accumulating in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels. Few studies have focused on the uptake of MPs by ciliates, which are an important element of the microbial cycle. Three different ciliate species were used in the study: Blepharisma japonicum, Euplotes sp. and Spirostomum teres, and two types of polystyrene beads with a diameters of 1 and 2 µm in two concentrations (106 and 107 beads × mL− 1). The results of the experiments showed that microplastics have a variable, species-specific effect on the population growth rate of ciliates, which is directly dependent on their density in the environment (p < 0.01). It was also observed that the number of MPs ingested changed over time, depending on their density and size. On average, the highest number of ingested MPs (883.11 ± 521.47) was recorded after 60 min expos...
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Dec 28, 2023
Microplastics (MPs), due to their micro size, which overlaps with the typical food size of variou... more Microplastics (MPs), due to their micro size, which overlaps with the typical food size of various aquatic organisms, can be ingested and move up the food chain, accumulating in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels. Few studies have focused on the uptake of MPs by ciliates, which are an important element of the microbial cycle. Three different ciliate species were used in this study: Blepharisma japonicum, Euplotes sp., and Spirostomum teres, as well as polystyrene beads with diameters of 1 and 2 µm at two concentrations (10 6 and 10 7 beads × mL −1). The results of the experiments showed that MPs have a variable, species-specific effect on the population growth rate of ciliates, which is directly dependent on their concentration in the environment (P < 0.01). It was also observed that the number of MPs ingested changed over time depending on their concentration and size. On average, the highest number of ingested MPs (883.11 ± 521.47) was recorded at 60 min of exposure to a low concentration of small beads in B. japonicum. The lowest number of beads was ingested after 5 min of exposure to a low concentration of large beads in the same species. The rate of MP uptake by the ciliate species was significantly dependent on their concentration, exposure time, and size (P < 0.001). The highest clearance rate was observed in the fifth minute of the experiment in the environment with the lowest MP concentration.
The study was conducted in August, 2004, at two pelagic sites in the gravel pit lake in Owińska n... more The study was conducted in August, 2004, at two pelagic sites in the gravel pit lake in Owińska near Poznań (Wielkopolska Lakeland) in order to quantify the carbon biomass of microbial components of plankton and their distribution in the vertical profile. The carbon biomass of the investigated plankton components near the bottom (5.0 m) was about twice as high as in the overlying water layers (0.2 and 2.5 m). The contribution of phytoplankton to the total carbon biomass was the highest, ranging from 52 to 86% (mean 71%), and it decreased alongside with the depth. The mean contribution of bacteria to the total carbon biomass was 15.5%, that of crustaceans – 10.5%, whereas of the other studied plankton components i.e. ciliates, heterotrophic flagellates and rotifers, only 2.5%, 0.5% and 0.3%, respectively. Co-occurrence of small phytoplanktonic organisms and Daphnia species testifies to effective carbon flux between the microbial loop and the higher trophic levels.
AbstractRotifers in activated sludge reduce the quantity of dispersed bacteria, ingest filamentou... more AbstractRotifers in activated sludge reduce the quantity of dispersed bacteria, ingest filamentous bacteria, enhance flocculation and limit biomass production. Growth rates of rotifers are inversely correlated with temperature; thus, their density declines drastically in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) during the winter. The only species already demonstrated to be able to control bulking is Lecane inermis. However, they cease proliferation at 8°C. The goal of our research was to select other rotifers species whose growth rates at lower temperatures are sufficiently high to maintain a favourable density during cold seasons. We conducted selection experiments in the laboratory at temperatures reflecting the temperature distribution in the majority of municipal WWTPs in the temperate zone. In the first experiment, the general selection stage, we tested the influence of the temperatures 8, 15 and 20°C on competition among different rotifer taxa in sludge samples originating from different WWTPs. The rotif...
Crawling ciliates play important role in activated sludge as they improve flocculation and remove... more Crawling ciliates play important role in activated sludge as they improve flocculation and remove loosely attached bacteria from the flocs. However, there are discrepancies concerning their influence on nitrifying bacteria and nitrification efficiency. We conducted a five weeks experiment in six bioreactors simulating the Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) process using activated sludge from a plant in start‐up phase. Half of bioreactors were inoculated with dense Aspidisca cicada culture and the remaining bioreactors served as control. The density of protozoa was regularly evaluated. Artificially increased density of A. cicada did not impair nitrifying bacteria abundance nor flocs structure. On the contrary, when A. cicada abundance was the highest, the total nitrogen in effluent was significantly lower in treatment in comparison to control. Most probably nitrifying bacteria occurring in form of dense colonies or hidden inside the flocs were inaccessible for ciliates.
ABSTRACT In laboratory experiments, the authors tested the efficacy of Lecane inermis rotifers in... more ABSTRACT In laboratory experiments, the authors tested the efficacy of Lecane inermis rotifers in reducing the abundance of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge samples dominated by one filamentous bacterium, Eikelboom Type 0092. The experiment was conducted in three replicates and repeated three times at 1-month intervals. In all repetitions, rotifers were able to significantly reduce the density of bacterial filaments through predation. It was also shown that the influence of rotifers on filament abundance depends on the duration of grazing pressure. The data show that L. inermis, already reported to be effective in reducing the density of Microthrix parvicella, Nostocoida limicola, and Type 021N in activated sludge, can be equally helpful in limiting Type 0092, another troublesome filamentous bacterium found in low-loaded water resource recovery facilities.
Two experiments at different temperatures were conducted in five laboratory‐scale bioreactors wit... more Two experiments at different temperatures were conducted in five laboratory‐scale bioreactors with enhanced nutrient removal simulating the work of sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The process was operated in three 8‐hour cycles. The oxygen concentration, pH and temperature were controlled and maintained at 1 mg of O2/L, 7 and 13°C, respectively, throughout the first two weeks and at 20°C for the next 10 days. The introduction of Lecane tenuiseta improved the settling properties of the activated sludge dominated by Microthrix parvicella at both temperatures tested. L. tenuiseta rotifers led to a reduction in filamentous bacteria abundance and did not negatively affect the chemical parameters of the effluent. For each temperature, there were no differences in COD, Ntot, N‐NH4 or P‐PO4 values between the treatment and control bioreactors. The results have shown that the application of L. tenuiseta is a promising biological tool for bulking prevention especially in a cold season.
Organic matter decomposition is one of the most important processes associated with flow of energ... more Organic matter decomposition is one of the most important processes associated with flow of energy and recirculation of organic matter in natural environments. Using commercially sold tea bags of Lipton Sencha green tea (SGT) and Lipton Ceylon black tea (CBT) their decomposition was studied in mixed and coniferous forest. At both stations 25 bags of each tea were buried for a period of 3 months. After elapsed time, the bags were dug up, dried, and the mean weight loss of organic material for each tea type and ecosystem was calculated. In the mixed forest the average weight loss of tea bags was 46.8% for Sencha and 32.1% for Ceylon tea and respectively 44.6% and 30.6%, in the coniferous forest. Statistical analysis test (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in rate of decomposition between tea types, however the differences between the decomposition of the same type of tea on both type of forest were insignificant.
a la patente concedida. La oposición deberá formularse por escrito y estar motivada; sólo se cons... more a la patente concedida. La oposición deberá formularse por escrito y estar motivada; sólo se considerará como formulada una vez que se haya realizado el pago de la tasa de oposición (art. 99.1 del Convenio sobre Concesión de Patentes Europeas).
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