Papers by caterina Balletti
Proceedings of SPIE, Jun 21, 2015
This research is focused on the analysis of the potential of a close range aerial photogrammetry ... more This research is focused on the analysis of the potential of a close range aerial photogrammetry system, which is accessible both in economic terms and in terms of simplicity of use. In particular the Go Pro Hero3 Black Edition and the Parrot Ar. Drone 2.0 were studied. There are essentially two limitations to the system and they were found for both the instruments used. Indeed, the frames captured by the Go Pro are subject to great distortion and consequently pose numerous calibration problems. On the other hand, the limitation of the system lies in the difficulty of maintaining a flight configuration suitable for photogrammetric purposes in unfavourable environmental conditions. The aim of this research is to analyse how far the limitations highlighted can influence the precision of the survey and consequent quality of the results obtained. To this end, the integrated GoPro and Parrot system was used during a survey campaign on the Altilia archaeological site, in Molise. The data obtained was compared with that gathered by more traditional methods, such as the laser scanner. The system was employed in the field of archaeology because here the question of cost often has a considerable importance and the metric aspect is frequently subordinate to the qualitative and interpretative aspects. Herein one of the products of these systems; the orthophoto will be analysed, which is particularly useful in archaeology, especially in situations such as this dig in which there aren’t many structures in elevation present. The system proposed has proven to be an accessible solution for producing an aerial documentation, which adds the excellent quality of the result to metric data for which the precision is known.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, May 25, 2023
This paper explores the use of Mobile Mapping Systems (MMSs) for urban Cultural Heritage (CH) doc... more This paper explores the use of Mobile Mapping Systems (MMSs) for urban Cultural Heritage (CH) documentation, which has become an increasingly important tool in surveying for rapid and accurate mapping of both internal and external environments. The study evaluates the performance of the STONEX ® X120 GO SLAM Laser Scanner, a recent commercial MMS, in documenting CH in various outdoor applications, including urban environments and inaccessible places. The methodology was applied to three test fields in the historic centre of Venice, which include Piazza San Marco, Santa Marta area, and the Venetian canal called Rio de le Toresele. The STONEX ® X120 GO SLAM Laser Scanner is composed of a 360° rotating head LiDAR scanner, three 5MP cameras, and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for geospatial 3D point cloud creation. The MMS was evaluated in terms of time, accuracy, and point cloud resolution against other active sensors such as Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLSs) and spherical photogrammetry. The results suggest that the tested MMS has reached optimal levels of development, enabling highspeed data collection and providing good accuracy for significant urban CH sites. Overall, the paper highlights the importance and potential of MMSs for CH documentation and emphasizes the need for ongoing development to optimize the management process.
Remote Sensing, Sep 1, 2022
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
Cultural heritage preservation is becoming increasingly important in today's culture and advancem... more Cultural heritage preservation is becoming increasingly important in today's culture and advancements in technology are enabling more effective preservation of both tangible and intangible cultural heritage. This paper proposes the development of a system for documenting intangible cultural heritage using multiple calibrated and synchronized LiDAR cameras for immersive and dynamic surveying of complex scenes. The prototype will be assembled using low-cost LiDAR sensors, specifically the Intel ® RealSense™ L515. The system thanks to a higher number of devices will ensure full coverage of the scene to be acquired. The biggest development challenge is represented by the calibration phase, which, if carried out properly, allows the collection of a correctly oriented point cloud from each of the individual devices. The acquired point clouds will be recorded at a frequency of 30 Hz to create a dynamic and timevarying point cloud, which can then be viewed in a virtual reality environment. The affordability of the components used in the system combined with the higher completeness of data will enable the acquisition of scenes, actions, and events with a more comprehensive perspective. The goal is to lay the groundwork for the development of multi-platform and multi-sensor technologies capable of acquiring more data with a higher level of detail in intangible cultural heritage preservation efforts.
Communications in computer and information science, 2022
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), 2011
Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2019
In line with the growing demand of digital documentation in the field of Cultural Heritage, nowad... more In line with the growing demand of digital documentation in the field of Cultural Heritage, nowadays survey technologies allow an immediate reading of a whole system directly in a 3D environment. The Photogrammetry Laboratory at the Iuav University of Venice had often dealt with surveying and documenting complex wooden structures. In this work, we will present the methodology used to acquire two different types of structures with an in-depth analysis of two Venetian study cases: the SS. Giovanni e Paolo’s wooden dome and the Magazzini del Sale’s trusses, starting from a previous work in the Ducal Palace. The purpose of this research was to analyse the shape and the geometry of these structures: because of their complexity, a laser scanning survey, with the support of more traditional methods, seemed to be the best way to analyse them and to obtain the information directly in a 3D environment. The final aim was not only the creation of 3D models, useful for studying the spatial complexity, but also the identification of an operational procedure for such particular constructive techniques. This paper analyses the issues concerning the survey processes and it illustrates the solutions chosen to overcome them.
The use of action cameras for photogrammetry purposes is not widespread due to the fact that unti... more The use of action cameras for photogrammetry purposes is not widespread due to the fact that until recently the images provided by the sensors, using either still or video capture mode, were not big enough to perform and provide the appropriate analysis with the necessary photogrammetric accuracy. However, several manufacturers have recently produced and released new lightweight devices which are: (a) easy to handle, (b) capable of performing under extreme conditions and more importantly (c) able to provide both still images and video sequences of high resolution. In order to be able to use the sensor of action cameras we must apply a careful and reliable self-calibration prior to the use of any photogrammetric procedure, a relatively difficult scenario because of the short focal length of the camera and its wide angle lens that is used to obtain the maximum possible resolution of images. Special software, using functions of the OpenCV library, has been created to perform both the calibration and the production of undistorted scenes for each one of the still and video image capturing mode of a novel action camera, the GoPro Hero 3 camera that can provide still images up to 12 Mp and video up 8 Mp resolution.
Le discipline del rilevamento hanno affinato nel corso del tempo le tecniche di acquisizione dei ... more Le discipline del rilevamento hanno affinato nel corso del tempo le tecniche di acquisizione dei dati al passo con lo sviluppo tecnologico. Le tecnologie introdotte recentemente permettono di rilevare e rappresentare oggetti tridimensionali a diverse scale, dalle strutture architettoniche alle sculture fino ai reperti archeologici. In questa ottica di documentazione e di analisi del nostro patrimonio, \ue8 stato svolto un rilievo sperimentale di tutti i fronti architettonici del Canal Grande di Venezia. La particolarit\ue0 dell\u2019operazione, promossa dal Laboratorio di Fotogrammetria dell'Universit\ue0 Iuav di Venezia in collaborazione con Microgeo e Riegl, ditta austriaca leader mondiale nella progettazione di strumenti laser scanner, \ue8 che per la prima volta il rilievo \ue8 stato condotto da un mezzo natante attrezzato con un sistema integrato mobile laser scanner, Gps, e piattaforma inerziale. I dati raccolti risultano essere un'importante banca dati per la conoscenza dei palazzi che si affacciano lungo il Canale: circa 1 miliardo di punti, per una lunghezza di 4 km, con una densit\ue0 media di 15000 punti al mq, a cui si aggiunge il valore RGB, a sostegno del nostro patrimonio architettonic
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2019
The deep knowledge of Cultural Heritage, with historical research and interpretative analysis of ... more The deep knowledge of Cultural Heritage, with historical research and interpretative analysis of materials, is fundamental to know the state of conservation and to plan potential restoration interventions. In the last years, thanks to the fast and continuous technological development, the metrical survey had a significant increase in this particular field: in fact, 3D digital acquisition allows to study some aspects otherwise difficult to investigate in a detailed way. In this research, we will explain the methodology used for the ceiling's survey of the Sala Capitolare of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice, focusing on the support structure of Tintoretto's paintings, anchored to a wooden system of Palladian trusses. The complexity of this Venetian architecture, its considerable dimension, the richness of decorations and the particular lighting conditions provided the opportunity of thinking about unconventional choices to apply from time to time and they required the integration of different methodologies: the laser scanning survey and the photogrammetric acquisition, together with a topographic network, allowed to obtain an adequate metric result for the study of the structure in its entirety. Furthermore, it was also decided to test image acquisition with a spherical camera for the documentation of the analysed architecture: this type of information, more related to a viewable aspect than to a metric one, can be presented together with traditional 2D representations to ensure a better enhancement of the achieved results.
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2018
3D printing has seen a recent massive diffusion for several applications, not least the field of ... more 3D printing has seen a recent massive diffusion for several applications, not least the field of Cultural Heritage. Being used for different purposes, such as study, analysis, conservation or access in museum exhibitions, 3D printed replicas need to undergo a process of validation also in terms of metrical precision and accuracy.
International Journal of Cartography, 2017
ABSTRACT A recent research on Matteo Ricci’s 1602 Chinese World Map raised, among other issues, t... more ABSTRACT A recent research on Matteo Ricci’s 1602 Chinese World Map raised, among other issues, the question of the oval graticule used before as the projection reference of the map representation. Here, we go back to the origin of the oval graticules, which almost dominated the imaging of the sixteenth-century cartography from the Contarini-Rosselli’s map in the earliest of the century to the Ortelius and Ricci maps in its latest and the beginning of seventeenth century, inspiring again many map projection makers in the twentieth century. In this paper, the revisiting and overview of the oval graticule settings of some representative sixteenth-century maps of this category are followed by studying the relevant metrical and deformational properties, carried out on a family set of these ovals (the ‘Agnese set’ of ovals), involving tools from the cartographic strain analysis. The results give some further insights on this important category of maps, typical of a period in cartography marked by the transition from the Ptolemaean standards to the post- and meta-Ptolemaean era of map representations.
Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2017
ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2016
The paper describes how new digital methodologies can be used within the field of Cultural Herita... more The paper describes how new digital methodologies can be used within the field of Cultural Heritage, not only with the aim of documenting the actual state of an architecture but to review the past transformations it has undergone, conserving and representing these histories as well. The premise to conservation and enhancement of our Heritage is a deep study in terms of position, shape, colour, and also of the historical and artistic features. Survey methods have acquired data acquisition techniques in line with technological progress: today's electronic and IT technologies, that are the tools of modern Geomatics, allow the effective survey and representation of 3D objects, from architectural structures to sculptures or archaeological finds. Over the last few years, the methodologies of acquisition and integrated representation for 3D patrimony documentation have developed and consolidated considerably: the possibilities of the digital realm can augment the understanding and the valorisation of a monument. The specific case offered in the present paper, Ca' Venier dei Leoni, the palace where is the Guggenheim Museum in Venice, is a significant example. It suggests not only the theme of the "no longer existing", or better never built, but also the opportunity to formulate hypotheses regarding its implementation and the impact that the palace would have had in the Venetian contest
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2016
Nowadays, researchers widely employ the acquisition of point clouds as one of the principal type ... more Nowadays, researchers widely employ the acquisition of point clouds as one of the principal type of documentation for cultural heritage. In this paper, different digital survey techniques are employed to document a wooden ancient shipwreck, a particular and difficult kind of archaeological finding due to its material characteristics. The instability of wood and the high costs of restoration do not always offer the opportunity of recovering and showing the hull to researchers and public and three-dimensional surveys are fundamental to document the original conditions of the wood. The precarious conditions of this material in contact with air could modify the structure and the size of the boat, requiring a fast and accurate recording technique. The collaboration between Ca'
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2015
Nowadays archaeological and architectural surveys are based on the acquisition and processing of ... more Nowadays archaeological and architectural surveys are based on the acquisition and processing of point clouds, allowing a high metric precision, essential prerequisite for a good documentation. Digital image processing and laser scanner have changed the archaeological survey campaign, from manual and direct survey to a digital one and, actually, multi-image photogrammetry is a good solution for the underwater archaeology. This technical documentation cannot operate alone, but it has to be supported by a topographical survey to georeference all the finds in the same reference system. In the last years the Ca' Foscari and IUAV University of Venice are conducting a research on integrated survey techniques to support underwater metric documentation. The paper will explain all the phases regarding the survey's design, images acquisition, topographic measure and the data processing of two Roman shipwrecks in south Sicily. The cargos of the shipwrecks are composed by huge marble blocks, but they are different for morphological characteristic of the sites, for the depth and for their distribution on the seabed. Photogrammetrical and topographical surveys were organized in two distinct methods, especially for the second one, due to the depth that have allowed an experimentation of GPS RTK's measurements on one shipwreck. Moreover, this kind of three-dimensional documentation is useful for educational and dissemination aspect, for the ease of understanding by wide public.
International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 2014
In this paper we would like to present an operational procedure for surveys of complex structures... more In this paper we would like to present an operational procedure for surveys of complex structures, such as the wooden dome of SS. Giovanni e Paolo in Venice. The aim of this work was to analyse the shape and the geometry of this very articulated constructive technique: because of its complexity, a laser scanning survey, with the support of more traditional methods, such as direct and topographic survey, seemed to be the best way to analyse this structure: from the data elaboration it was possible to create a 3D model of each element as in reality, without any simplification. In line with the growing demand of digital documentation in the field of Cultural Heritage, the 3D technology applied to this research allowed an immediate reading of the whole architectural system. This paper analyses the difficulties encountered during the survey and illustrates the solutions chosen to overcome them.
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Papers by caterina Balletti
In order to capture digitally an old map and use it for georeferencing and further exploitation of its scanned image file, the surface of the map should be absolutely planar. However, this is not possible due to the (in most of the cases, irreversible) deformation of the map's material or even due to the nature of the map (i.e maps on bound atlases). Since no mechanical force is allowed to achieve the planarity constraint, photogrammetry can be used to produce a digital copy of the map but also in this case, the derived products are suffering of gross and systematic errors. The orthoimage that may be produced from the photogrammetric process is a parallel projection to the map's surface which is also not allowing the accurate measuring of points on the map. All the distances measured on the digital orthoimages are smaller due to the presence of undulations on the map and only a stretching procedure could allow the precise georeferencing and further exploitation of old maps.
The current paper is introducing a soft "stretching" procedure of an old map to either produce a digital copy of the undistorted original map, and also to allow the exact georeferensing and more precise cartographic operation using both the orthoimage and the DEM of a photogrammetrically processed old map. We applied our new tool on an old map of the city of Corfu (probably of the 17th or 18th Century) which is found at IUAV's cartographic library.
Authors: C. Balletti, C. Gottardi, F. Guerra, V. Tsioukas, P. Vernier