In light of the economic recession, the sport of running has remained strong in the United States... more In light of the economic recession, the sport of running has remained strong in the United States, experiencing growth in participation, number of races, and apparel sales (Running USA, 2010). Because this sport grew during a period of otherwise economic decline, and because sponsors are often vital to the existence of road races, the researchers sought to examine sponsor recognition, attitudes toward sponsors, and purchase intentions of road race series participants and to examine differences in these variables based on demographics, level of identification with the series, and usage of the series website and/or Facebook page. No significant differences existed between respondents based on demographics, but several significant differences were found based on level of identification with the series, indicating that those more highly identified were able to correctly identify more sponsors, had a more positive attitude toward sponsors, and indicated a greater intent to purchase from ...
The economic impact of tourist activities has long been a center of focus for researchers. The am... more The economic impact of tourist activities has long been a center of focus for researchers. The amount of revenue generated from persons who are visiting from outside the local region is important for communities, governments, and businesses, and is reflected in increased jobs and ...
Based on the reciprocal determinism component of social learning theory, a total of 736 men's... more Based on the reciprocal determinism component of social learning theory, a total of 736 men's NCAA Division I basketball coaching changes between 1999 and 2014 were examined to establish which factors were related to conference success following a coaching change. Results from an exploratory latent class analysis indicated that many demographic, environmental, and experiential variables assumed to be important in hiring a new coach are insignificant. However, a program's previous success, individual coaching ability, and previous coach vacancy circumstance are all significantly related to conference winning differential after a coaching change. Results also indicated a regression to the mean occurs after most coaching changes except for the most elite programs. Pragmatically, however, findings show relatively small increments in winning or losing following a coaching change, suggesting that the impact of a coach is often overstated. Stakeholders can use this information to e...
Research has highlighted the natural relationship between tourism and the concepts of hedonic exp... more Research has highlighted the natural relationship between tourism and the concepts of hedonic experiences and experiential consumption. Understanding the emotional response to an experience can help marketers highlight important aspects of the satisfaction judgment which can lead to repurchase/revisitation behavior. This study started with Richins’ (1997) Consumption Emotion Set (CES) which contains 43 “emotion words” describing feelings experienced during a consumption experience that represent 13 proposed discrete emotions. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to reduce the set to 25 emotion descriptors that loaded into 12 emotions; peaceful, calm, optimistic, pleased, excited, discontent, worried, sad, fear, shame, envy and loneliness. While researchers continue to seek a universal set of discrete emotions, limitations are inherent with differences in context, culture, and type of consumption. The findings of this study highlight the importance of adjusting the scale to the...
The department of Tourism, Conventions and Event management (TCEM) has a competencybased curricul... more The department of Tourism, Conventions and Event management (TCEM) has a competencybased curriculum that is driven by the IUPUI Principles of Undergraduate Learning (PULs) and a set of core knowledge, ability and skill sets necessary to be successful in tourism-related professions. To date, the unit has not investigated how these competencies are tied to effective assessment measurement. The intent of this effort is to connect these competencies to student learning outcomes and assessment measurement, identify strengths and weaknesses in the program’s overall curriculum, and provide recommendations for curriculum and/or assessment methodology changes. Purpose of the Project The TCEM faculty has embarked in a number of individual efforts to review and improve our curriculum and assessment methods. The purpose of this project is to use this data to create a curriculum map connecting the competencies to assessment measures and identify the competency and assessment gaps in the curricul...
METHODS: Raw acceleration data (hip-worn ActiGraph GT9X) from 86 youth (age 6-18 yrs; 48% male; 1... more METHODS: Raw acceleration data (hip-worn ActiGraph GT9X) from 86 youth (age 6-18 yrs; 48% male; 16% overweight/obese) were processed using Sojourn and PELT. Participants performed two semi-structured activity routines on separate days, with each visit lasting approximately 2-2.5 h. A total of 16 activities (eight each day) were performed, twice each, and the study protocol was designed to promote variability in the ordering and duration of activities. Throughout each trial, direct observation was performed using focal sampling, which served as a criterion measure of when activity transitions occurred. Sojourn and PELT were compared to the criterion using the transition pairing method, with a maximum of 5-s lag time allowed for a prediction to be considered a true positive. Performance metrics were recall, precision, and root mean squared error (RMSE). The metrics were calculated for each participant (both visits combined), after which paired t-tests were used to compare Sojourn-vs-PELT means for each metric. RESULTS: Values are mean ± SD. Recall was similar for Sojourn (49.6% ± 9.0%) and PELT (51.5% ± 9.2%, p = 0.15), and the same was true for RMSE (2.9 ± 0.3 s for Sojourn, versus 3.1 ± 0.4 s for PELT, p < 0.001). However, precision for Sojourn (21.7% ± 4.9%) was substantially lower than for PELT (38.7% ± 11.0%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Youth Sojourn models may benefit from replacing their current segmentation algorithms with CPD algorithms like PELT. Thus, CPD warrants further investigation. Supported by NIH R01HD083431
Research has highlighted the natural relationship between tourism and the concepts of hedonic exp... more Research has highlighted the natural relationship between tourism and the concepts of hedonic experiences and experiential consumption. Understanding the emotional response to an experience can help marketers highlight important aspects of the satisfaction judgment. The purpose of this paper was to test the Consumption Emotions Set developed by Richins to verify its applicability in a sport tourism context. Results from confirmatory factor analysis indicate that while the scale has promise, it is important to adjust the scale to the context. Not all experiences evoke the full range of consumption emotions as presented by Richins.
Feelings of satisfaction have been shown to be an important concept when understanding the experi... more Feelings of satisfaction have been shown to be an important concept when understanding the experience of the tourist as a gauge of the quality of the experience as well as a measure of potential for future behavior. Further research is needed to better understand what influences feelings of satisfaction. This paper examines the impact of levels of experience/ability and trip characteristics. Results indicate that players with higher levels of ability were more likely to be satisfied with the experience.
Feelings of satisfaction have been shown to be an important concept when understanding the experi... more Feelings of satisfaction have been shown to be an important concept when understanding the experience and decisions of consumers. Consumer behavior research has looked at satisfaction as a gauge of the quality of the experience as well as a measure of potential for future behavior. While the importance has been established, there is yet any consensus of its exact nature. This paper investigates the connection between a sport participants level of skill and performance and the resulting feelings of satisfaction. Level of skill or ability was seen to have little impact on variations in satisfaction scores, however perceptions of performance explained significant levels of variation. While this finding has implications on understanding a sport participants experience, performance is one thing over which the manager/marketer has little control. Results suggest that the difficulty of the course played may moderate these relationships.
Frequency of play during the year was categorized as none (27.3% of respondents), low (34.6%) and... more Frequency of play during the year was categorized as none (27.3% of respondents), low (34.6%) and high (38.1%). To identify the variations of satisfaction levels between play levels, ANOVA was employed. The differences were found to be significant (p
Golf has seen a fairly static supply of golf facilities over the past decade, but the number of r... more Golf has seen a fairly static supply of golf facilities over the past decade, but the number of rounds played as fallen significantly. This has resulted in competition among golf facilities to attract the available customers. This project was a qualitative investigation of what the managers of golf course facilities perceive as the motivations and attractions to play at their facilities. Analysis of comments identified three primary areas that managers perceive as primary drivers of golfers to their facilities. First, prestige was seen as an important factor. Prestige can come from a well know architect, connection to another well know entity, or from one of the many golf course ranking/rating publications. Second, course quality was seen as an important factor and was closely linked to the third category of level of green fee (price). Additional comments reveal that many managers perceive an incongruency between ideal customers and typical customers.
Her research interests include marketing of participatory sports, the use of social media by spor... more Her research interests include marketing of participatory sports, the use of social media by sport organizations and athletes, and media portrayals of athletes of differing race, gender, and nationality.
In light of the economic recession, the sport of running has remained strong in the United States... more In light of the economic recession, the sport of running has remained strong in the United States, experiencing growth in participation, number of races, and apparel sales (Running USA, 2010). Because this sport grew during a period of otherwise economic decline, and because sponsors are often vital to the existence of road races, the researchers sought to examine sponsor recognition, attitudes toward sponsors, and purchase intentions of road race series participants and to examine differences in these variables based on demographics, level of identification with the series, and usage of the series website and/or Facebook page. No significant differences existed between respondents based on demographics, but several significant differences were found based on level of identification with the series, indicating that those more highly identified were able to correctly identify more sponsors, had a more positive attitude toward sponsors, and indicated a greater intent to purchase from ...
The economic impact of tourist activities has long been a center of focus for researchers. The am... more The economic impact of tourist activities has long been a center of focus for researchers. The amount of revenue generated from persons who are visiting from outside the local region is important for communities, governments, and businesses, and is reflected in increased jobs and ...
Based on the reciprocal determinism component of social learning theory, a total of 736 men's... more Based on the reciprocal determinism component of social learning theory, a total of 736 men's NCAA Division I basketball coaching changes between 1999 and 2014 were examined to establish which factors were related to conference success following a coaching change. Results from an exploratory latent class analysis indicated that many demographic, environmental, and experiential variables assumed to be important in hiring a new coach are insignificant. However, a program's previous success, individual coaching ability, and previous coach vacancy circumstance are all significantly related to conference winning differential after a coaching change. Results also indicated a regression to the mean occurs after most coaching changes except for the most elite programs. Pragmatically, however, findings show relatively small increments in winning or losing following a coaching change, suggesting that the impact of a coach is often overstated. Stakeholders can use this information to e...
Research has highlighted the natural relationship between tourism and the concepts of hedonic exp... more Research has highlighted the natural relationship between tourism and the concepts of hedonic experiences and experiential consumption. Understanding the emotional response to an experience can help marketers highlight important aspects of the satisfaction judgment which can lead to repurchase/revisitation behavior. This study started with Richins’ (1997) Consumption Emotion Set (CES) which contains 43 “emotion words” describing feelings experienced during a consumption experience that represent 13 proposed discrete emotions. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to reduce the set to 25 emotion descriptors that loaded into 12 emotions; peaceful, calm, optimistic, pleased, excited, discontent, worried, sad, fear, shame, envy and loneliness. While researchers continue to seek a universal set of discrete emotions, limitations are inherent with differences in context, culture, and type of consumption. The findings of this study highlight the importance of adjusting the scale to the...
The department of Tourism, Conventions and Event management (TCEM) has a competencybased curricul... more The department of Tourism, Conventions and Event management (TCEM) has a competencybased curriculum that is driven by the IUPUI Principles of Undergraduate Learning (PULs) and a set of core knowledge, ability and skill sets necessary to be successful in tourism-related professions. To date, the unit has not investigated how these competencies are tied to effective assessment measurement. The intent of this effort is to connect these competencies to student learning outcomes and assessment measurement, identify strengths and weaknesses in the program’s overall curriculum, and provide recommendations for curriculum and/or assessment methodology changes. Purpose of the Project The TCEM faculty has embarked in a number of individual efforts to review and improve our curriculum and assessment methods. The purpose of this project is to use this data to create a curriculum map connecting the competencies to assessment measures and identify the competency and assessment gaps in the curricul...
METHODS: Raw acceleration data (hip-worn ActiGraph GT9X) from 86 youth (age 6-18 yrs; 48% male; 1... more METHODS: Raw acceleration data (hip-worn ActiGraph GT9X) from 86 youth (age 6-18 yrs; 48% male; 16% overweight/obese) were processed using Sojourn and PELT. Participants performed two semi-structured activity routines on separate days, with each visit lasting approximately 2-2.5 h. A total of 16 activities (eight each day) were performed, twice each, and the study protocol was designed to promote variability in the ordering and duration of activities. Throughout each trial, direct observation was performed using focal sampling, which served as a criterion measure of when activity transitions occurred. Sojourn and PELT were compared to the criterion using the transition pairing method, with a maximum of 5-s lag time allowed for a prediction to be considered a true positive. Performance metrics were recall, precision, and root mean squared error (RMSE). The metrics were calculated for each participant (both visits combined), after which paired t-tests were used to compare Sojourn-vs-PELT means for each metric. RESULTS: Values are mean ± SD. Recall was similar for Sojourn (49.6% ± 9.0%) and PELT (51.5% ± 9.2%, p = 0.15), and the same was true for RMSE (2.9 ± 0.3 s for Sojourn, versus 3.1 ± 0.4 s for PELT, p < 0.001). However, precision for Sojourn (21.7% ± 4.9%) was substantially lower than for PELT (38.7% ± 11.0%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Youth Sojourn models may benefit from replacing their current segmentation algorithms with CPD algorithms like PELT. Thus, CPD warrants further investigation. Supported by NIH R01HD083431
Research has highlighted the natural relationship between tourism and the concepts of hedonic exp... more Research has highlighted the natural relationship between tourism and the concepts of hedonic experiences and experiential consumption. Understanding the emotional response to an experience can help marketers highlight important aspects of the satisfaction judgment. The purpose of this paper was to test the Consumption Emotions Set developed by Richins to verify its applicability in a sport tourism context. Results from confirmatory factor analysis indicate that while the scale has promise, it is important to adjust the scale to the context. Not all experiences evoke the full range of consumption emotions as presented by Richins.
Feelings of satisfaction have been shown to be an important concept when understanding the experi... more Feelings of satisfaction have been shown to be an important concept when understanding the experience of the tourist as a gauge of the quality of the experience as well as a measure of potential for future behavior. Further research is needed to better understand what influences feelings of satisfaction. This paper examines the impact of levels of experience/ability and trip characteristics. Results indicate that players with higher levels of ability were more likely to be satisfied with the experience.
Feelings of satisfaction have been shown to be an important concept when understanding the experi... more Feelings of satisfaction have been shown to be an important concept when understanding the experience and decisions of consumers. Consumer behavior research has looked at satisfaction as a gauge of the quality of the experience as well as a measure of potential for future behavior. While the importance has been established, there is yet any consensus of its exact nature. This paper investigates the connection between a sport participants level of skill and performance and the resulting feelings of satisfaction. Level of skill or ability was seen to have little impact on variations in satisfaction scores, however perceptions of performance explained significant levels of variation. While this finding has implications on understanding a sport participants experience, performance is one thing over which the manager/marketer has little control. Results suggest that the difficulty of the course played may moderate these relationships.
Frequency of play during the year was categorized as none (27.3% of respondents), low (34.6%) and... more Frequency of play during the year was categorized as none (27.3% of respondents), low (34.6%) and high (38.1%). To identify the variations of satisfaction levels between play levels, ANOVA was employed. The differences were found to be significant (p
Golf has seen a fairly static supply of golf facilities over the past decade, but the number of r... more Golf has seen a fairly static supply of golf facilities over the past decade, but the number of rounds played as fallen significantly. This has resulted in competition among golf facilities to attract the available customers. This project was a qualitative investigation of what the managers of golf course facilities perceive as the motivations and attractions to play at their facilities. Analysis of comments identified three primary areas that managers perceive as primary drivers of golfers to their facilities. First, prestige was seen as an important factor. Prestige can come from a well know architect, connection to another well know entity, or from one of the many golf course ranking/rating publications. Second, course quality was seen as an important factor and was closely linked to the third category of level of green fee (price). Additional comments reveal that many managers perceive an incongruency between ideal customers and typical customers.
Her research interests include marketing of participatory sports, the use of social media by spor... more Her research interests include marketing of participatory sports, the use of social media by sport organizations and athletes, and media portrayals of athletes of differing race, gender, and nationality.
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Papers by Brian Krohn