Be Exp 2&3

EXPERIMENT NO.
: 2 & 3
Verification of Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorems
AIM: To verify Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.N APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

O
1 Voltmeter Digital (0-20)V 1
2 Ammeter Digital (0-20)mA 1
3 RPS (0-30) V 1
- 10KΩ, 1KΩ 1
4 Resistors - 2.2 Ω 1
- 330Ω 1
5 Bread board - - 1
Required
6 Connecting wires - -
Number
THEORY:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
It states that in any lumped, linear network having more number of sources and elements the
equivalent circuit across any branch can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of
Theremin’s equivalent voltage source Vth in series with Theremin’s equivalent resistance
Rth. Where Vth is the open circuit voltage across (branch) the two terminals and Rth is the
resistance seen from the same two terminals by replacing all other sources with internal
resistances.
Thevenin’s theorem:
The values of VTh and Rth are determined as mentioned in Thevenin’s
theorem. Once the Thevenin equivalent circuit is obtained, then current through any load
resistance RL connected across AB is given by,
VTh
Rth + RL .
I=
Thevenin’s theorem is applied to d.c. circuits as stated below.
Any network having terminals A and B can be replaced by a single source of e.m.f. VTh in
series with a source resistance RTh.The emf the voltage obtained across the terminals A and
B with load, if any removed i.e., it is open circuited voltage between terminals A and B.
The resistance RTh is the resistance of the network measured between the terminals A and B
with load removed and sources of e.m.f. replaced by their internal resistances. Ideal voltage
sources are replaced with short circuits and ideal current sources are replaced with open
circuits.
To find VTh,
v
The load resistor ‘RL’ is disconnected, then VTh= XR 3
R 1+ R 2
To find RTh,
R1R3
Rth=R 2+
R 1+ R 3
Thevenin’s theorem is also called “ Helmoltz theorem”
NORTON’S THEOREM:
Norton’s theorem states that in a lumped, linear network the equivalent circuit across any
branch is replaced with a current source in parallel a resistance. Where the current is the
Norton’s current this is the short circuit current though that branch and the resistance is the
Norton’s resistance which is the equivalent resistance across that branch by replacing all the
sources sources with their internal resistances.
Norton’s theorem, applied to d.c. circuits may be stated as below.
Any linear network having two terminals ‘A’ and ‘B’ can be replaced by a current source of
current output IN in parallel with a resistance RN. The output IN of the current source is
equal to the current that would flow through AB when A&B are short circuited.
The resistance RN is the resistance of the network measured between A and B with load
removed and sources of e.m.f replaced by their internal resistances.
Ideal voltage source are replaced with short circuits and ideal current sources are replaced
with open circuits.
For source current,

V V ( R 2+ R 3 )
I= =
Ri R 1 R 2+ R 1 R 3+ R 2 R 3
For short-circuit current,
R3 VR 3
¿=I =
R 2+ R 3 R 1 R 2+ R 1 R 3+ R 2 R 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:TO FIND IN:
TO FIND IN:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per fig (1)

2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 25V).
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the branch of interest i.e. AB (ammeter
reading).
4. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (2).
6. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 25V.
7. Note down the voltage across the load terminals AB (Voltmeter reading) that gives Vth.
10. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say V
=25V).
11. Note down the current (I) supplied by the source (ammeter reading).
12. The ratio of V and I gives the Rth.
15. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 25V
16. Note down the response (current, IN) through the branch AB (ammeter reading).
18. Disconnect the circuit
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS:
THEVINENS THEOREM:
S.No Theoretical value Practical value
1 VTh VTh
2 RTh RTh
3 IL IL
NORTONS THEOREM:
S.No Theoretical value Practical value
1 IN IN
2 RN RN
3 IL IL
RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem for the given circuit was verified.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections
2. Keep all the knobs in minimum position while switch on and off of the supply.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. The internal resistance of a source is 2 Ohms and is connected with an External load of 10
Ohms resistance. What is Rth ?
2. In the above question if the voltage is 10 volts and the load is of 50 ohms. What is the
load current and Vth? Verify IL?
3. If the internal resistance of a source is 5 ohms and is connected with an External load of 25
Ohms resistance. What is Rth?
4. What are the advantages of Thevenin’s theorem?
5. How will you convert Thevenin equivalent circuit into Norton’s equivalent circuit?
6. State the difference between Thevenin and Norton’s. 7. State and explain the importance
of these theorems.

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EXPERIMENT NO.

S.N APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

Thevenin’s theorem is applied to d.c. circuits as stated below.

Thevenin’s theorem is also called “ Helmoltz theorem”

Norton’s theorem, applied to d.c. circuits may be stated as below.

For source current,

1. Connect the circuit as per fig (1)

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS:

S.No Theoretical value Practical value

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