Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder categorized by inflammatory processes with a high p... more Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder categorized by inflammatory processes with a high prevalence worldwide. It affects both motor and sensory pathways and is also associated with the visual pathway. Fingolimod is a commonly used drug for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate modulator acting on its receptors for immune cell accumulation, neuronal function, embryological development, vascular permeability, smooth muscle cell function, and endothelial barrier maintenance. This review aims to understand the processes, mechanisms, risks, and management of fingolimod-associated macular edema. Due to the anti-inflammatory properties of fingolimod, it decreases various cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1B and IL-6, spike wave, and spike amplitude, in electrophysiological activities and decreases insoluble receptors for advanced glycation end product ligand. A daily dosage of 0.5 mg of fingolimod has an increased association with macular edema. The serious adverse events of fingolimod are lymphopenia, cardiovascular events, ocular events, and carcinoma. Fingolimod decreases brain volume and increases vascular permeability, resulting in increased macular volume and damage to the blood-retinal barrier, which causes an increased risk for macular edema. Cystoid macular edema is more common in older individuals suffering from comorbidities affecting the retina, such as diabetes, or those undergoing ophthalmological surgeries. This review also highlights the importance of regular ophthalmology examinations on patients consuming fingolimod both in the initial stages and chronic use. The treatment options for macular edema include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetazolamide, triamcinolone, ketorolac, corticosteroids, and intravitreal procedures.
In the realm of human experience, no individual can assert with absolute certainty that they have... more In the realm of human experience, no individual can assert with absolute certainty that they have traversed their journey without stumbling upon the terrain of error. Such missteps are a universal aspect of our existence. Yet, it is the discerning mind that acknowledges these misjudgments, endeavors towards self-refinement, and endeavors to eschew their recurrence.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a commoncomplication of antibiotic therapy, with Clostrid... more Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a commoncomplication of antibiotic therapy, with Clostridiumdifficile infection (CDI) being a major cause of severeAAD. CDI is associated with high morbidity, mortality,and healthcare costs. The administration of probiotics isa promising strategy for the prevention of AAD and CDI,as they can create a favorable gut environment andalter the composition of the intestinal flora. Thissystematic review evaluated the use of probiotics inpreventing CDI in hospitalized adult patients. Thereview of 12 randomized controlled trials involving3,586 patients found that probiotics reduced theincidence of CDI in hospitalized adult patients by up to70%. Specifically, the probiotic strains Lactobacillusrhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii werefound to be effective in preventing CDI. However,further research is needed to establish optimal dosingregimens and to identify the most effective probioticstrains for CDI prevention. Nonetheless, the use ofprobiotics a...
Cannabis is frequently used by people who self-medicate for the signs of mental health conditions... more Cannabis is frequently used by people who self-medicate for the signs of mental health conditions. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental illness, has been linked to increased cannabis use. However, compared to other mental disorders, cannabis use by people with ADHD has received much less research. The main goal of this systematic review was to understand the nature of the relationships between cannabis use and ADHD symptoms. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to conduct the systematic review. We included papers published within the previous ten years from online searches on PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect until January 1st, 2023. The inclusion-exclusion criteria led to the initial selection of 136 studies. We selected twenty research articles after screening and assessing them using quality assessment techniques. These articles included two non-randomized control trials, one crosssectional study, one meta-analysis, and sixteen observational cohorts. It can be advantageous for people with ADHD and their medical professionals to understand better how ADHD patients use cannabis and its potential risks and advantages on cannabis use disorder, ADHD symptoms, and executive dysfunction. This article further emphasizes the necessity of thorough research to comprehend cannabis use in ADHD patients.
Time management constitutes a skill that can beacquired. Worldwide, experts have articulatednumer... more Time management constitutes a skill that can beacquired. Worldwide, experts have articulatednumerous time management techniques throughwritten and spoken discourse. In this article, we shalldelineate the top seven time management skills.Embracing these competencies stands to benefitfledgling doctors, not only in their capacity as medicalpractitioners but also within the realms of their personallives.Research indicates that the practice of effective timemanagement serves to diminish stress levels andenhance performance, both among students andprofessionals alike. By immersing oneself in theacquisition and cultivation of these time managementaptitudes and habits, one not only attains a gratifyingsense of achievement but also attains mastery over theorchestration of one's life. Furthermore, this endeavormay yield improvements in overall workplaceperformance, mitigating workplace stress and therebybestowing upon the individual a profound sense of selfsatisfaction.
Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder categorized by inflammatory processes with a high p... more Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder categorized by inflammatory processes with a high prevalence worldwide. It affects both motor and sensory pathways and is also associated with the visual pathway. Fingolimod is a commonly used drug for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate modulator acting on its receptors for immune cell accumulation, neuronal function, embryological development, vascular permeability, smooth muscle cell function, and endothelial barrier maintenance. This review aims to understand the processes, mechanisms, risks, and management of fingolimod-associated macular edema. Due to the anti-inflammatory properties of fingolimod, it decreases various cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1B and IL-6, spike wave, and spike amplitude, in electrophysiological activities and decreases insoluble receptors for advanced glycation end product ligand. A daily dosage of 0.5 mg of fingolimod has an increased association with macular edema. The serious adverse events of fingolimod are lymphopenia, cardiovascular events, ocular events, and carcinoma. Fingolimod decreases brain volume and increases vascular permeability, resulting in increased macular volume and damage to the blood-retinal barrier, which causes an increased risk for macular edema. Cystoid macular edema is more common in older individuals suffering from comorbidities affecting the retina, such as diabetes, or those undergoing ophthalmological surgeries. This review also highlights the importance of regular ophthalmology examinations on patients consuming fingolimod both in the initial stages and chronic use. The treatment options for macular edema include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetazolamide, triamcinolone, ketorolac, corticosteroids, and intravitreal procedures.
In the realm of human experience, no individual can assert with absolute certainty that they have... more In the realm of human experience, no individual can assert with absolute certainty that they have traversed their journey without stumbling upon the terrain of error. Such missteps are a universal aspect of our existence. Yet, it is the discerning mind that acknowledges these misjudgments, endeavors towards self-refinement, and endeavors to eschew their recurrence.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a commoncomplication of antibiotic therapy, with Clostrid... more Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a commoncomplication of antibiotic therapy, with Clostridiumdifficile infection (CDI) being a major cause of severeAAD. CDI is associated with high morbidity, mortality,and healthcare costs. The administration of probiotics isa promising strategy for the prevention of AAD and CDI,as they can create a favorable gut environment andalter the composition of the intestinal flora. Thissystematic review evaluated the use of probiotics inpreventing CDI in hospitalized adult patients. Thereview of 12 randomized controlled trials involving3,586 patients found that probiotics reduced theincidence of CDI in hospitalized adult patients by up to70%. Specifically, the probiotic strains Lactobacillusrhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii werefound to be effective in preventing CDI. However,further research is needed to establish optimal dosingregimens and to identify the most effective probioticstrains for CDI prevention. Nonetheless, the use ofprobiotics a...
Cannabis is frequently used by people who self-medicate for the signs of mental health conditions... more Cannabis is frequently used by people who self-medicate for the signs of mental health conditions. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental illness, has been linked to increased cannabis use. However, compared to other mental disorders, cannabis use by people with ADHD has received much less research. The main goal of this systematic review was to understand the nature of the relationships between cannabis use and ADHD symptoms. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to conduct the systematic review. We included papers published within the previous ten years from online searches on PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect until January 1st, 2023. The inclusion-exclusion criteria led to the initial selection of 136 studies. We selected twenty research articles after screening and assessing them using quality assessment techniques. These articles included two non-randomized control trials, one crosssectional study, one meta-analysis, and sixteen observational cohorts. It can be advantageous for people with ADHD and their medical professionals to understand better how ADHD patients use cannabis and its potential risks and advantages on cannabis use disorder, ADHD symptoms, and executive dysfunction. This article further emphasizes the necessity of thorough research to comprehend cannabis use in ADHD patients.
Time management constitutes a skill that can beacquired. Worldwide, experts have articulatednumer... more Time management constitutes a skill that can beacquired. Worldwide, experts have articulatednumerous time management techniques throughwritten and spoken discourse. In this article, we shalldelineate the top seven time management skills.Embracing these competencies stands to benefitfledgling doctors, not only in their capacity as medicalpractitioners but also within the realms of their personallives.Research indicates that the practice of effective timemanagement serves to diminish stress levels andenhance performance, both among students andprofessionals alike. By immersing oneself in theacquisition and cultivation of these time managementaptitudes and habits, one not only attains a gratifyingsense of achievement but also attains mastery over theorchestration of one's life. Furthermore, this endeavormay yield improvements in overall workplaceperformance, mitigating workplace stress and therebybestowing upon the individual a profound sense of selfsatisfaction.
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