| 2 months old female buffalo calf suffering from blood tinged, foetid, mud-coloured diarrhea inf... more | 2 months old female buffalo calf suffering from blood tinged, foetid, mud-coloured diarrhea infected simultaneously with Toxocara vitulorum and Eimeria bareillyi was treated with Piperazine hexahydrate @ 300mg/kg body weight along with Amprolium@10mg/kg body weight orally daily for five days for its complete recovery. This is the first report, in the region of Meerut, Western Uttar Pradesh.
Productive performance of poultry depends on a complex interaction between host factors, environm... more Productive performance of poultry depends on a complex interaction between host factors, environmental factors and gut microbiota. Gut microbiota residing in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens plays an important role in gut homeostasis and affects the animal's health & physiology. The composition of gut microbiota depends on several factors. Alteration in the microbial community can be detrimental to host on one hand but on another hand can be utilized profitably, so it should be monitored carefully. Though it is difficult to evaluate entire microbial community but newer techniques like targeted amplicon sequencing and metagenomics make it possible up to a large extent. In future, these techniques along with other biomarkers can be used to find out the peculiar gut microbial signature concerning particular factor or diseased condition. The present review is about the structure, alteration pattern and evaluation of gut microbiota.
The deacetylase SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) has emerged as a major regulator of nucleocytoplasmic distribut... more The deacetylase SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) has emerged as a major regulator of nucleocytoplasmic distribution of macroautophagy/autophagy marker MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3). Activation of SIRT1 leads to the deacetylation of LC3 and its translocation from the nucleus into the cytoplasm leading to an increase in the autophagy flux. Notably, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a cytoprotective gasotransmitter known to activate SIRT1 and autophagy; however, the underlying mechanism for both remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that H 2 S sulfhydrates the active site cysteine of the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Sulfhydration of GAPDH leads to its redistribution into the nucleus. Importantly, nuclear localization of GAPDH is critical for H 2 S-mediated activation of autophagy as H 2 S does not induce autophagy in cells with GAPDH ablation or cells overexpressing a GAPDH mutant lacking the active site cysteine. Importantly, we observed that nuclear GAPDH interacts with CCAR2/DBC1 (cell cycle activator a nd apoptosis regulator 2) inside the nucleus. CCAR2 interacts with the deacetylase SIRT1 to inhibit its activity. Interaction of GAPDH with CCAR2 disrupts the inhibitory effect of CCAR2 on SIRT1. Activated SIRT1 then deacetylates MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) to induce its translocation into the cytoplasm and activate autophagy. Additionally, we demonstrate this pathway's physiological role in autophagy-mediated trafficking of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into lysosomes to restrict intracellular mycobacteria growth. We think that the pathway described here could be involved in H 2 S-mediated clearance of intracellular pathogens and other health benefits.
Fresh semen ejaculates collected from 56 cow bulls of different breed during three different seas... more Fresh semen ejaculates collected from 56 cow bulls of different breed during three different seasons (summer, rainy and winter of the year) were subjected to bacteriological examination. Total viable bacterial count of fresh semen was determined using standard plate count method and result expressed as mean (±SEM) CFU/ml of semen. Significantly (P<0.05) higher bacterial load (33571 ± 3842 CFU/ml) in bovine semen was reported during rainy season as compared to summer and winter season. During rainy season, Gir semen showed significantly (P<0.05) higher bacterial count (37500 ± 7500 CFU/ml). During summer season, bacterial count was significantly (P<0.001) higher in semen of exotic bulls (37143 ± 3595 CFU/ml) followed by crossbred (32000 ± 5333 CFU/ml) and indigenous bulls (19359 ± 1875 CFU/ml), whereas non significant variation were noticed during rainy and winter season. Among breeds, significantly (P<0.005) higher count was reported in Jersey and HF cross during summer; and in Jersey and Gir during rainy season, however; Tharparkar and Red Sindhi bulls yielded significantly (P<0.005) lower bacterial load in their semen as compared to other breeds during whole seasons of the year. It could be concluded from the results of the present study that season had significant effect on bacterial load in semen of different breeds of cow bulls.
Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized as one of the most important enteric pathogens causing enteri... more Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized as one of the most important enteric pathogens causing enteritis and severe diarrhoea in calves up to 1 month of age. Although the infection may be responsible for some mortality, its impact is mainly associated with the impairment of gastrointestinal functions and lower performance of animals. A female buffalo calf of 25 days old was presented to OPD section, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, SVPUA&T, Meerut, with the symptoms of severe voluminous watery cholera like diarrhea with mucous and blood tinge since 4-5 days. On physical examination, calf was dehydrated, weak, and emaciated with normal temperature. Parasitological examination of the faeces by the direct smear and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique revealed presence of high number of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. The affected female buffalo calf was treated with azithromycin and provided supportive care. Diarrohoeal symptoms were stopped from 3rd day and animal returned to normal condition by 7th day post treatment.
Aim: The present investigation was conducted to locate the critical sources of bacterial contamin... more Aim: The present investigation was conducted to locate the critical sources of bacterial contamination and to evaluate the standard sanitation protocol so as to improve the hygienic conditions during collection, evaluation, and processing of bull semen in the Semen Station. Materials and Methods: The study compared two different hygienic procedures during the collection, evaluation and processing of semen in Central Semen Station, Anjora, Durg. Routinely used materials including artificial vagina (AV) inner liner, cone, semen collection tube, buffer, extender/diluter, straws; and the laboratory environment like processing lab, pass box and laminar air flow (LAF) cabinet of extender preparation lab, processing lab, sealing filling machine, and bacteriological lab were subjected to bacteriological examination in two phases of study using two different sanitary protocols. Bacterial load in above items/environment was measured using standard plate count method and expressed as colony forming unit (CFU). Results: Bacterial load in a laboratory environment and AV equipments during two different sanitary protocol in present investigation differed highly significantly (p<0.001). Potential sources of bacterial contamination during semen collection and processing included laboratory environment like processing lab, pass box, and LAF cabinets; AV equipments, including AV Liner and cone. Bacterial load was reduced highly significantly (p<0.001) in AV liner (from 2.33±0.67 to 0.50±0.52), cone (from 4.16±1.20 to 1.91±0.55), and extender (from 1.33±0.38 to 0) after application of improved practices of packaging, handling, and sterilization in Phase II of study. Glasswares, buffers, and straws showed nil bacterial contamination in both the phases of study. With slight modification in fumigation protocol (formalin @600 ml/1000 ft 3), bacterial load was significantly decreased (p<0.001) up to 0-6 CFU in processing lab (from 6.43±1.34 to 2.86±0.59), pass box (from 12.13±2.53 to 3.78±0.79), and nil bacterial load was reported in LAFs. Conclusion: Appropriate and careful management considering critical points step by step starting right from collection of semen to their processing can significantly minimize bacterial contamination.
Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of species, breed and age on bacte... more Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of species, breed and age on bacterial load in fresh and frozen semen of Cattle and Buffalo bull. Materials and Methods: Present study covered 56 cow and 10 buffalo bulls stationed at Central Semen Station Anjora, Durg (Chhattisgarh). Impact of breeds on bacterial load in semen was assessed using six breeds of cattle viz. Sahiwal, Gir, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar, Jersey and Holstein Friesian (HF) cross. Cow bulls were categorized into four different groups based on their age (<4 years, 4-5 years, 5-6 years and > 6 years) to study variation among age groups. Bacterial load was measured in fresh and frozen semen samples from these bulls using the standard plate count (SPC) method and count was expressed as colony forming unit (CFU) per ml of semen. Results: Higher bacterial load was reported in fresh (2.36 × 10 4 ± 1943 CFU/ml) and frozen (1.00 × 10 ± 90 CFU/ml) semen of cow bulls as compared to buffalo bulls (1.95 × 10 4 ± 2882 and 7.75 × 10 2 ± 160 CFU/ml in fresh and frozen semen, respectively). Jersey bull showed significantly higher bacterial count (p < 0.05) both in fresh (4.07 × 10 4 ± 13927 CFU/ ml) and frozen (1.92 × 10 3 ± 178 CFU/ml) semen followed by HF cross, Sahiwal, Gir, Red Sindhi and Tharparkar bull. Bulls aged < 4 years and more than 6 years yielded increased bacterial load in their semen. Although a minor variation was reported between species and among age groups, no significant differences were measured. Conclusion: Bacterial load in semen did not differ significantly between species and age groups; however significant variation was reported among different breeds. Bulls of Jersey breed showed significantly higher bacterial load in semen as compared to the crossbred and indigenous bull.
A 11 month old female goat was presented to Polyclinic, IVRI with the history of swelling in the ... more A 11 month old female goat was presented to Polyclinic, IVRI with the history of swelling in the left hind leg on the inner aspect of thigh and inguinal region. Physical and radiological examination revealed a large fluctuating fluid filled bladder with distinct dimension. The cyst was successfully removed along with its membrane and parasitological examination revealed it as a Coenurus gaigeri, the intermediate stage of T. multiceps gaigeri. The animal recovered completely by 10th postoperative day without any complications. This is being described in detail as under.
Oestrus ovis is a well-known parasite of the nasal cavities and adjoining sinuses in sheep and go... more Oestrus ovis is a well-known parasite of the nasal cavities and adjoining sinuses in sheep and goats. A 3-year-old female Jamunapari goat was presented with a history of anorexia, weight loss, in-coordinated movements, nasal discharge since 10 days and two nasal bots expelled during sneezing 3 days back. Upon clinical examination the animal was dull, dysphonic, unsteady gait and having blocked nostrils with thick mucoid discharge along with an increased respiratory rate. Parasitiological examination revealed it as an O. ovis (nasal bots). The occurrence of nasal bots in a goat and its successful therapeutic management and public health significance have been reported and discussed in the present communication.
A total of 515 vegetable samples were collected from different vendors of wholesale and retail ma... more A total of 515 vegetable samples were collected from different vendors of wholesale and retail markets of Bareilly for assessment of their contamination with various parasites. The study revealed that 6.79% of vegetables were positive for parasitic objects (ova, cyst, larvae, etc.). Nematode larvae (3.30%) were the most predominant, followed by ova of Ascaris spp.(1.35%), Taenia spp. (0.97%), Toxocara spp. (0.77%), oocyst of Coccidia (0.77%), ova of Strongyle spp.(0.58%), ova of Trichuris spp. (0.38%), ova of Hymenolepis spp. (0.38%), cysts of Giardia spp. (0.38%) and Entamoeba spp. (0.11%). Of all the vegetables examined, coriander was the most commonly contaminated (15.3%), followed by lettuce (15%), green onion leaves (13.06%), mint (12.5%), cabbage (10.52%), radish (9.3%), carrot (7.8%), turnip (5.26%) and water chestnut (1.93%). Consumption of raw vegetables with the high percentage of viable-stage parasites may pose a potential risk of their transmission to consumers.
Toxocarosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by the ascarid Toxocara canis. Serodiagnosis of toxoc... more Toxocarosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by the ascarid Toxocara canis. Serodiagnosis of toxocarosis is carried out using Toxocara excretory-secretory and recombinant antigens. In the present study T. canis arginine kinase gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned in a prokaryotic expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was used in IgG-ELISA for detection of T. canis infection in the adult dogs. Further evaluation of this recombinant antigen in the diagnosis of T. canis infection in dogs is under way.
Parasites comprise of helminthes, protozoa and arthropods which are the most complex and well ado... more Parasites comprise of helminthes, protozoa and arthropods which are the most complex and well adopted organisms in the host causing chronic illness in the animals resulting in considerable economic losses in the form of decreased production and loss of condition. Until today the effective control of these organisms is not possible due to the emergence of antiparasitic drugs resistance and availability of very few successful vaccines against them. By the advent of the RNA interference (RNAi) technique in late 19 th century it was hoped that dream of effective control of parasites were made possible. However, after 10-15 years of RNAi research the fruitful results are still awaited. The RNAi is a process of introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into some cells or organisms, resulting in degradation of its homologous mRNA. The dsRNAs are processed into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that subsequently bind to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), causing degradation of target mRNAs. The sequence-specific ability of RNAi to silence target genes has been extensively used to study gene functions and to control disease pathogens and vectors. Thus, RNAi can help us to enlighten better about the gene functions in parasites, for targeted drug delivery against specific helminthes and finding the vaccine candidates, and reducing the role of vectors to transmit diseases. In this review, we provide the state of art information on RNAi phenomenon applied in the parasites, the prospects and possible pitfalls of this technique. Moreover, the factors required to obtain optimum results are discussed. All copyrights reserved to Nexus® academic publishers
Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the possible extent of soil contamination at di... more Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the possible extent of soil contamination at different public places with Toxocara species eggs. Materials and Methods: A Total of 327 samples of soil were collected and examined from different locations which are of public health importance like public parks, playgrounds, door mat dusts, Sidewalks or road sides, in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, to establish the prevalence of Toxocara eggs. Samples were also categorised in to sandy type (225) and clay type (102) which were examined by Dunsmore modified technique. Results: 42 samples out of 327 (12.84%) were found to be contaminated with the Toxocara spp.eggs and public parks were more contaminated than the other sites we studied. Clay type soil samples were found to be more contaminated than sandy type with a prevalence of 17.64%. Conclusions: The prevalence of this zoonotic parasite in soil has implications for the spread of human disease in these areas. The authors believe that this may constitute a significant health risk, particularly to children.
Toxocara canis is one of the most common parasitic helminth worm of dogs and also a causative age... more Toxocara canis is one of the most common parasitic helminth worm of dogs and also a causative agent of zoonotic disease in humans. This pilot study was conducted to determine the presence of T. canis infection in dog population in and around Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 558 faecal samples both from stray and owned dogs were screened and overall 24.3 % dogs were found positive for T. canis. A comparison between owned and stray dogs suggests that the higher prevalence was observed in the latter group. The age of the dogs had a considerable influence on prevalence, with a much higher proportion of younger dogs being infected. Among the stray dogs, the infection rate is much higher (62.79 %) in pups, as compared to 7.8 % in adult. Similarly, of the owned dogs screened 41.74 % pups were infected while the infection rate in adults was only 3.38 %. The higher rate of prevalence of this parasite in dogs could be the source of soil contamination for transmission of Toxocariasis which is of public health importance in this region.
| 2 months old female buffalo calf suffering from blood tinged, foetid, mud-coloured diarrhea inf... more | 2 months old female buffalo calf suffering from blood tinged, foetid, mud-coloured diarrhea infected simultaneously with Toxocara vitulorum and Eimeria bareillyi was treated with Piperazine hexahydrate @ 300mg/kg body weight along with Amprolium@10mg/kg body weight orally daily for five days for its complete recovery. This is the first report, in the region of Meerut, Western Uttar Pradesh.
Productive performance of poultry depends on a complex interaction between host factors, environm... more Productive performance of poultry depends on a complex interaction between host factors, environmental factors and gut microbiota. Gut microbiota residing in the gastrointestinal tract of chickens plays an important role in gut homeostasis and affects the animal's health & physiology. The composition of gut microbiota depends on several factors. Alteration in the microbial community can be detrimental to host on one hand but on another hand can be utilized profitably, so it should be monitored carefully. Though it is difficult to evaluate entire microbial community but newer techniques like targeted amplicon sequencing and metagenomics make it possible up to a large extent. In future, these techniques along with other biomarkers can be used to find out the peculiar gut microbial signature concerning particular factor or diseased condition. The present review is about the structure, alteration pattern and evaluation of gut microbiota.
The deacetylase SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) has emerged as a major regulator of nucleocytoplasmic distribut... more The deacetylase SIRT1 (sirtuin 1) has emerged as a major regulator of nucleocytoplasmic distribution of macroautophagy/autophagy marker MAP1LC3/LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3). Activation of SIRT1 leads to the deacetylation of LC3 and its translocation from the nucleus into the cytoplasm leading to an increase in the autophagy flux. Notably, hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a cytoprotective gasotransmitter known to activate SIRT1 and autophagy; however, the underlying mechanism for both remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that H 2 S sulfhydrates the active site cysteine of the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Sulfhydration of GAPDH leads to its redistribution into the nucleus. Importantly, nuclear localization of GAPDH is critical for H 2 S-mediated activation of autophagy as H 2 S does not induce autophagy in cells with GAPDH ablation or cells overexpressing a GAPDH mutant lacking the active site cysteine. Importantly, we observed that nuclear GAPDH interacts with CCAR2/DBC1 (cell cycle activator a nd apoptosis regulator 2) inside the nucleus. CCAR2 interacts with the deacetylase SIRT1 to inhibit its activity. Interaction of GAPDH with CCAR2 disrupts the inhibitory effect of CCAR2 on SIRT1. Activated SIRT1 then deacetylates MAP1LC3B/LC3B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) to induce its translocation into the cytoplasm and activate autophagy. Additionally, we demonstrate this pathway's physiological role in autophagy-mediated trafficking of Mycobacterium tuberculosis into lysosomes to restrict intracellular mycobacteria growth. We think that the pathway described here could be involved in H 2 S-mediated clearance of intracellular pathogens and other health benefits.
Fresh semen ejaculates collected from 56 cow bulls of different breed during three different seas... more Fresh semen ejaculates collected from 56 cow bulls of different breed during three different seasons (summer, rainy and winter of the year) were subjected to bacteriological examination. Total viable bacterial count of fresh semen was determined using standard plate count method and result expressed as mean (±SEM) CFU/ml of semen. Significantly (P<0.05) higher bacterial load (33571 ± 3842 CFU/ml) in bovine semen was reported during rainy season as compared to summer and winter season. During rainy season, Gir semen showed significantly (P<0.05) higher bacterial count (37500 ± 7500 CFU/ml). During summer season, bacterial count was significantly (P<0.001) higher in semen of exotic bulls (37143 ± 3595 CFU/ml) followed by crossbred (32000 ± 5333 CFU/ml) and indigenous bulls (19359 ± 1875 CFU/ml), whereas non significant variation were noticed during rainy and winter season. Among breeds, significantly (P<0.005) higher count was reported in Jersey and HF cross during summer; and in Jersey and Gir during rainy season, however; Tharparkar and Red Sindhi bulls yielded significantly (P<0.005) lower bacterial load in their semen as compared to other breeds during whole seasons of the year. It could be concluded from the results of the present study that season had significant effect on bacterial load in semen of different breeds of cow bulls.
Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized as one of the most important enteric pathogens causing enteri... more Cryptosporidium spp. are recognized as one of the most important enteric pathogens causing enteritis and severe diarrhoea in calves up to 1 month of age. Although the infection may be responsible for some mortality, its impact is mainly associated with the impairment of gastrointestinal functions and lower performance of animals. A female buffalo calf of 25 days old was presented to OPD section, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, SVPUA&T, Meerut, with the symptoms of severe voluminous watery cholera like diarrhea with mucous and blood tinge since 4-5 days. On physical examination, calf was dehydrated, weak, and emaciated with normal temperature. Parasitological examination of the faeces by the direct smear and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique revealed presence of high number of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. The affected female buffalo calf was treated with azithromycin and provided supportive care. Diarrohoeal symptoms were stopped from 3rd day and animal returned to normal condition by 7th day post treatment.
Aim: The present investigation was conducted to locate the critical sources of bacterial contamin... more Aim: The present investigation was conducted to locate the critical sources of bacterial contamination and to evaluate the standard sanitation protocol so as to improve the hygienic conditions during collection, evaluation, and processing of bull semen in the Semen Station. Materials and Methods: The study compared two different hygienic procedures during the collection, evaluation and processing of semen in Central Semen Station, Anjora, Durg. Routinely used materials including artificial vagina (AV) inner liner, cone, semen collection tube, buffer, extender/diluter, straws; and the laboratory environment like processing lab, pass box and laminar air flow (LAF) cabinet of extender preparation lab, processing lab, sealing filling machine, and bacteriological lab were subjected to bacteriological examination in two phases of study using two different sanitary protocols. Bacterial load in above items/environment was measured using standard plate count method and expressed as colony forming unit (CFU). Results: Bacterial load in a laboratory environment and AV equipments during two different sanitary protocol in present investigation differed highly significantly (p<0.001). Potential sources of bacterial contamination during semen collection and processing included laboratory environment like processing lab, pass box, and LAF cabinets; AV equipments, including AV Liner and cone. Bacterial load was reduced highly significantly (p<0.001) in AV liner (from 2.33±0.67 to 0.50±0.52), cone (from 4.16±1.20 to 1.91±0.55), and extender (from 1.33±0.38 to 0) after application of improved practices of packaging, handling, and sterilization in Phase II of study. Glasswares, buffers, and straws showed nil bacterial contamination in both the phases of study. With slight modification in fumigation protocol (formalin @600 ml/1000 ft 3), bacterial load was significantly decreased (p<0.001) up to 0-6 CFU in processing lab (from 6.43±1.34 to 2.86±0.59), pass box (from 12.13±2.53 to 3.78±0.79), and nil bacterial load was reported in LAFs. Conclusion: Appropriate and careful management considering critical points step by step starting right from collection of semen to their processing can significantly minimize bacterial contamination.
Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of species, breed and age on bacte... more Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of species, breed and age on bacterial load in fresh and frozen semen of Cattle and Buffalo bull. Materials and Methods: Present study covered 56 cow and 10 buffalo bulls stationed at Central Semen Station Anjora, Durg (Chhattisgarh). Impact of breeds on bacterial load in semen was assessed using six breeds of cattle viz. Sahiwal, Gir, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar, Jersey and Holstein Friesian (HF) cross. Cow bulls were categorized into four different groups based on their age (<4 years, 4-5 years, 5-6 years and > 6 years) to study variation among age groups. Bacterial load was measured in fresh and frozen semen samples from these bulls using the standard plate count (SPC) method and count was expressed as colony forming unit (CFU) per ml of semen. Results: Higher bacterial load was reported in fresh (2.36 × 10 4 ± 1943 CFU/ml) and frozen (1.00 × 10 ± 90 CFU/ml) semen of cow bulls as compared to buffalo bulls (1.95 × 10 4 ± 2882 and 7.75 × 10 2 ± 160 CFU/ml in fresh and frozen semen, respectively). Jersey bull showed significantly higher bacterial count (p < 0.05) both in fresh (4.07 × 10 4 ± 13927 CFU/ ml) and frozen (1.92 × 10 3 ± 178 CFU/ml) semen followed by HF cross, Sahiwal, Gir, Red Sindhi and Tharparkar bull. Bulls aged < 4 years and more than 6 years yielded increased bacterial load in their semen. Although a minor variation was reported between species and among age groups, no significant differences were measured. Conclusion: Bacterial load in semen did not differ significantly between species and age groups; however significant variation was reported among different breeds. Bulls of Jersey breed showed significantly higher bacterial load in semen as compared to the crossbred and indigenous bull.
A 11 month old female goat was presented to Polyclinic, IVRI with the history of swelling in the ... more A 11 month old female goat was presented to Polyclinic, IVRI with the history of swelling in the left hind leg on the inner aspect of thigh and inguinal region. Physical and radiological examination revealed a large fluctuating fluid filled bladder with distinct dimension. The cyst was successfully removed along with its membrane and parasitological examination revealed it as a Coenurus gaigeri, the intermediate stage of T. multiceps gaigeri. The animal recovered completely by 10th postoperative day without any complications. This is being described in detail as under.
Oestrus ovis is a well-known parasite of the nasal cavities and adjoining sinuses in sheep and go... more Oestrus ovis is a well-known parasite of the nasal cavities and adjoining sinuses in sheep and goats. A 3-year-old female Jamunapari goat was presented with a history of anorexia, weight loss, in-coordinated movements, nasal discharge since 10 days and two nasal bots expelled during sneezing 3 days back. Upon clinical examination the animal was dull, dysphonic, unsteady gait and having blocked nostrils with thick mucoid discharge along with an increased respiratory rate. Parasitiological examination revealed it as an O. ovis (nasal bots). The occurrence of nasal bots in a goat and its successful therapeutic management and public health significance have been reported and discussed in the present communication.
A total of 515 vegetable samples were collected from different vendors of wholesale and retail ma... more A total of 515 vegetable samples were collected from different vendors of wholesale and retail markets of Bareilly for assessment of their contamination with various parasites. The study revealed that 6.79% of vegetables were positive for parasitic objects (ova, cyst, larvae, etc.). Nematode larvae (3.30%) were the most predominant, followed by ova of Ascaris spp.(1.35%), Taenia spp. (0.97%), Toxocara spp. (0.77%), oocyst of Coccidia (0.77%), ova of Strongyle spp.(0.58%), ova of Trichuris spp. (0.38%), ova of Hymenolepis spp. (0.38%), cysts of Giardia spp. (0.38%) and Entamoeba spp. (0.11%). Of all the vegetables examined, coriander was the most commonly contaminated (15.3%), followed by lettuce (15%), green onion leaves (13.06%), mint (12.5%), cabbage (10.52%), radish (9.3%), carrot (7.8%), turnip (5.26%) and water chestnut (1.93%). Consumption of raw vegetables with the high percentage of viable-stage parasites may pose a potential risk of their transmission to consumers.
Toxocarosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by the ascarid Toxocara canis. Serodiagnosis of toxoc... more Toxocarosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by the ascarid Toxocara canis. Serodiagnosis of toxocarosis is carried out using Toxocara excretory-secretory and recombinant antigens. In the present study T. canis arginine kinase gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, cloned in a prokaryotic expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was used in IgG-ELISA for detection of T. canis infection in the adult dogs. Further evaluation of this recombinant antigen in the diagnosis of T. canis infection in dogs is under way.
Parasites comprise of helminthes, protozoa and arthropods which are the most complex and well ado... more Parasites comprise of helminthes, protozoa and arthropods which are the most complex and well adopted organisms in the host causing chronic illness in the animals resulting in considerable economic losses in the form of decreased production and loss of condition. Until today the effective control of these organisms is not possible due to the emergence of antiparasitic drugs resistance and availability of very few successful vaccines against them. By the advent of the RNA interference (RNAi) technique in late 19 th century it was hoped that dream of effective control of parasites were made possible. However, after 10-15 years of RNAi research the fruitful results are still awaited. The RNAi is a process of introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into some cells or organisms, resulting in degradation of its homologous mRNA. The dsRNAs are processed into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that subsequently bind to the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), causing degradation of target mRNAs. The sequence-specific ability of RNAi to silence target genes has been extensively used to study gene functions and to control disease pathogens and vectors. Thus, RNAi can help us to enlighten better about the gene functions in parasites, for targeted drug delivery against specific helminthes and finding the vaccine candidates, and reducing the role of vectors to transmit diseases. In this review, we provide the state of art information on RNAi phenomenon applied in the parasites, the prospects and possible pitfalls of this technique. Moreover, the factors required to obtain optimum results are discussed. All copyrights reserved to Nexus® academic publishers
Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the possible extent of soil contamination at di... more Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the possible extent of soil contamination at different public places with Toxocara species eggs. Materials and Methods: A Total of 327 samples of soil were collected and examined from different locations which are of public health importance like public parks, playgrounds, door mat dusts, Sidewalks or road sides, in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, to establish the prevalence of Toxocara eggs. Samples were also categorised in to sandy type (225) and clay type (102) which were examined by Dunsmore modified technique. Results: 42 samples out of 327 (12.84%) were found to be contaminated with the Toxocara spp.eggs and public parks were more contaminated than the other sites we studied. Clay type soil samples were found to be more contaminated than sandy type with a prevalence of 17.64%. Conclusions: The prevalence of this zoonotic parasite in soil has implications for the spread of human disease in these areas. The authors believe that this may constitute a significant health risk, particularly to children.
Toxocara canis is one of the most common parasitic helminth worm of dogs and also a causative age... more Toxocara canis is one of the most common parasitic helminth worm of dogs and also a causative agent of zoonotic disease in humans. This pilot study was conducted to determine the presence of T. canis infection in dog population in and around Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 558 faecal samples both from stray and owned dogs were screened and overall 24.3 % dogs were found positive for T. canis. A comparison between owned and stray dogs suggests that the higher prevalence was observed in the latter group. The age of the dogs had a considerable influence on prevalence, with a much higher proportion of younger dogs being infected. Among the stray dogs, the infection rate is much higher (62.79 %) in pups, as compared to 7.8 % in adult. Similarly, of the owned dogs screened 41.74 % pups were infected while the infection rate in adults was only 3.38 %. The higher rate of prevalence of this parasite in dogs could be the source of soil contamination for transmission of Toxocariasis which is of public health importance in this region.
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