Papers by Rafko Urankar
Arheološki vestnik/Arheološki vestnik, Jun 14, 2024
In the summer of 1998, protective excavations were carried out during the construction of a car p... more In the summer of 1998, protective excavations were carried out during the construction of a car park on Jelenov klanec in Kranj. A hoard consisting of more than 400 bronze objects was discovered in a natural niche under a conglomerate wall: weapons, tools, jewellery, sheet metal and ingots as well as iron slag and iron ore. The objects in the hoard date from the 10th to 8th century BC, when they were probably also buried. The chemical composition of the objects from the hoard, especially the shaft-hole axes, shows relatively high proportions of lead and, in a few cases, iron in the alloy. Numerous contemporary pottery finds and two bronze pins were discovered in the settlement layers near the hoard, and the skeletal grave of a newborn was found not far away.
Internet archaeology, 2024
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has paved the way for a revolution in archaeologica... more The rapid advancement of digital technologies has paved the way for a revolution in archaeological documentation. Since digital cameras, tablets, portable printers, drones, and other technical gadgets have become readily available and easily replaceable, this sensitive electronic equipment has become a much more common sight at excavation sites. In the not so distant past, information about small finds or stratigraphic units had to be documented on paper and later manually transferred into digital formats. The data was stored and processed using various programs, many of which were less than ideal for the task. Indeed, the process of digitalising the data was itself suboptimal and a source of many hours of extra work, which carried significant financial consequences. To alleviate these issues, we began developing a specialised program that would enable entering and combining data from different work phases and ultimately produce reports directly usable in final site publications. Enter Zoot, a database interface for entering and retrieving data such as lists, photos, 3D site models, small find details. It can process data, perform calculations, and prepare exports intended for further processing with more specialised programs. Zoot provides a framework for keeping track of and linking all graphical documentation (photos, drawings, models), small finds, and samples with the primary excavation documentation. In addition, it supports the direct retrieval of data for GIS and statistical processing. Most importantly, the program is a paperless solution designed to shorten the time of writing reports as it automatically generates catalogues (e.g. of small finds, graves). This enables researchers such as us faster data evaluation, and ultimately leads to more affordable and timely publications of our work.
Arheološki vestnik 75, 2024
In the summer of 1998, protective excavations were carried out during the construction of a car p... more In the summer of 1998, protective excavations were carried out during the construction of a car park on Jelenov klanec in Kranj. A hoard consisting of more than 400 bronze objects was discovered in a natural niche under a conglomerate wall: weapons, tools, jewellery, sheet metal and ingots as well as iron slag and iron ore. The objects in the hoard date from the 10th to 8th century BC, when they were probably also buried.
The chemical composition of the objects from the hoard, especially the shaft-hole axes, shows relatively high proportions of lead and, in a few cases, iron in the alloy.
Numerous contemporary pottery finds and two bronze pins were discovered in the settlement layers near the hoard, and the skeletal grave of a newborn was found not far away.
Strokovno poročilo, 2024
Izvedba geološko-geomehanskih in hidroloških raziskav v sklopu priprav na izdelavo projekta proti... more Izvedba geološko-geomehanskih in hidroloških raziskav v sklopu priprav na izdelavo projekta protipoplavne zaščite Pirana je posegla v staro mestno jedro Pirana, ki je opredeljen kot spomenik.
Raziskave so bile izvedene z vrtanjem različno globokih jedrnih vrtin. Globina je bila odvisna od nivoja
trdne geološke osnove - na območju Pirana je to nepreperel fliš. Največja globina je bila 40 m. Pred
geološkimi raziskavami so bila jedra najprej pregledana s strani arheologov, v dogovoru z geologi je
bilo vzetih tudi nekaj vzorcev. Artefaktov v jedrih nismo odkrili, zato pa je bilo več organskih ostankov,
ki so najverjetneje povezani s človeško aktivnostjo na obali. Odkrili smo jih v več vrtinah, predvsem na
dveh globinah; 10−13 m, 20−22 m in 32 m. Na plitkejšem nivoju so bili odkriti predvsem ostanki semen
in drobci lesa, na večji globini pa ostanki večjih kosov lesa (hrast, jesen). Na plitvejših nivojih pa je bilo
odkritih tudi nekaj živalskih kosti.
Organski ostanki na večjih globinah bi lahko časovno segli do približno 5 tisoč let v preteklost, ko je
bila gladina morja približno 20 m nižje. Kasneje so jih prekrili debeli nanosi morskih sedimentov (značilne
gline). Ostanki iz manjših globin pa so nekoliko mlajši, na tej globini so se usedli pred izravnavo in širjenjem priobalnega območja Pirana, ki pa tudi že sega nekaj stoletij v preteklost.
Internet Archaeology, 2024
The rapid advancement of digital technologies has paved the way for a revolution in archaeologica... more The rapid advancement of digital technologies has paved the way for a revolution in archaeological documentation. Since digital cameras, tablets, portable printers, drones, and other technical gadgets have become readily available and easily replaceable, this sensitive electronic equipment has become a much more common sight at excavation sites.
In the not so distant past, information about small finds or stratigraphic units had to be documented on paper and later manually transferred into digital formats. The data was stored and processed using various programs, many of which were less than ideal for the task. Indeed, the process of digitalising the data was itself suboptimal and a source of many hours of extra work, which carried significant financial consequences. To alleviate these issues, we began developing a specialised program that would enable entering and combining data from different work phases and ultimately produce reports directly usable in final site publications. Enter Zoot, a database interface for entering and retrieving data such as lists, photos, 3D site models, small find details. It can process data, perform calculations, and prepare exports intended for further processing with more specialised programs.
Zoot provides a framework for keeping track of and linking all graphical documentation (photos, drawings, models), small finds, and samples with the primary excavation documentation. In addition, it supports the direct retrieval of data for GIS and statistical processing. Most importantly, the program is a paperless solution designed to shorten the time of writing reports as it automatically generates catalogues (e.g. of small finds, graves). This enables researchers such as us faster data evaluation, and ultimately leads to more affordable and timely publications of our work.
Monkodonja 3, 2020
Predgovor ravnatelja Predgovor istraživača Zidni glineni dijelovi građevina i opreme iz brončanod... more Predgovor ravnatelja Predgovor istraživača Zidni glineni dijelovi građevina i opreme iz brončanodobne gradine Monkodonja, Kristina Mihovilić Analize kemijskog sastava keramičkih uzoraka zidnih dijelova građevina i opreme, kao i ukrasnih perli iz grobnice A iz Monkodonje, Tea Zubin Ferri Krušni idoli-enigmatske pločice-pločice s otiscima iz Monkodonje, Kristina Mihovilić Metalni predmeti i drugi pojedinačni nalazi od kamena, gline, kosti i veprovog zuba, Bernhard Hänsel †, Biba Teržan Kemijske analize brončanodobnih metalnih predmeta iz Monkodonje, Rafko Urankar Analiza uzorka kalupa za lijevanje metala, Vlasta Ćosović Artefakti od kosti, rogova i zuba iz rano-do srednjobrončanodobne gradine Monkodonja,
ARHEO, 2023
The article first provides an overview of the theoretical
principles essential to the development... more The article first provides an overview of the theoretical
principles essential to the development of the methodology and
documentation of archaeological excavations. The same principles
have underpinned the digital documentation system designed and
used by the company PJP d.o.o. and the Celje Regional Museum.
In particular, the article focuses on the custom-made digital
documentation software solution, its continued development, the
associated database, and the introduction of new documentation
methods (photogrammetry, 3D models). The database and 3D
documentation procedures have been designed to facilitate use in
GIS software, which is increasingly gaining importance beyond
mere visualisation. Besides minimising the time required for postexcavation procedures, such an approach improves the quality
(accuracy, reliability) of the interpretation. Furthermore, it allows
a reconstruction of the excavation site and each individual phase.
Digital documentation procedures yield large amounts of data
which, in essence, are a transformed version of the cultural heritage
that was destroyed in the process. In this sense, the data itself
becomes cultural heritage and as such must be handled carefully
in its own right
Chronique des activités archéologiques de l’École française de Rome, 2014
Chronique des activités archéologiques de l'École française de Rome Les cités vésuviennes | 2014
Chronique des activités archéologiques de l’École française de Rome, 2014
Books (AAS) by Rafko Urankar
Arheologija na avtocestah Slovenije, 2022
V publikaciji predstavljeno rimskodobno grobišče je del neviodunskega grobišča ob lokalni cesti, ... more V publikaciji predstavljeno rimskodobno grobišče je del neviodunskega grobišča ob lokalni cesti, ki je vodila v mesto z jugovzhoda. Odkrito grobišče, bi lahko glede na lego grobov razdelili v tri večje skupine. V prvo skupino smo vključili grobove, ki so se nahajali v liniji, dobrih 8 m vzhodno od rimske ceste. V tej skupini je bil pokop najmanj enoten, saj so bile odkrite tako zidane grobnice, grobovi v kamnitih skrinjah kot tudi skeletni ter žgani pokop v preprosti grobni jami. V drugo skupino avtorji uvrščajo zidane grobnice, ki so ležale ca. 100 m proti jugovzhodu. Tudi te so ležale v liniji, prav tako pa so imele vhode obrnjene pravokotno na rimsko cesto. Oddaljenost in linijska razporeditev druge skupine glede na prvo daje slutiti, da so bili grobovi organizirani v več vzporednih vrstah in so se prilagajali konfiguraciji terena ter poteku rimske ceste. Tretjo skupino predstavljajo tri grobnice manjših dimenzij, ki so bile zgrajene iz lomljenega kamna in znotraj ometane ter ohranjene skoraj v celoti. Tudi te so ležale v liniji, vendar je imela ta skupina vhode postavljene na severno stran, torej vzporedno z rimsko cesto. Oddaljenost, manjši proporci ter usmerjenost vhoda nakazujejo na neko spremembo organizacije te skupine.
Večino grobov bi namreč na podlagi grobnega inventarja lahko časovno umestili v 2. in 3. stoletje, dve grobnici pa sodita 3. oziroma 4. stoletja.
Vzhodno od ceste so bile odkrite sledi parov stojk, ki predstavljajo ostanke lesene konstrukcije, ki jo avtorji interpretirajo kot leseno konstrukcijo vodovoda oziroma akvedukta, ki je v Neviodun vodil iz stalnega izvira pod Grojanci, danes v vasi Izvir pod Gorjanci.
Na Škofijskem je bilo odkrito arheološko najdišče Kortinca. Zgornji del raziskanega terena je bil... more Na Škofijskem je bilo odkrito arheološko najdišče Kortinca. Zgornji del raziskanega terena je bil nekdaj terasiran, terase pa podprte s kakovostno grajenimi zidovi. Pravokotno na terase je potekala trasa novoveške ceste. V izkopanih sondah pravokotno na terase in v vmesnih razširjenih izkopih je bilo razbrati, da so terase plod novodobnih agrarnih posegov. Po pobočju so bile trasirane poljske poti, v preoranih plasteh pa odkriti razpršeni odlomki antične in novoveške lončenine ter opek. Ob zahodnem vznožju pobočja na flišni geološki podlagi ohranil suhozidni temelj, usmerjen pravokotno na nekdanji potek pobočja (današnji nagib terena precej odstopa od naklona geoloških plasti), v katerem so bili vgrajeni kosi rimskih tegul. Flišna osnova v njegovi okolici je bila izravnana, tako da je predstavljala hodno podlago. V preoranih tleh se je ohranila skromna količina fragmentov rimskega gradbenega materiala in lončenine.
Sodeč po gostoti odkritih lokacij in naravi je v tem času zaledje Sermina doživelo gospodarski razcvet in romanizacijo, ki pa je v največji meri zaživela po prestavitvi meje na Rašo, ko je bil ta teritorij vključen v ager Tergesta. V tem času so se na prisojnih obronkih, ki so nudili kakovostno kmetijsko podlago, nadzor nad morjem in cesto Via Flavia vrstile rimske villae. Obstoj ene takšnih smemo predvideti tudi na novoodkritem najdišču Kortinca pri Spodnjih Škofijah, kjer gre na območju izvedenih izkopavanj sicer le za območje domnevne kmetijske rabe te enote.
Books (Monografije CPA) by Rafko Urankar
Monografije CPA, 2021
V sklopu gradbenih del pri preureditvi severnega dvorišča gradu Kieselstein (Khislstein) v Kranju... more V sklopu gradbenih del pri preureditvi severnega dvorišča gradu Kieselstein (Khislstein) v Kranju so v letih 2008 in 2009 potekale obsežne arheološke raziskave. V knjigi so predstavljeni izsledki izkopavanj, ki so podprti z analizami drobnih najdb in vzorcev, opravljenih v poterenski fazi raziskav.
Najstarejše najdbe in gradbeni ostanki sodijo v čas prehoda iz pozne bronaste v železno dobo. Nato je videti, da je poselitev tega dela Kranja do konca mlajše železne dobe zamrla.
Prve zidane stavbe so bile rimskodobne, od takrat pa je bilo območje severnega dvorišča gradu intenzivno v uporabi do današnjih dni.
Obdelava gradiva je bila razdeljena na tri časovno ločene sklope: prazgodovina, rimski čas in novi vek. Opravljene so bile obsežne tipološke in tehnološke analize lončenine. Največ gradiva izhaja iz dveh jam, v katerih so bili odkriti polizdelki in izmet iz keramične delavnice, ki je na tem prostoru delovala v 16. stoletju, proizvajala pa je cel spekter lončenine od pečnic do finega posodja.
Conference presentations by Rafko Urankar
Znanstveni skup Hrvatskog arheološkog društva: Tisućljeća među rijekama - arheologija međurječja
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Papers by Rafko Urankar
The chemical composition of the objects from the hoard, especially the shaft-hole axes, shows relatively high proportions of lead and, in a few cases, iron in the alloy.
Numerous contemporary pottery finds and two bronze pins were discovered in the settlement layers near the hoard, and the skeletal grave of a newborn was found not far away.
Raziskave so bile izvedene z vrtanjem različno globokih jedrnih vrtin. Globina je bila odvisna od nivoja
trdne geološke osnove - na območju Pirana je to nepreperel fliš. Največja globina je bila 40 m. Pred
geološkimi raziskavami so bila jedra najprej pregledana s strani arheologov, v dogovoru z geologi je
bilo vzetih tudi nekaj vzorcev. Artefaktov v jedrih nismo odkrili, zato pa je bilo več organskih ostankov,
ki so najverjetneje povezani s človeško aktivnostjo na obali. Odkrili smo jih v več vrtinah, predvsem na
dveh globinah; 10−13 m, 20−22 m in 32 m. Na plitkejšem nivoju so bili odkriti predvsem ostanki semen
in drobci lesa, na večji globini pa ostanki večjih kosov lesa (hrast, jesen). Na plitvejših nivojih pa je bilo
odkritih tudi nekaj živalskih kosti.
Organski ostanki na večjih globinah bi lahko časovno segli do približno 5 tisoč let v preteklost, ko je
bila gladina morja približno 20 m nižje. Kasneje so jih prekrili debeli nanosi morskih sedimentov (značilne
gline). Ostanki iz manjših globin pa so nekoliko mlajši, na tej globini so se usedli pred izravnavo in širjenjem priobalnega območja Pirana, ki pa tudi že sega nekaj stoletij v preteklost.
In the not so distant past, information about small finds or stratigraphic units had to be documented on paper and later manually transferred into digital formats. The data was stored and processed using various programs, many of which were less than ideal for the task. Indeed, the process of digitalising the data was itself suboptimal and a source of many hours of extra work, which carried significant financial consequences. To alleviate these issues, we began developing a specialised program that would enable entering and combining data from different work phases and ultimately produce reports directly usable in final site publications. Enter Zoot, a database interface for entering and retrieving data such as lists, photos, 3D site models, small find details. It can process data, perform calculations, and prepare exports intended for further processing with more specialised programs.
Zoot provides a framework for keeping track of and linking all graphical documentation (photos, drawings, models), small finds, and samples with the primary excavation documentation. In addition, it supports the direct retrieval of data for GIS and statistical processing. Most importantly, the program is a paperless solution designed to shorten the time of writing reports as it automatically generates catalogues (e.g. of small finds, graves). This enables researchers such as us faster data evaluation, and ultimately leads to more affordable and timely publications of our work.
principles essential to the development of the methodology and
documentation of archaeological excavations. The same principles
have underpinned the digital documentation system designed and
used by the company PJP d.o.o. and the Celje Regional Museum.
In particular, the article focuses on the custom-made digital
documentation software solution, its continued development, the
associated database, and the introduction of new documentation
methods (photogrammetry, 3D models). The database and 3D
documentation procedures have been designed to facilitate use in
GIS software, which is increasingly gaining importance beyond
mere visualisation. Besides minimising the time required for postexcavation procedures, such an approach improves the quality
(accuracy, reliability) of the interpretation. Furthermore, it allows
a reconstruction of the excavation site and each individual phase.
Digital documentation procedures yield large amounts of data
which, in essence, are a transformed version of the cultural heritage
that was destroyed in the process. In this sense, the data itself
becomes cultural heritage and as such must be handled carefully
in its own right
Books (AAS) by Rafko Urankar
Večino grobov bi namreč na podlagi grobnega inventarja lahko časovno umestili v 2. in 3. stoletje, dve grobnici pa sodita 3. oziroma 4. stoletja.
Vzhodno od ceste so bile odkrite sledi parov stojk, ki predstavljajo ostanke lesene konstrukcije, ki jo avtorji interpretirajo kot leseno konstrukcijo vodovoda oziroma akvedukta, ki je v Neviodun vodil iz stalnega izvira pod Grojanci, danes v vasi Izvir pod Gorjanci.
Sodeč po gostoti odkritih lokacij in naravi je v tem času zaledje Sermina doživelo gospodarski razcvet in romanizacijo, ki pa je v največji meri zaživela po prestavitvi meje na Rašo, ko je bil ta teritorij vključen v ager Tergesta. V tem času so se na prisojnih obronkih, ki so nudili kakovostno kmetijsko podlago, nadzor nad morjem in cesto Via Flavia vrstile rimske villae. Obstoj ene takšnih smemo predvideti tudi na novoodkritem najdišču Kortinca pri Spodnjih Škofijah, kjer gre na območju izvedenih izkopavanj sicer le za območje domnevne kmetijske rabe te enote.
Books (Monografije CPA) by Rafko Urankar
Najstarejše najdbe in gradbeni ostanki sodijo v čas prehoda iz pozne bronaste v železno dobo. Nato je videti, da je poselitev tega dela Kranja do konca mlajše železne dobe zamrla.
Prve zidane stavbe so bile rimskodobne, od takrat pa je bilo območje severnega dvorišča gradu intenzivno v uporabi do današnjih dni.
Obdelava gradiva je bila razdeljena na tri časovno ločene sklope: prazgodovina, rimski čas in novi vek. Opravljene so bile obsežne tipološke in tehnološke analize lončenine. Največ gradiva izhaja iz dveh jam, v katerih so bili odkriti polizdelki in izmet iz keramične delavnice, ki je na tem prostoru delovala v 16. stoletju, proizvajala pa je cel spekter lončenine od pečnic do finega posodja.
Conference presentations by Rafko Urankar
The chemical composition of the objects from the hoard, especially the shaft-hole axes, shows relatively high proportions of lead and, in a few cases, iron in the alloy.
Numerous contemporary pottery finds and two bronze pins were discovered in the settlement layers near the hoard, and the skeletal grave of a newborn was found not far away.
Raziskave so bile izvedene z vrtanjem različno globokih jedrnih vrtin. Globina je bila odvisna od nivoja
trdne geološke osnove - na območju Pirana je to nepreperel fliš. Največja globina je bila 40 m. Pred
geološkimi raziskavami so bila jedra najprej pregledana s strani arheologov, v dogovoru z geologi je
bilo vzetih tudi nekaj vzorcev. Artefaktov v jedrih nismo odkrili, zato pa je bilo več organskih ostankov,
ki so najverjetneje povezani s človeško aktivnostjo na obali. Odkrili smo jih v več vrtinah, predvsem na
dveh globinah; 10−13 m, 20−22 m in 32 m. Na plitkejšem nivoju so bili odkriti predvsem ostanki semen
in drobci lesa, na večji globini pa ostanki večjih kosov lesa (hrast, jesen). Na plitvejših nivojih pa je bilo
odkritih tudi nekaj živalskih kosti.
Organski ostanki na večjih globinah bi lahko časovno segli do približno 5 tisoč let v preteklost, ko je
bila gladina morja približno 20 m nižje. Kasneje so jih prekrili debeli nanosi morskih sedimentov (značilne
gline). Ostanki iz manjših globin pa so nekoliko mlajši, na tej globini so se usedli pred izravnavo in širjenjem priobalnega območja Pirana, ki pa tudi že sega nekaj stoletij v preteklost.
In the not so distant past, information about small finds or stratigraphic units had to be documented on paper and later manually transferred into digital formats. The data was stored and processed using various programs, many of which were less than ideal for the task. Indeed, the process of digitalising the data was itself suboptimal and a source of many hours of extra work, which carried significant financial consequences. To alleviate these issues, we began developing a specialised program that would enable entering and combining data from different work phases and ultimately produce reports directly usable in final site publications. Enter Zoot, a database interface for entering and retrieving data such as lists, photos, 3D site models, small find details. It can process data, perform calculations, and prepare exports intended for further processing with more specialised programs.
Zoot provides a framework for keeping track of and linking all graphical documentation (photos, drawings, models), small finds, and samples with the primary excavation documentation. In addition, it supports the direct retrieval of data for GIS and statistical processing. Most importantly, the program is a paperless solution designed to shorten the time of writing reports as it automatically generates catalogues (e.g. of small finds, graves). This enables researchers such as us faster data evaluation, and ultimately leads to more affordable and timely publications of our work.
principles essential to the development of the methodology and
documentation of archaeological excavations. The same principles
have underpinned the digital documentation system designed and
used by the company PJP d.o.o. and the Celje Regional Museum.
In particular, the article focuses on the custom-made digital
documentation software solution, its continued development, the
associated database, and the introduction of new documentation
methods (photogrammetry, 3D models). The database and 3D
documentation procedures have been designed to facilitate use in
GIS software, which is increasingly gaining importance beyond
mere visualisation. Besides minimising the time required for postexcavation procedures, such an approach improves the quality
(accuracy, reliability) of the interpretation. Furthermore, it allows
a reconstruction of the excavation site and each individual phase.
Digital documentation procedures yield large amounts of data
which, in essence, are a transformed version of the cultural heritage
that was destroyed in the process. In this sense, the data itself
becomes cultural heritage and as such must be handled carefully
in its own right
Večino grobov bi namreč na podlagi grobnega inventarja lahko časovno umestili v 2. in 3. stoletje, dve grobnici pa sodita 3. oziroma 4. stoletja.
Vzhodno od ceste so bile odkrite sledi parov stojk, ki predstavljajo ostanke lesene konstrukcije, ki jo avtorji interpretirajo kot leseno konstrukcijo vodovoda oziroma akvedukta, ki je v Neviodun vodil iz stalnega izvira pod Grojanci, danes v vasi Izvir pod Gorjanci.
Sodeč po gostoti odkritih lokacij in naravi je v tem času zaledje Sermina doživelo gospodarski razcvet in romanizacijo, ki pa je v največji meri zaživela po prestavitvi meje na Rašo, ko je bil ta teritorij vključen v ager Tergesta. V tem času so se na prisojnih obronkih, ki so nudili kakovostno kmetijsko podlago, nadzor nad morjem in cesto Via Flavia vrstile rimske villae. Obstoj ene takšnih smemo predvideti tudi na novoodkritem najdišču Kortinca pri Spodnjih Škofijah, kjer gre na območju izvedenih izkopavanj sicer le za območje domnevne kmetijske rabe te enote.
Najstarejše najdbe in gradbeni ostanki sodijo v čas prehoda iz pozne bronaste v železno dobo. Nato je videti, da je poselitev tega dela Kranja do konca mlajše železne dobe zamrla.
Prve zidane stavbe so bile rimskodobne, od takrat pa je bilo območje severnega dvorišča gradu intenzivno v uporabi do današnjih dni.
Obdelava gradiva je bila razdeljena na tri časovno ločene sklope: prazgodovina, rimski čas in novi vek. Opravljene so bile obsežne tipološke in tehnološke analize lončenine. Največ gradiva izhaja iz dveh jam, v katerih so bili odkriti polizdelki in izmet iz keramične delavnice, ki je na tem prostoru delovala v 16. stoletju, proizvajala pa je cel spekter lončenine od pečnic do finega posodja.