Papers by palani chamy
Shanlax International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2018
The handloom industry is one of the most ancient cottage industries in Salem district of Tamil Na... more The handloom industry is one of the most ancient cottage industries in Salem district of Tamil Nadu. Next to agriculture hand-loom weaving is considered the most important industry in Tamil Nadu as well as India. In Salem district the chief industry was weaving, which was carried on in almost every large town or village, and the weavers of Salem and Ghazipur are especially noted above mentioned the period. 1 The textile cottage industry includes cotton, silk, and bleaching, dying, finishing, hosiery, lace embroidery, silk reeling, silk twisting. It was the chief means of livelihood to people who entirely depend upon it. The word "textile" is derived from the Latin word "Texere" meaning to weave and originally applied only to woven fabrics. 2 The Handloom sector plays an important role in state economy. Weaving is the basic process among the various manufacturing stages of handloom clothes. It is defined as a frame for weaving equipped with some wooden devices. The sound of the handloom is the music of rural home. In the process of weaving the handloom weavers achieve harmony of motion and rhythms in this region. It is important both as an urban and a rural industry, giving employment to thousands of men, women and children of all communities. 3 The term 'hand-loom weaving' has a wide connotation. It comprises weaving of fabrics of cotton, silk, wool, coir and cora-grass, weaving in each of them obtaining in such areas as there is natural facilities. Woolen spinning and weaving as cottage industries are found in many districts of Madras Presidency. But all these can never equal either in magnitude or value the cotton textile home industry. 4 the importance of the cotton textile industry cannot be exaggerated. The three main human physical needs are food, clothing and shelter; while agriculture provides all of them in a sense; it is the cotton textile industry that supplies the bulk of the cloth required. Cotton is the natural clothing of the people of Tamil Nadu as well as in India. It was the rapid growth of mills still maintains its own and consumes more than a fourth of the yarn available for hand-looms in India. 5 The Handloom weaving industry of India is still of great importance in the natural economy and has up to the present shown remarkable vitality in the face of competition with factory products. It is remain in Salem district of Tamil Nadu the form of village industry and there is no immediate reason to fear its decline under the colonial rule. Konard Specker has written in his article "Madras Handlooms in the nineteenth century" it deals about both the number of looms in operation and the number of weavers underwent an increase over the preceding 25 years. Similarly, in 1871, the number of looms had increased by at least 20-25 per cent since the latter half of the 1850s. He has given the data in district wise in the Madras Presidency. He has also discussed the development of the handloom industry in urban and rural areas of Madras Presidency in districtwise after 1850s. 6 In the year 1856-1857, the average of total number of looms both urban and rural areas of Salem district was 15,068, in urban areas (6840 looms) and in rural areas (8228 looms). In the year 1869-1870, the number of looms at work was 18,981. This was increased by 3913 looms in urban and rural areas of this district. 7 In 1883, the Board of Revenue, in order to assess the extent of dyeing conducted a survey in which we find some references to the weavers. C.D. Macleane, the Acting Collector of Salem, in his report said,
Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2018
The commercialization of India agriculture was initiated by the British through their direct and ... more The commercialization of India agriculture was initiated by the British through their direct and indirect policies and political activities in India. It has an important feature of the emergence and consolidation of capitalism. The commercialization of agricultural products leads new trends in Indian economy as well as the international market with other countries. David Ludden has pointed out that the nineteen-century industrialization made much of the world Europe's agricultural hinterland. Industry escalated European demand for peasant crops, among which cotton assumed overwhelming importance as a raw material for English cloth manufacture. At the same time, industrial technologies enabled Europeans to expand and tighten their political power in strategic corners of the world economy, thus to secure markets and improve their terms of trade. Peasants and merchants of South India participated enthusiastically in the worldwide expansion in agricultural commodity production that accompanied European industrialization.
South Indian History Congress, 2022
Irrigation is played an important role for agriculture production in India. the British Indian Go... more Irrigation is played an important role for agriculture production in India. the British Indian Government always depend upon state revenue policy, therefore to increase the revenue means through constructing new dams and stored water during the raining season and distributing water to the agricultural production. Hence the land use has been increased for agricultural crop production. Therefore more uncultivable land brought for cultivation and imposed more tax on punjaimel nanjai.Besides the British officials have been collected more revenue from all ryotwari villages and Zamindari estates too. This article is discussed about the development of Irrigation in Chingleput district of Madras Presidency.
Paper Presented in 81 st Session of the Indian History Congress, 2023
The study of the ‘Land rights’ in medieval south India is mainly attributed to the Epigraphists w... more The study of the ‘Land rights’ in medieval south India is mainly attributed to the Epigraphists who discreetly have studied the text of the inscriptions found on the walls of the temples in south India. They have made valuable comments and interpretations upon the Chola epigraphic evidences. The comments and the interpretations made by them are quite useful to the scholars for research work. The scholars of South India in the beginning gave importance to brahmadeya and devadana land rights. The present study focused on Land Rights and Agrarian System in Puducherry Region during the Chola Period
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The study of the ‘Land rights’ in medieval south India is mainly attributed to the Epigraphists w... more The study of the ‘Land rights’ in medieval south India is mainly attributed to the Epigraphists who discreetly have studied the text of the inscriptions found on the walls of the temples in south India. They have made valuable comments and interpretations upon the Chola epigraphic evidences. The comments and the interpretations made by them are quite useful to the scholars for research work. The scholars of South India in the beginning gave importance to brahmadeya and devadana land rights. The present study focused on Land Rights and Agrarian System in Puducherry Region during the Chola Period
The Indian Express, 2020
Goddess of Misfortune discovered in Karaiyankadu near Semmedu in Kolli Hills. She was worshiped b... more Goddess of Misfortune discovered in Karaiyankadu near Semmedu in Kolli Hills. She was worshiped by the native people during the rule of Uthama Chola in this region. After the development of Bakti Movement it was kept away from the village. The deity was placed top of the Hill out side of the village Karaiyankadu.
Indian Express, 2020
Jyeshta Devi, the Goddess of Misfortune discovered in Kolli Hills. It is belongs to the 10th cent... more Jyeshta Devi, the Goddess of Misfortune discovered in Kolli Hills. It is belongs to the 10th century idol. The Malaiyali Tribes of Kolli Hills was worshiped earlier, but the growth of Bakti Movement like the Saivism and Vaisnavism, the Jyesta worship was neglected and kept away from the village Karaiyankadu near Semmedu in Kolli hills of Namakkal District.
Nil, 2019
Railway way played vital role in South Arcot district of Madras Presidency which links all over I... more Railway way played vital role in South Arcot district of Madras Presidency which links all over India Geographically and also people were migrated one place to another in easier way. This article deals about Railways development in this region in two ways one is for military and another one is the purpose of commercial transportation. Most of the agricultural production including foodgrains were exported to other countries .Therefore most of the indigenous people were suffered without foodgrains after the development of railways in this region.
JMC, 2018
Commercialisation of agriculture was enriched during the British rule in India particularly in So... more Commercialisation of agriculture was enriched during the British rule in India particularly in South India. This article is focus of commercialisation of agriculture particularly in Tiruchirappalli district under the British Rule in Madras Presidency, The British imposed the land owners to cultivate cash crop in this region and convert them in to money. Otherwise, the British collected all the crops and exported to foreign countries to sell in the market and made in money value and lived their in luxuries life. This was pushed back the land owners because of they were not able to spend more money for purchasing seeds and cultivating cash crop properly.
Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2019
Handloom weavers were well settled in Salem District, they were properly worked pre-colonial pedi... more Handloom weavers were well settled in Salem District, they were properly worked pre-colonial pediod then they were shifted as a worker of English East India Company during the Colonial Rule. Under the colonial government their position was very pathetic condition, their masters never provide payment of advance and also rugular work. Therefore, their handloom industry was declined during 18th century.
Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities, 2018
The commercialization of agricultural products leads new trends in Indian economy as well as the ... more The commercialization of agricultural products leads new trends in Indian economy as well as the international market with other countries. Commercialization of agriculture was major change brought by the Colonial Rulers. New crops and other industry based products were being produced for the market and not only for local consumption. Therefore, in Salem district, the big land holding communities and small peasants were involved cultivating commercial crops like cotton, sugarcane, groundnut, indigo and tobacco etc from mid 19th century to first half of the 20th century. Cotton and cotton yarn was more demand to the British textile industry in England during the American Civil War (1861-1865), therefore, it witnessed to export cotton from India. In addition, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 made bulk shipment of food grains and commercial crops were sent to European Markets.
Thesis Chapters by palani chamy
Thesis, 2009
Introduction of Railways in South Arcot district was a rapid change under the British rule. Every... more Introduction of Railways in South Arcot district was a rapid change under the British rule. Every railway station was setup a market centre, it was easily export to the coastal port towns like Madras, Cuddalore, Porto Novo and the west coastal areas of Malabar Coast and Bombay. Most of the rural areas have been changes as an urban centres after the development of railways in this region. This district was flourished as a urban centres over the period. Therefore, there was a changes of social and economic life of the people in this region.
Conference Presentations by palani chamy
South Indian History Congress , 2009
In the initial stage of the colonial rule in South India in the late eighteenth century the Briti... more In the initial stage of the colonial rule in South India in the late eighteenth century the British administrators found the people called Nattar in some parts of their newly acquired areas. In Madras Presidency Nattars were mostly found in the districts of Chengalpattu (in English Chingleput), North Arcot, South Arcot, and Tiruchirappalli regions. Nattar as revenue officer, Zamikndar, Caste headman, others they simply or purposely neglected Nattar. The chief of the Nadu were called as Nattars, who were the leaders of spokesmen of the dominant ethnic groups within it. The Nattars were the ruling class with the power and authority to manage resources, and were differentiated from other people in many ways. In South Arcot district particularly in Tiruvendipuram in Cuddalore taluk, Nattars were played vital role for the religious, social, economic, and commercial activities. They were served for the religious and ritual ceremonies, collecting revenue taxes from their gaents or cultivating caste groups. These taxes were paid to the government shares, remaining the revenue tax they were enjoyed by themselves. In the 19th century their Socio-economic conditions are changed and they were enjoyed all privileges.
South Indian History Congress Proceedings, 2008
The commercialization of the agricultural economy and the expansion of long-distance trade in pri... more The commercialization of the agricultural economy and the expansion of long-distance trade in primary produce put new demands on the rural credit market. This was modernization of the heavy revenue demand and the timing of its collection in such a way as to require a massive expansion in rural credit and money lending by professional lenders and rich peasants. The British officials were encouraged peasants to cultivate commercial crops or cash crops for marketable in the foreign countries or overseas trading activities. In this connection South Arcot district is played a vital role for producing commercial crops such as, cotton, indigo, groundnut, sugarcane, tobacco etc. Commercialisation can be defined as a process where peasants start producing primarily for sale in distant markets, rather than to meet their own need for food or to sell in local market. The cultivation of commercial crops in South Arcot district such as: cotton, groundnut, indigo, sugarcane, tobacco etc. The process of commercialization of agriculture was beneficial only to the rich peasantry tends to ignore the differential impact of these cyclical fluctuations in prices as also conjectural factors of the peasantry. In the long run, commercialization could encourage or force the production of cash crops, and thus reduce the availability of food stock at home, and made famines more frequent and more severs. The prices of food grains were high. This was affected life of the people in rural areas. Real wages did not fall in the nineteenth century. So there was no significant change in the purchasing power of the poor people of this region.
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Papers by palani chamy
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Conference Presentations by palani chamy