ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate seed development and quality of mung bean under ... more ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate seed development and quality of mung bean under salt stress with exogenous application of salicylic acid and silicon. Seeds were harvested at 15, 22, 29, 36 and 43 days after flowering. Increasing salinity and application of salicylic acid (SA) to mother plants resulted in earlier achievement of high seed quality. In most cases, maximum seed quality as measured by electrical conductivity of seed leachates, normal germination percentage, germination rate and seedling dry weight was obtained 2-11 days after mass maturity (end of seed filling phase). However, application of SA stimulated seed development under severe salt stress and consequently maximum germination rate and seedling dry weight were attained at about mass maturity. Maximum seed weight and quality were obtained from plants that sprayed with SA under both saline and non-saline conditions. Application of silicon and especially SA improved seed physiological quality (germination and vigour) under salt stress. This improvement in seed quality was associated with increasing K+ and decreasing Na+ accumulation in seeds. Therefore, foliar application of silicon and SA can improve seed quality of mung bean under saline conditions.
ABSTRACT The ameliorative effect of salicilic (SA) and silicon (Si) on photosystem II (PSII) acti... more ABSTRACT The ameliorative effect of salicilic (SA) and silicon (Si) on photosystem II (PSII) activity of mung bean plant under salt stress (control, 3, 6, and 9 dS/m) was studied by chlorophyll a fluorescence measurement. Results showed that Na + accumulation decreased, but K + accumulation increased in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) leaves by application of Si and especially SA, leading to improvement in PSII activity under salinity. Initial fluorescence (F 0) and energy necessary for the closure of all reaction centres (S m) were increased with increasing salt levels. Exogenous foliar application of SA and Si decreased initial fluorescence (F 0) and increased photosynthesis relative vitality (PI). Maximum fluorescence (F m), variable fluorescence (F v), the activity of the water-splitting complex on the donor side of the PSII (proportional to F v/F 0) and the average redox state of QA in the time span from 0 to T fm (S m/T fm) were also enhanced by foliar application of SA. Exogenous application of SA improved maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F v/F m) and performance index (PI) under both saline and non-saline conditions. Increasing in the size of the plastoquinone pool (Area) was much greater for SA than that for Si treated plants. It was concluded that foliar application of Si and SA in particular could play a key role in salt stress tolerance of mung bean plants.
The current research was carried out to investigate field performance of three maize cultivars (S... more The current research was carried out to investigate field performance of three maize cultivars (S 704 , BC 678 and H 500) under non-stressed (performing 50 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and stressed (performing 90 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) conditions at grain filling phase. Results showed that water stress during grain filling stage mainly had effects on grain weight rather than grain number per plant. Grain depth in cob and cob diameter under non-stressed condition was higher than those of water stressed condition, indicating that grain volume and especially grain yield were decreased by increasing waster stress. Maximum grain yield (7.3 ton/ha) was obtained by S 704 in comparison with other cultivars (6.6 and 6.5 ton/ha for BC 678 and H 500 , respectively). Superiority of S 704 was attributed to be more of 100 grain weight, row number per cob, grain number per cob, cob diameter and cob weight. This research suggests that there is considerable vari...
The ameliorative effect of fulvic acid (0, 300, and 600 mg L −1) on photosystem II and antioxidan... more The ameliorative effect of fulvic acid (0, 300, and 600 mg L −1) on photosystem II and antioxidant enzyme activity of the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plant under water stress (60, 100, and 140 mm evaporation from class A pan) was studied using split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that application of fulvic acid (FA) improved the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F v /F m) and performance index (PI) of plants under both well-watered and limited-water conditions. The time span from F o to F m and the energy necessary for the closure of all reaction centers was significantly increased, but the size of the plastoquinone pool was reduced with increasing water stress levels. Plants treated with FA had higher peroxidase and catalase activities under all irrigation conditions. Activities of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in plants increased with increasing water stress. Malondialdehyde increased under severe water stress, but application of FA significantly decreased lipid peroxidation. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common phenomenon in plants under stress. Under this condition, the balance between the production of ROS and the quenching activity of antioxidants is upset, often resulting in oxidative damage. In this study, application of FA significantly increased fluorescence of chlorophyll a, inhibiting ROS production and enhancing antioxidant enzymes activity that destroyed ROS. Thus, ROS in plant cells was reduced under water stress by application of FA and consequently lipid peroxidation was reduced.
This study examines the effects of humic acid (HA, control, 3 and 6 mg/L) on some biochemical and... more This study examines the effects of humic acid (HA, control, 3 and 6 mg/L) on some biochemical and physiological parameters of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plants under different water supply conditions (60, 100, and 140 mm evaporation from class A pan). Water stress decreased chlorophyll a (Chl a) and total chlorophyll (Chl T) content in plants but proline content partly increased with increasing water stress severity. Plants treated by HA had more Chl a and Chl T content under both well and limited water conditions. Appli cation of HA improved the PSII and peroxidase activity of rapeseed plants under all irrigation treatments. Ascorbate peroxidase activity under severe water stress condition increased by 70 and 95%, compared with that under moderate and well watering conditions, respectively. Catalase activity was 51 and 69% less under well watering than that of moderate and severe water stress conditions, respectively. The highest activity of ascorbate peroxidase was recorded in plants treated by 6 mg/L HA. HA treated plants had 42, 8.5, and 15% more soluble protein content under well watering, moderate and severe water stress conditions, respectively, compared with control plants. Malondialdehyde increased with increasing the severity of water stress, in con trast, application of HA significantly reduced the amount of this trait under water stress conditions. It was shown that application of HA increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, improved PSII activity and con sequently decreased lipid peroxidation in rapeseed plants.
A field experiment was carried out as split plot based on RCB design with four replications in 20... more A field experiment was carried out as split plot based on RCB design with four replications in 2011 to assess the effects of different irrigation treatments (I1, I2, I3 and I4: well-watering on the bases of 70 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation disruptions during flowering, during grain filling and during flowering and grain filling stages, respectively) on some physiological traits and grain yield of three soybean cultivars (Clark, Williams and L17). Results showed that with increasing water stress, leaf temperature increased, while chlorophyll content index, quantum yield of the PSII (Fv/Fm) and grain yield decreased. Maximum leaf temperature and minimum chlorophyll content were observed under water stress. Maximum reduction in Fv/Fm and grain yield per unit area was observed when plants were subjected to water stress during flowering and grain filling stages (I4). Williams produced the highest grain yield per unit area, which related with higher leaf chlorophyll conte...
A split-split plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design was carried out to... more A split-split plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design was carried out to investigate the effects of different irrigation treatments (I 1 , I 2 , I 3 and I 4 : well-watering on the bases of 70 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation disruptions at flowering, grain filling and during flowering and grain filling stages, respectively) in main plots on oil and protein content of three soybean cultivars (Clark, Williams and L 17) in sub-plots at different pod positions (upper, lower and middle parts of the canopy) in sub-sub-plots. The results showed that with increasing water stress at reproductive stages protein percentage was increased, but oil percentage was decreased. Grain yield and protein and oil amounts per grain and yields per unit area were also decreased as a consequence of water limitation. Maximum oil and protein percentage were recorded for grains produced under I 2 and I 4 , respectively. The superiority of Williams in protein amount per gra...
A split plot experiment on the basis of RCB design with four replications was conducted in 2011, ... more A split plot experiment on the basis of RCB design with four replications was conducted in 2011, to investigate the effects of different irrigation treatments (I1, I2, I3 and I4: well-watering after 70 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation disruptions during flowering, during grain filling and during flowering and grain filling stages, respectively) on ground cover and yield of three soybean cultivars (Clark, Williams and L17). Water stress at reproductive stages reduced percentage and duration of ground cover, plant biomass, pods per plant, grains per plant, mean grain weight, harvest index and grain yield per unit area. However, grains per pod did not differ significantly among irrigation treatments. Reduction in grain yield was increased with increasing duration of water stress at reproductive stages. Williams was a superior cultivar in ground cover, plant biomass, mean 100 grain weight and grain yield per unit area. Interaction of cultivar × irrigation was not significa...
Water is a limited resource and is likely to become even more restricted with climate change. The... more Water is a limited resource and is likely to become even more restricted with climate change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of humic acid (HA) applications on photosynthesis efficiency of rapeseed plants under different watering conditions. Water stress strongly increased electron transport flux, probability that trapped excitation can move an electron into the electron transport chain beyond Q A , and quantum yield of reduction of end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side. Application of HA decreased the values of these parameters to be similar to those of non-stress conditions. We found that, the application of HA improved plants net photosynthesis under water stress via increasing the rate of gas exchange and electron transport flux in plants.
Two experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014, to investigate changes in grain filling rate (... more Two experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014, to investigate changes in grain filling rate (GFR), grain filling duration (GFD) and yield of mung bean in response to salicylic acid (SA) and silicon (Si) under salt stress (0, 3, 6 and 9 dS m ¡1). In experiment 1, four levels of SA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM), but in experiment 2, two levels of SA (0 and 1 mM) and Si (0 and 2 mM) were applied. In experiment 1, GFR, GFD, yield components, biological and grain yields and harvest index were decreased with increasing salt stress. Application of different levels of SA, especially 1 mM, increased GFR, but decreased GFD. In experiment 2, GFD under salinity was shorter than that under non-saline condition, resulting in comparatively smaller grains. Application of Si and particularly SA accelerated grain development under all salinity treatments. The superiority of SA treated plants in GFR, grain weight and grains per plant resulted in greater grain yield per plant under saline and non-saline conditions.
A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different irrigation treatments ... more A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different irrigation treatments (I 1, I2, I3 and I4: well-watering on the bases of 70 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation disruptions at flowering, seed filling and during flowering and seed filling stages, respectively) and pod positions (upper, lower and middle parts of the canopy) on seed quality of three soybean cultivars (Clark, Williams and L17). Seed quality as determined by seed weight, electrical conductivity of seed leachates, viability and germination percentages, germination rate and seedling dry weight significantly reduced for seeds produced under I3 and I4. Significant differences in mean seed weight, viability, electrical conductivity and germination rate among soybean cultivars under different irrigation treatments were attributed to variation in genetic constitution. Seeds of upper parts of the canopies were larger and exhibited higher quality, compared with those of middle and lower parts....
Abstract The role of salicylic acid (0, 1 and 1.5 mM) on photosynthetic electron transfer chain o... more Abstract The role of salicylic acid (0, 1 and 1.5 mM) on photosynthetic electron transfer chain of mung-bean plants grown under salt stress (0, 3, 6 and 9 dS/m2) was studied using chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) measurements. Results indicated that accumulation of K+ content decreased but, Na+ content increased with increasing salt stress. SA-treated plants had more K+ and less Na+ content compared with the non-SA treated plants. Application of SA, especially with 1 mM, increased the I–P step of the OJIP transient curve of fluorescence. Salt stress decreased gs, CCI, FV, FM, SM and PIabs in plants. However, the time taken to reach FM (TFM) increased with increasing salt stress. Application of different concentrations of SA significantly improved gs, CCI, FV, SM, and PIabs of plants. Photosynthetic efficiency of plants improved as a result of SA application via decreasing Fo and increasing FV/FM, FV/Fo, SM/TFM and Area under both saline and non-saline conditions. Accumulation of Na+ had negative, but K+ had a positive correlation with gs, CCI and most of the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (except, Fo and TFM). A positive correlation was found between gS and CCI with PIabs. This research indicated that low gs under saline condition seems to cause losses in PSII efficiency, but the application of SA with 1 mM concentration is the best treatment for the alleviation of salt stress injuries on PSII activity of mung bean plants.
ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate seed development and quality of mung bean under ... more ABSTRACT This research was conducted to evaluate seed development and quality of mung bean under salt stress with exogenous application of salicylic acid and silicon. Seeds were harvested at 15, 22, 29, 36 and 43 days after flowering. Increasing salinity and application of salicylic acid (SA) to mother plants resulted in earlier achievement of high seed quality. In most cases, maximum seed quality as measured by electrical conductivity of seed leachates, normal germination percentage, germination rate and seedling dry weight was obtained 2-11 days after mass maturity (end of seed filling phase). However, application of SA stimulated seed development under severe salt stress and consequently maximum germination rate and seedling dry weight were attained at about mass maturity. Maximum seed weight and quality were obtained from plants that sprayed with SA under both saline and non-saline conditions. Application of silicon and especially SA improved seed physiological quality (germination and vigour) under salt stress. This improvement in seed quality was associated with increasing K+ and decreasing Na+ accumulation in seeds. Therefore, foliar application of silicon and SA can improve seed quality of mung bean under saline conditions.
ABSTRACT The ameliorative effect of salicilic (SA) and silicon (Si) on photosystem II (PSII) acti... more ABSTRACT The ameliorative effect of salicilic (SA) and silicon (Si) on photosystem II (PSII) activity of mung bean plant under salt stress (control, 3, 6, and 9 dS/m) was studied by chlorophyll a fluorescence measurement. Results showed that Na + accumulation decreased, but K + accumulation increased in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) leaves by application of Si and especially SA, leading to improvement in PSII activity under salinity. Initial fluorescence (F 0) and energy necessary for the closure of all reaction centres (S m) were increased with increasing salt levels. Exogenous foliar application of SA and Si decreased initial fluorescence (F 0) and increased photosynthesis relative vitality (PI). Maximum fluorescence (F m), variable fluorescence (F v), the activity of the water-splitting complex on the donor side of the PSII (proportional to F v/F 0) and the average redox state of QA in the time span from 0 to T fm (S m/T fm) were also enhanced by foliar application of SA. Exogenous application of SA improved maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F v/F m) and performance index (PI) under both saline and non-saline conditions. Increasing in the size of the plastoquinone pool (Area) was much greater for SA than that for Si treated plants. It was concluded that foliar application of Si and SA in particular could play a key role in salt stress tolerance of mung bean plants.
The current research was carried out to investigate field performance of three maize cultivars (S... more The current research was carried out to investigate field performance of three maize cultivars (S 704 , BC 678 and H 500) under non-stressed (performing 50 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and stressed (performing 90 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) conditions at grain filling phase. Results showed that water stress during grain filling stage mainly had effects on grain weight rather than grain number per plant. Grain depth in cob and cob diameter under non-stressed condition was higher than those of water stressed condition, indicating that grain volume and especially grain yield were decreased by increasing waster stress. Maximum grain yield (7.3 ton/ha) was obtained by S 704 in comparison with other cultivars (6.6 and 6.5 ton/ha for BC 678 and H 500 , respectively). Superiority of S 704 was attributed to be more of 100 grain weight, row number per cob, grain number per cob, cob diameter and cob weight. This research suggests that there is considerable vari...
The ameliorative effect of fulvic acid (0, 300, and 600 mg L −1) on photosystem II and antioxidan... more The ameliorative effect of fulvic acid (0, 300, and 600 mg L −1) on photosystem II and antioxidant enzyme activity of the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plant under water stress (60, 100, and 140 mm evaporation from class A pan) was studied using split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated that application of fulvic acid (FA) improved the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (F v /F m) and performance index (PI) of plants under both well-watered and limited-water conditions. The time span from F o to F m and the energy necessary for the closure of all reaction centers was significantly increased, but the size of the plastoquinone pool was reduced with increasing water stress levels. Plants treated with FA had higher peroxidase and catalase activities under all irrigation conditions. Activities of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in plants increased with increasing water stress. Malondialdehyde increased under severe water stress, but application of FA significantly decreased lipid peroxidation. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common phenomenon in plants under stress. Under this condition, the balance between the production of ROS and the quenching activity of antioxidants is upset, often resulting in oxidative damage. In this study, application of FA significantly increased fluorescence of chlorophyll a, inhibiting ROS production and enhancing antioxidant enzymes activity that destroyed ROS. Thus, ROS in plant cells was reduced under water stress by application of FA and consequently lipid peroxidation was reduced.
This study examines the effects of humic acid (HA, control, 3 and 6 mg/L) on some biochemical and... more This study examines the effects of humic acid (HA, control, 3 and 6 mg/L) on some biochemical and physiological parameters of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plants under different water supply conditions (60, 100, and 140 mm evaporation from class A pan). Water stress decreased chlorophyll a (Chl a) and total chlorophyll (Chl T) content in plants but proline content partly increased with increasing water stress severity. Plants treated by HA had more Chl a and Chl T content under both well and limited water conditions. Appli cation of HA improved the PSII and peroxidase activity of rapeseed plants under all irrigation treatments. Ascorbate peroxidase activity under severe water stress condition increased by 70 and 95%, compared with that under moderate and well watering conditions, respectively. Catalase activity was 51 and 69% less under well watering than that of moderate and severe water stress conditions, respectively. The highest activity of ascorbate peroxidase was recorded in plants treated by 6 mg/L HA. HA treated plants had 42, 8.5, and 15% more soluble protein content under well watering, moderate and severe water stress conditions, respectively, compared with control plants. Malondialdehyde increased with increasing the severity of water stress, in con trast, application of HA significantly reduced the amount of this trait under water stress conditions. It was shown that application of HA increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, improved PSII activity and con sequently decreased lipid peroxidation in rapeseed plants.
A field experiment was carried out as split plot based on RCB design with four replications in 20... more A field experiment was carried out as split plot based on RCB design with four replications in 2011 to assess the effects of different irrigation treatments (I1, I2, I3 and I4: well-watering on the bases of 70 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation disruptions during flowering, during grain filling and during flowering and grain filling stages, respectively) on some physiological traits and grain yield of three soybean cultivars (Clark, Williams and L17). Results showed that with increasing water stress, leaf temperature increased, while chlorophyll content index, quantum yield of the PSII (Fv/Fm) and grain yield decreased. Maximum leaf temperature and minimum chlorophyll content were observed under water stress. Maximum reduction in Fv/Fm and grain yield per unit area was observed when plants were subjected to water stress during flowering and grain filling stages (I4). Williams produced the highest grain yield per unit area, which related with higher leaf chlorophyll conte...
A split-split plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design was carried out to... more A split-split plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design was carried out to investigate the effects of different irrigation treatments (I 1 , I 2 , I 3 and I 4 : well-watering on the bases of 70 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation disruptions at flowering, grain filling and during flowering and grain filling stages, respectively) in main plots on oil and protein content of three soybean cultivars (Clark, Williams and L 17) in sub-plots at different pod positions (upper, lower and middle parts of the canopy) in sub-sub-plots. The results showed that with increasing water stress at reproductive stages protein percentage was increased, but oil percentage was decreased. Grain yield and protein and oil amounts per grain and yields per unit area were also decreased as a consequence of water limitation. Maximum oil and protein percentage were recorded for grains produced under I 2 and I 4 , respectively. The superiority of Williams in protein amount per gra...
A split plot experiment on the basis of RCB design with four replications was conducted in 2011, ... more A split plot experiment on the basis of RCB design with four replications was conducted in 2011, to investigate the effects of different irrigation treatments (I1, I2, I3 and I4: well-watering after 70 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation disruptions during flowering, during grain filling and during flowering and grain filling stages, respectively) on ground cover and yield of three soybean cultivars (Clark, Williams and L17). Water stress at reproductive stages reduced percentage and duration of ground cover, plant biomass, pods per plant, grains per plant, mean grain weight, harvest index and grain yield per unit area. However, grains per pod did not differ significantly among irrigation treatments. Reduction in grain yield was increased with increasing duration of water stress at reproductive stages. Williams was a superior cultivar in ground cover, plant biomass, mean 100 grain weight and grain yield per unit area. Interaction of cultivar × irrigation was not significa...
Water is a limited resource and is likely to become even more restricted with climate change. The... more Water is a limited resource and is likely to become even more restricted with climate change. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of humic acid (HA) applications on photosynthesis efficiency of rapeseed plants under different watering conditions. Water stress strongly increased electron transport flux, probability that trapped excitation can move an electron into the electron transport chain beyond Q A , and quantum yield of reduction of end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side. Application of HA decreased the values of these parameters to be similar to those of non-stress conditions. We found that, the application of HA improved plants net photosynthesis under water stress via increasing the rate of gas exchange and electron transport flux in plants.
Two experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014, to investigate changes in grain filling rate (... more Two experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014, to investigate changes in grain filling rate (GFR), grain filling duration (GFD) and yield of mung bean in response to salicylic acid (SA) and silicon (Si) under salt stress (0, 3, 6 and 9 dS m ¡1). In experiment 1, four levels of SA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM), but in experiment 2, two levels of SA (0 and 1 mM) and Si (0 and 2 mM) were applied. In experiment 1, GFR, GFD, yield components, biological and grain yields and harvest index were decreased with increasing salt stress. Application of different levels of SA, especially 1 mM, increased GFR, but decreased GFD. In experiment 2, GFD under salinity was shorter than that under non-saline condition, resulting in comparatively smaller grains. Application of Si and particularly SA accelerated grain development under all salinity treatments. The superiority of SA treated plants in GFR, grain weight and grains per plant resulted in greater grain yield per plant under saline and non-saline conditions.
A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different irrigation treatments ... more A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different irrigation treatments (I 1, I2, I3 and I4: well-watering on the bases of 70 mm evaporation from class A pan and irrigation disruptions at flowering, seed filling and during flowering and seed filling stages, respectively) and pod positions (upper, lower and middle parts of the canopy) on seed quality of three soybean cultivars (Clark, Williams and L17). Seed quality as determined by seed weight, electrical conductivity of seed leachates, viability and germination percentages, germination rate and seedling dry weight significantly reduced for seeds produced under I3 and I4. Significant differences in mean seed weight, viability, electrical conductivity and germination rate among soybean cultivars under different irrigation treatments were attributed to variation in genetic constitution. Seeds of upper parts of the canopies were larger and exhibited higher quality, compared with those of middle and lower parts....
Abstract The role of salicylic acid (0, 1 and 1.5 mM) on photosynthetic electron transfer chain o... more Abstract The role of salicylic acid (0, 1 and 1.5 mM) on photosynthetic electron transfer chain of mung-bean plants grown under salt stress (0, 3, 6 and 9 dS/m2) was studied using chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) measurements. Results indicated that accumulation of K+ content decreased but, Na+ content increased with increasing salt stress. SA-treated plants had more K+ and less Na+ content compared with the non-SA treated plants. Application of SA, especially with 1 mM, increased the I–P step of the OJIP transient curve of fluorescence. Salt stress decreased gs, CCI, FV, FM, SM and PIabs in plants. However, the time taken to reach FM (TFM) increased with increasing salt stress. Application of different concentrations of SA significantly improved gs, CCI, FV, SM, and PIabs of plants. Photosynthetic efficiency of plants improved as a result of SA application via decreasing Fo and increasing FV/FM, FV/Fo, SM/TFM and Area under both saline and non-saline conditions. Accumulation of Na+ had negative, but K+ had a positive correlation with gs, CCI and most of the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (except, Fo and TFM). A positive correlation was found between gS and CCI with PIabs. This research indicated that low gs under saline condition seems to cause losses in PSII efficiency, but the application of SA with 1 mM concentration is the best treatment for the alleviation of salt stress injuries on PSII activity of mung bean plants.
Uploads
Papers by ramin lotfi