Zambiya hükümeti 2030 orta gelir statüsü vizyonunu gerçekleştirme arayışında, birkaç kalkınma pol... more Zambiya hükümeti 2030 orta gelir statüsü vizyonunu gerçekleştirme arayışında, birkaç kalkınma politikası kurdu. Bunlar ekonomik büyümeyi hızlandırmak ve insani gelişmeyi iyileştirmek için mümkün kılındı. Bu tez, İnsani Gelişme endeksi ve bileşenlerine, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım’a ve diğer ekonomik eğilimlere bakmıştır. Bunlar 1990’dan 2017 yılına kadar analiz edilmiş ve ayrıca belirli ülkelerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Zamanla söz konusu göstergelerde Zambiya için iyileşmeler oldu. Ancak, yetersiz inovasyon seviyeleri ve yoksulluk seviyelerinin yavaş düşmesi gibi konularla ilgili endişeler halen mevcuttur. Ortalama eğitim süresi yedi yıl idi ve bu da ülkenin Küresel İnovasyon sıralamasında düşük sıralamada yer almasına katkıda bulundu. Çok uluslu şirketler yatırımlar getirirken esas olarak madencilik ve imalat sektörlere odaklandığı belirtildi. Eğitim ve sağlığa bu konuda önem verilmedi. Beşeri sermayeye yatırım yapmayı savunan İçsel Büyüme Modelini desteklemek için çok uluslu şirketleri...
The paper appraised the nexus between electricity consumption, agriculture, GDP, oil production, ... more The paper appraised the nexus between electricity consumption, agriculture, GDP, oil production, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Nigeria using a decoupling approach. The result showed that agriculture, electricity, and GDP were predictive variables for CO2 emissions in the Granger causality analysis. The relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions also indicated that the amount of CO2 released tends to rise as the economy’s output and industrial sectors grow, making GDP and CO2 emissions increasingly relevant indicators as a driver of CO2 emissions. Modern agriculture is reliant on large-scale use of fossil fuels and fertilizer production, as well as GHG emissions from crop and livestock production. However, increasing per capita real production can help to enhance quality of the environment, and speed up the uptake of renewable energy which can consequently help to ameliorate global warming. As a result of this study’s policy implications, policies in the agricultural sector t...
Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 2021
Purpose This paper aims to investigate funding and performance monitoring practices in Zambia’s h... more Purpose This paper aims to investigate funding and performance monitoring practices in Zambia’s health sector from an institutional and stratified ontology perspective. Such an approach was deemed appropriate in view of pluralistic institutional environments characterising most African economies that are also considered to be highly stratified. Design/methodology/approach Blended with insights from stratified ontology, the paper draws on institutional pluralism as a theoretical lens to understand the institutional structures, mechanisms, events and experiences encountered by actors operating at different levels of Zambia’s health sector. The study adopted an interpretive approach that helped to investigate the multifaceted and subjective nature of social phenomena and practices being studied. Data were collected from both archival sources and interviews with key stakeholders operating within Zambia’s health sector. Findings The study’s findings indicate the high levels of stratifica...
The rising public debt level in Africa and the sustainability of that debt remains an important r... more The rising public debt level in Africa and the sustainability of that debt remains an important research agenda. As such, understanding the factors that impact the rising public debt level in Africa remains an important research agenda. Our paper investigates the key determining drivers that have a direct and indirect impact on the rising level of public debt in Africa from a panel of 47 African nations for the period 2000–2018. Using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and fixed effects two-stage least squares (IV-FE) methodological approach the study confirms that a rise in the corruption level leads to an increase in the public debt in Africa. Our findings additionally indicate that government investment enhances the positive and significant association with public debt levels in the sampled countries. Our result revealed that government consumption and tax revenue have a significant negative relationship with the levels of public debt in Africa. Lastly, our results showed th...
This study aims to evaluate the water balance of the crop mix of the Czech Republic and the tende... more This study aims to evaluate the water balance of the crop mix of the Czech Republic and the tendencies of its development during the period 1961–2019. For calculating water deficits, methodology from ČSN 750434 (Czech technical standards) was used and on its basis, the deficits of the ten most frequently represented crops of the Czech Republic were calculated. These results were then put into the context of the development of precipitation totals and the development of average annual temperatures in the observed period. Furthermore, statistical tools were used for the identification of relationships between the observed variables and the tested hypotheses to verify the statistical significance of the observed changes. The results show that the overall irrigation deficit nearly doubled in Czech agriculture when comparing the averages for the periods 1961–1970 and 2010–2019. This change was evaluated as statistically significant. Furthermore, there were also statistically significant ...
The world has experienced increased impacts of anthropogenic global warming due to increased emis... more The world has experienced increased impacts of anthropogenic global warming due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO2). Anthropogenic activities that contribute to CO2 emissions include deforestation, usage of fertilizers, and activities related to mining and energy production. The main objective of this paper was to assess the impacts of agriculture and energy production on CO2 emissions in Zambia. This research used econometric analysis, specifically the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test, to analyze the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP, electricity consumption, agricultural production, and industry value added. The results showed the presence of cointegration, where the variables of CO2 emissions, GDP, electricity, and agriculture converge to a long-run equilibrium at the rate of 74%. Further, there was a short-run causality towards CO2 emissions running from agriculture and the consumption of energy as indic...
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2019
History teaches us that rising super powers are likely to provoke war. In the twentieth century, ... more History teaches us that rising super powers are likely to provoke war. In the twentieth century, rising superpowers such as the Germany and Japan were the cause of two devastating world wars. Inevitably, as China moves up the economic and technological ladder, it will compete with America and expand its global reach. But the question is, will China’s rise wreak havoc in the United States and the World? China’s economic and military power makes it one of the most dangerous superpowers to disrupt the world order, but some shreds of evidence show that China’s rise to power still faces obstacles, especially domestically, which could undermine much of the economic, political, and military power China has established. Keywords: the rise of China, superpower, United States
There are enormous benefits for any organisation from practising sound records management. In the... more There are enormous benefits for any organisation from practising sound records management. In the context of a public university, the importance of good records management includes: facilitating the achievement the university’s mandate; enhancing efficiency of the university; maintaining a reliable institutional memory; promoting trust; responding to an audit culture; enhancing university competitiveness; supporting the university’s fiduciary duty; demonstrating transparency and accountability; and fighting corruption. Records scholars and commentators posit that effective recordkeeping is an essential underpinning of good governance. Although there is a portrayal of positive correlation, recordkeeping struggles to get the same attention as that given to the governance. Evidence abounds of cases of neglect of recordkeeping in universities and other institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The apparent absence of sound recordkeeping provided a rationale for revisiting some universities in...
Background: HIV infection is associated with increased risk to lower respiratory tract infections... more Background: HIV infection is associated with increased risk to lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). However, the impact of HIV infection on immune cell populations in the lung is not well defined. We sought to comprehensively characterise the impact of HIV infection on immune cell populations in the lung. Methods: Twenty HIV-uninfected controls and 17 HIV-1 infected ARTnaïve adults were recruited from Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Malawi. Immunophenotyping of lymphocyte and myeloid cell populations was done on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood cells. Results: We found that the numbers of CD8 + T cells, B cells and gamma delta T cells were higher in BAL fluid of HIV-infected adults compared to HIV-uninfected controls (all p<0.05). In contrast, there was no difference in the numbers of alveolar CD4 + T cells in HIVinfected adults compared to HIV-uninfected controls (p=0.7065). Intermediate monocytes were the predominant monocyte subset in BAL fluid (HIV-, ...
Bishop (1985) cited Fafunwa as having stated that “of all the educational problems that beset Afr... more Bishop (1985) cited Fafunwa as having stated that “of all the educational problems that beset African countries today, none is as persistent or as compelling as the one relating to the training of a competent teacher”. This comment, made in 1967, still remains true about teacher training in Africa generally and in Zambia in particular today. Indeed, teachers have an indispensable role to play in our education system. If we are to have quality education we need sufficient teachers who are well trained and motivated professionals. Professionalism is one of the most important characteristics that should identify teachers...... particularly primary school teachers who are the subject of discussion in this paper. This paper will attempt to give a perspective of the challenges facing basic school teacher training, recruitment and quality in Zambia. The paper will pay particular attention to how primary colleges recruit students, the nature of training offered, the deployment of the studen...
This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambi... more This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambia with specific attention to maize, sugar, cotton, and tobacco between 1996 and 2019. We find that approximately 39% of Zambia’s agricultural products were exported beyond the first year of trading and less than 10% lasted up to 6 years of trading. The mean and median duration of exporting agricultural products in Zambia was 1.7 years and 1 year, respectively. Among the products, maize had the highest export duration after the first year of trading, followed by sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Results of the discrete-time logit and probit models with random effects revealed that the duration of total agricultural products was significantly impacted by common colony, contiguity, partner’s gross domestic product (GDP), Zambia’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports. Of these factors, colonial history and Zambia’s GDP reduced export duration, while contiguity, partner’s GDP, initial exports, a...
African countries have faced competition and several challenges to attract foreign direct investm... more African countries have faced competition and several challenges to attract foreign direct investment given the role that FDIs play in the development process. Several efforts made have been futile because of numerous factors that play against the business environment for foreign investments. Our paper analyses the influence of tax incentives on foreign direct investment in African economies based on data from 2000–2018. We utilized panel data on forty (40) African countries and an econometric model of four proxies of tax incentives, after controlling other variables, with robust Random Effect as our discussion estimator. Our results revealed that FDI responds to lower corporate income tax (CTR). Furthermore, foreign direct investment predominates in African economies with longer tax holidays and withholding tax. However, tax concession is insignificant to the inflows of FDIs in Africa. Summarizing, our results recommend that without proper restructuring of the tax incentives to deal...
It has been widely argued that governance structures have roles in the predominance of foreign ow... more It has been widely argued that governance structures have roles in the predominance of foreign ownership in Sub-Saharan African countries. Our paper sought to challenge this conventional wisdom by investigating the ways in which country-level governance structures influenced the predominance of foreign holdings in Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2010–2015. The study used panel sampling annual data from thirty countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) as our discussion estimators. Our statistical results reveal that there is a significant positive relationship between government effectiveness and the predominance of foreign ownership in Sub-Saharan African countries. Furthermore, foreign ownership predominates in Sub-Saharan African economies that have sound political stability and embrace effective and efficient regulations. Moreover, the relationship between corruption and the prevalence of foreign ...
BackgroundAsthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and is a growing global concern.... more BackgroundAsthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and is a growing global concern. However, there are limited data regarding long-term asthma management in low-income countries (LIC), particularly for children.This study will assess the feasibility of recruitment and retention, the acceptability of an intervention and data collection methods, and baseline levels of asthma control and exacerbation rates in our target population of Malawian asthmatic children. Furthermore, we plan to; evaluate the effect of a package of enhanced asthma care, appropriate for a LIC, over a 3-month period; to describe clinical and airway inflammatory phenotypes; to identify clinical and laboratory features which might predict response to treatment in this population.MethodsWe will recruit 120 children aged 6-15 years, attending outpatient asthma follow-up at a tertiary government hospital in Malawi. Participants will be randomised, stratified by level of asthma control (Childhood Asthma Co...
For several years, the Zambian economy relied on the mining sector, which has been affected by fl... more For several years, the Zambian economy relied on the mining sector, which has been affected by fluctuations in commodity prices. The new century enhanced the calls for economic diversification, with the agricultural, manufacturing, and services sectors amongst those pronounced. This article focused on the role of agriculture in supporting the economy, particularly, the effect of agriculture on economic growth. The data analyzed was reviewed for the period 1983–2017. The ARDL Bounds Test was applied in order to meet the said objectives. The ECM results suggest that agriculture, manufacturing, services, and mining converge to an equilibrium and affect economic growth at the speed of adjustment of 90.6%, with the effect from agriculture, mining, and services being significant. The impact of agriculture on economic growth was significant in both the short-run and long-run, with coefficient unit effects of 0.428 and 0.342, respectively. The effects are strong because more than two-thirds...
Zambiya hükümeti 2030 orta gelir statüsü vizyonunu gerçekleştirme arayışında, birkaç kalkınma pol... more Zambiya hükümeti 2030 orta gelir statüsü vizyonunu gerçekleştirme arayışında, birkaç kalkınma politikası kurdu. Bunlar ekonomik büyümeyi hızlandırmak ve insani gelişmeyi iyileştirmek için mümkün kılındı. Bu tez, İnsani Gelişme endeksi ve bileşenlerine, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım’a ve diğer ekonomik eğilimlere bakmıştır. Bunlar 1990’dan 2017 yılına kadar analiz edilmiş ve ayrıca belirli ülkelerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Zamanla söz konusu göstergelerde Zambiya için iyileşmeler oldu. Ancak, yetersiz inovasyon seviyeleri ve yoksulluk seviyelerinin yavaş düşmesi gibi konularla ilgili endişeler halen mevcuttur. Ortalama eğitim süresi yedi yıl idi ve bu da ülkenin Küresel İnovasyon sıralamasında düşük sıralamada yer almasına katkıda bulundu. Çok uluslu şirketler yatırımlar getirirken esas olarak madencilik ve imalat sektörlere odaklandığı belirtildi. Eğitim ve sağlığa bu konuda önem verilmedi. Beşeri sermayeye yatırım yapmayı savunan İçsel Büyüme Modelini desteklemek için çok uluslu şirketleri...
The paper appraised the nexus between electricity consumption, agriculture, GDP, oil production, ... more The paper appraised the nexus between electricity consumption, agriculture, GDP, oil production, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Nigeria using a decoupling approach. The result showed that agriculture, electricity, and GDP were predictive variables for CO2 emissions in the Granger causality analysis. The relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions also indicated that the amount of CO2 released tends to rise as the economy’s output and industrial sectors grow, making GDP and CO2 emissions increasingly relevant indicators as a driver of CO2 emissions. Modern agriculture is reliant on large-scale use of fossil fuels and fertilizer production, as well as GHG emissions from crop and livestock production. However, increasing per capita real production can help to enhance quality of the environment, and speed up the uptake of renewable energy which can consequently help to ameliorate global warming. As a result of this study’s policy implications, policies in the agricultural sector t...
Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 2021
Purpose This paper aims to investigate funding and performance monitoring practices in Zambia’s h... more Purpose This paper aims to investigate funding and performance monitoring practices in Zambia’s health sector from an institutional and stratified ontology perspective. Such an approach was deemed appropriate in view of pluralistic institutional environments characterising most African economies that are also considered to be highly stratified. Design/methodology/approach Blended with insights from stratified ontology, the paper draws on institutional pluralism as a theoretical lens to understand the institutional structures, mechanisms, events and experiences encountered by actors operating at different levels of Zambia’s health sector. The study adopted an interpretive approach that helped to investigate the multifaceted and subjective nature of social phenomena and practices being studied. Data were collected from both archival sources and interviews with key stakeholders operating within Zambia’s health sector. Findings The study’s findings indicate the high levels of stratifica...
The rising public debt level in Africa and the sustainability of that debt remains an important r... more The rising public debt level in Africa and the sustainability of that debt remains an important research agenda. As such, understanding the factors that impact the rising public debt level in Africa remains an important research agenda. Our paper investigates the key determining drivers that have a direct and indirect impact on the rising level of public debt in Africa from a panel of 47 African nations for the period 2000–2018. Using the generalized method of moments (GMM) and fixed effects two-stage least squares (IV-FE) methodological approach the study confirms that a rise in the corruption level leads to an increase in the public debt in Africa. Our findings additionally indicate that government investment enhances the positive and significant association with public debt levels in the sampled countries. Our result revealed that government consumption and tax revenue have a significant negative relationship with the levels of public debt in Africa. Lastly, our results showed th...
This study aims to evaluate the water balance of the crop mix of the Czech Republic and the tende... more This study aims to evaluate the water balance of the crop mix of the Czech Republic and the tendencies of its development during the period 1961–2019. For calculating water deficits, methodology from ČSN 750434 (Czech technical standards) was used and on its basis, the deficits of the ten most frequently represented crops of the Czech Republic were calculated. These results were then put into the context of the development of precipitation totals and the development of average annual temperatures in the observed period. Furthermore, statistical tools were used for the identification of relationships between the observed variables and the tested hypotheses to verify the statistical significance of the observed changes. The results show that the overall irrigation deficit nearly doubled in Czech agriculture when comparing the averages for the periods 1961–1970 and 2010–2019. This change was evaluated as statistically significant. Furthermore, there were also statistically significant ...
The world has experienced increased impacts of anthropogenic global warming due to increased emis... more The world has experienced increased impacts of anthropogenic global warming due to increased emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which include carbon dioxide (CO2). Anthropogenic activities that contribute to CO2 emissions include deforestation, usage of fertilizers, and activities related to mining and energy production. The main objective of this paper was to assess the impacts of agriculture and energy production on CO2 emissions in Zambia. This research used econometric analysis, specifically the Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Test, to analyze the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP, electricity consumption, agricultural production, and industry value added. The results showed the presence of cointegration, where the variables of CO2 emissions, GDP, electricity, and agriculture converge to a long-run equilibrium at the rate of 74%. Further, there was a short-run causality towards CO2 emissions running from agriculture and the consumption of energy as indic...
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2019
History teaches us that rising super powers are likely to provoke war. In the twentieth century, ... more History teaches us that rising super powers are likely to provoke war. In the twentieth century, rising superpowers such as the Germany and Japan were the cause of two devastating world wars. Inevitably, as China moves up the economic and technological ladder, it will compete with America and expand its global reach. But the question is, will China’s rise wreak havoc in the United States and the World? China’s economic and military power makes it one of the most dangerous superpowers to disrupt the world order, but some shreds of evidence show that China’s rise to power still faces obstacles, especially domestically, which could undermine much of the economic, political, and military power China has established. Keywords: the rise of China, superpower, United States
There are enormous benefits for any organisation from practising sound records management. In the... more There are enormous benefits for any organisation from practising sound records management. In the context of a public university, the importance of good records management includes: facilitating the achievement the university’s mandate; enhancing efficiency of the university; maintaining a reliable institutional memory; promoting trust; responding to an audit culture; enhancing university competitiveness; supporting the university’s fiduciary duty; demonstrating transparency and accountability; and fighting corruption. Records scholars and commentators posit that effective recordkeeping is an essential underpinning of good governance. Although there is a portrayal of positive correlation, recordkeeping struggles to get the same attention as that given to the governance. Evidence abounds of cases of neglect of recordkeeping in universities and other institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The apparent absence of sound recordkeeping provided a rationale for revisiting some universities in...
Background: HIV infection is associated with increased risk to lower respiratory tract infections... more Background: HIV infection is associated with increased risk to lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). However, the impact of HIV infection on immune cell populations in the lung is not well defined. We sought to comprehensively characterise the impact of HIV infection on immune cell populations in the lung. Methods: Twenty HIV-uninfected controls and 17 HIV-1 infected ARTnaïve adults were recruited from Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Malawi. Immunophenotyping of lymphocyte and myeloid cell populations was done on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood cells. Results: We found that the numbers of CD8 + T cells, B cells and gamma delta T cells were higher in BAL fluid of HIV-infected adults compared to HIV-uninfected controls (all p<0.05). In contrast, there was no difference in the numbers of alveolar CD4 + T cells in HIVinfected adults compared to HIV-uninfected controls (p=0.7065). Intermediate monocytes were the predominant monocyte subset in BAL fluid (HIV-, ...
Bishop (1985) cited Fafunwa as having stated that “of all the educational problems that beset Afr... more Bishop (1985) cited Fafunwa as having stated that “of all the educational problems that beset African countries today, none is as persistent or as compelling as the one relating to the training of a competent teacher”. This comment, made in 1967, still remains true about teacher training in Africa generally and in Zambia in particular today. Indeed, teachers have an indispensable role to play in our education system. If we are to have quality education we need sufficient teachers who are well trained and motivated professionals. Professionalism is one of the most important characteristics that should identify teachers...... particularly primary school teachers who are the subject of discussion in this paper. This paper will attempt to give a perspective of the challenges facing basic school teacher training, recruitment and quality in Zambia. The paper will pay particular attention to how primary colleges recruit students, the nature of training offered, the deployment of the studen...
This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambi... more This paper establishes the determinants of the export durability of agriculture products in Zambia with specific attention to maize, sugar, cotton, and tobacco between 1996 and 2019. We find that approximately 39% of Zambia’s agricultural products were exported beyond the first year of trading and less than 10% lasted up to 6 years of trading. The mean and median duration of exporting agricultural products in Zambia was 1.7 years and 1 year, respectively. Among the products, maize had the highest export duration after the first year of trading, followed by sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Results of the discrete-time logit and probit models with random effects revealed that the duration of total agricultural products was significantly impacted by common colony, contiguity, partner’s gross domestic product (GDP), Zambia’s GDP, initial exports, and total exports. Of these factors, colonial history and Zambia’s GDP reduced export duration, while contiguity, partner’s GDP, initial exports, a...
African countries have faced competition and several challenges to attract foreign direct investm... more African countries have faced competition and several challenges to attract foreign direct investment given the role that FDIs play in the development process. Several efforts made have been futile because of numerous factors that play against the business environment for foreign investments. Our paper analyses the influence of tax incentives on foreign direct investment in African economies based on data from 2000–2018. We utilized panel data on forty (40) African countries and an econometric model of four proxies of tax incentives, after controlling other variables, with robust Random Effect as our discussion estimator. Our results revealed that FDI responds to lower corporate income tax (CTR). Furthermore, foreign direct investment predominates in African economies with longer tax holidays and withholding tax. However, tax concession is insignificant to the inflows of FDIs in Africa. Summarizing, our results recommend that without proper restructuring of the tax incentives to deal...
It has been widely argued that governance structures have roles in the predominance of foreign ow... more It has been widely argued that governance structures have roles in the predominance of foreign ownership in Sub-Saharan African countries. Our paper sought to challenge this conventional wisdom by investigating the ways in which country-level governance structures influenced the predominance of foreign holdings in Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2010–2015. The study used panel sampling annual data from thirty countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) as our discussion estimators. Our statistical results reveal that there is a significant positive relationship between government effectiveness and the predominance of foreign ownership in Sub-Saharan African countries. Furthermore, foreign ownership predominates in Sub-Saharan African economies that have sound political stability and embrace effective and efficient regulations. Moreover, the relationship between corruption and the prevalence of foreign ...
BackgroundAsthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and is a growing global concern.... more BackgroundAsthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and is a growing global concern. However, there are limited data regarding long-term asthma management in low-income countries (LIC), particularly for children.This study will assess the feasibility of recruitment and retention, the acceptability of an intervention and data collection methods, and baseline levels of asthma control and exacerbation rates in our target population of Malawian asthmatic children. Furthermore, we plan to; evaluate the effect of a package of enhanced asthma care, appropriate for a LIC, over a 3-month period; to describe clinical and airway inflammatory phenotypes; to identify clinical and laboratory features which might predict response to treatment in this population.MethodsWe will recruit 120 children aged 6-15 years, attending outpatient asthma follow-up at a tertiary government hospital in Malawi. Participants will be randomised, stratified by level of asthma control (Childhood Asthma Co...
For several years, the Zambian economy relied on the mining sector, which has been affected by fl... more For several years, the Zambian economy relied on the mining sector, which has been affected by fluctuations in commodity prices. The new century enhanced the calls for economic diversification, with the agricultural, manufacturing, and services sectors amongst those pronounced. This article focused on the role of agriculture in supporting the economy, particularly, the effect of agriculture on economic growth. The data analyzed was reviewed for the period 1983–2017. The ARDL Bounds Test was applied in order to meet the said objectives. The ECM results suggest that agriculture, manufacturing, services, and mining converge to an equilibrium and affect economic growth at the speed of adjustment of 90.6%, with the effect from agriculture, mining, and services being significant. The impact of agriculture on economic growth was significant in both the short-run and long-run, with coefficient unit effects of 0.428 and 0.342, respectively. The effects are strong because more than two-thirds...
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