Papers by igor rižnar
The stone monuments from the Roman towns along the Danube include a wide range of sepulchral, vot... more The stone monuments from the Roman towns along the Danube include a wide range of sepulchral, votive and architectural pieces made of the travertine quarried in the Buda Hills. The representative quarries of this rock are located at Budakalász, on the slope of the Monalovác Hill north of Aquincum, and in the Kápolna Hills (north of Budapest), while another small and abandoned (Ro-man) travertine quarry lies in Budapest, on Gellért Hill. From at least the Flavian times to the 4 th century, the products made in the quarry(ies) and in the Aquincum workshops were transported southwards, down the Danube as far as Viminacium. From Mursa onwards, travertine products were transported alongside those of Eastern Alpine marble coming down the Drava River. The two productions were the only ones of interpro-vincial importance in Noricum, Pannonia and Upper Moesia.
The stone used in construction and the manufacture of
a range of products at Emona, as in other t... more The stone used in construction and the manufacture of
a range of products at Emona, as in other towns and cities across
the Empire, was mainly supplied from local and regional sources,
only in rare cases from distant ones. The rock used in the construction
of the colony was quarried on the southern slopes of Grajski
grič, with the main quarry presumably located behind the church
of St Florian. Also from the beginning of the construction, Lower
Jurassic limestone was quarried at Podpeč, probably at Podutik
as well. There was also Neogene limestone, which came from a
number of sources in the vicinity of Moravče and was probably only
used later, in the 3rd century. The limited use of Peračica Tuff for
construction purposes could as yet not be determined chronologically,
while the colourful Škofja Loka Conglomerate was used for
architectural members in Late Antiquity. As for interregional rocks,
the use of Cretaceous Aurisina limestone has been proven at least
for the earliest period of the Roman colony and for the furnishings
of the Severan (?) civil basilica, while white Eastern Alpine marbles
were used in the period of the construction of the defensive
walls of Emona (Gummern) and later for funerary monuments and
architectural members (Pohorje). Mediterranean marbles have only
been documented as floor and wall veneer.
The stone artefacts from Sirmium, held at the Museum of Srem, were sampled and analysed in order ... more The stone artefacts from Sirmium, held at the Museum of Srem, were sampled and analysed in order to establish an archaeological database connected with Roman quarries and possible transport routes along the Sava and Danube Rivers. Of the artefacts made of Neogene limestone three lithotypes were identified. Two of them were determined as originating from the known Roman quarry in the Drina Valley (NE Bosnia). For the third lithotype and its subtypes a model of the hypothetical quarry is proposed, the location of which is suggested to be outside the Drina river basin. Beside limestone, the sampled artefacts also revealed two types of porous volcanoclastic rocks of andesitic composition, which supposedly originate from two different microlocations in the Drina river basin.
Felsbau, 2005
... By Peter Schubert, Jure Klopcˇicˇ, Andrej Sˇtimulak, Igor Ajdicˇ and Janko Logar ... Neben de... more ... By Peter Schubert, Jure Klopcˇicˇ, Andrej Sˇtimulak, Igor Ajdicˇ and Janko Logar ... Neben dem generellen, eher chaotischen Verschie-bungsverhalten des Tunnels – primär durch lokale Störungen gesteu-ert – lassen sich einige Abschnitte mit einem charakteristischen Ver ...
Geologija, 2007
ABSTRACT Several important geological structures in the western Slovenia were identifiedas active... more ABSTRACT Several important geological structures in the western Slovenia were identifiedas active and their activity was quantified. Geologic interpretation is based on the analysis of repeated leveling line campaigns data along the Sečovlje–Bled polygon. Taking intoaccount the limitations of the method – only the vertical component of displacement is measured – the following structures were identified as active:a juvenile syncline between Strunjan and Koper, the Kras Imbricate Structure, the Diva~a fault, the Ra{a fault, the Southalpine Front and the Julian Alps thrust. Vertical movement rate is relative, calculated with respect to the benchmark in Sečovlje. The largest uplift rate difference between Sečovlje and Bled is 7 mm/a.Vertical Geodynamic Activity (VGA) is introduced as a link between geologic interpretation of geodetic measurements on one side and possible applications on the other as well as a mean of comparison between tectonically active regions.
Books by igor rižnar
by Bernarda Zupanek, Boris Vičič, Iris Bekljanov Zidansek, Petra Vojaković, Dimitrij Mlekuz Vrhovnik, Alenka Miškec, igor rižnar, bojan djuric, Kaja Stemberger Flegar, Jana Horvat, Lucija Grahek, and Anja Ragolic This book represents the last chapter in the story unfolding in 2014 and 2015 that commemorated t... more This book represents the last chapter in the story unfolding in 2014 and 2015 that commemorated the
bimillenary of the foundation of Emona (Colonia Iulia Emona), the Roman-period predecessor of the
modern Ljubljana. The territory of Emona has witnessed numerous archaeological investigations over the last two
decades, both in the urban areas, the suburbs and the adjacent cemeteries.
Roman Burial Mound Cemetery from Zamarkova (Toplak-Kegl) in Slovenian part of Styria.
Conference Presentations by igor rižnar
Understanding the Quaternary incision history of the upper Sava River, Slovenia is essential to u... more Understanding the Quaternary incision history of the upper Sava River, Slovenia is essential to understanding the local and regional tectonic deformation. We have developed long-term constraints on the Quaternary incision (~ 2 Ma) using a geochronology from fill terraces. The geochronology combines cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) 26 Al/ 10 Be burial dating, as well as quartz and feldspar optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). Furthermore, high-resolution topographic data from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) have allowed us to recognize and differentiate complex surface process—the coupling between tectonic and mass wasting processes that were previously identified as purely tectonic landforms. These new data have helped to provide a better framework for characterizing the deformation rates of tectonic features and processes in southeastern Slovenia in an area defined by a triple junction between the Alps, Dinarides, and the Pannonian Basin. The specific region is situated in the transition zone between the Sava Folds and the southeastern extension of the Mid-Hungarian Shear Zone, making the southeastern part of Slovenia an area of low to moderate tectonic activity. The new CRN and OSL-derived geochronology constrains the Save River's long-term incision history. The results confirm the long-held age estimates (>1.8 ma) for the highest terraces that are 150-200 m above the Holocene River elevation and also provide additional constraints on the Late Pleistocene incision rate. The incision rates are consistent with other large rivers that drain the Southern Alps, and consequently provide a basis to reject the surprisingly young ages that were determined in a paleoseismic trench ~ 180 m above the modern river elevation. The confirmation of prior age estimates is not surprising, although it is critical because erroneously young geochronology ages have provided a basis to assume that there are far higher rates of tectonic deformation than were previously believed. The geochronology from this study, combined with the analysis of LiDAR data and reconnaissance field mapping has confirmed that the region has been undergoing low tectonic deformation rates. Furthermore, the rates may be even lower than prior estimates because the LiDAR data have revealed that some features, previously interpreted as purely tectonic, are in fact complex mass wasting features that have exploited, and continue to exploit structural weakness caused by Miocene faulting. This has important implications for seismic hazard analyses for critical facilities and provides important insights to the process-dominance between regional tectonics and climate as major agent of landscape change. Libna and other regional Faults LF (LF) is western-most Riedel-type structure between the OFZ and IAF The (LF) has a mapped length of 1.5 km, but has been postulated to projected to extend 9 km into the Krško Basin Investigations completed in 2011 concluded that the LF has sustained tectonic displaced < 125 Ka (OSL age). Very-young age has considerable implications to the safety of existing infrastructure. Orientation consistent with the Balaton Faults and their associated tectonic regime. Prior Paleoseismic Trenching (2010-11) • Mapped length restricted to Libna Hill (1.5 km). Geophysics suggests it may extend S into Krško Basin(?). • Prominent NE-facing escarpment (25m) suggests oblique slip with major dip-slip component down to the NE • Libna Hill Trench revealed >15 m wide fault zone displacing the Pliocene-Quaternary Globoko Fm. • OSL from Globoko Fm in trench suggested the Globoko Fm <125 Ka. Prior reported ages of the Globoko Fm > 2Ma. • Young age raises controversy over: 1) the date of the last LF movement; and 2) the accuracy of OSL age. • Archeological data: in trench 80 cm below surface: open fissure from a surface faulting event? • OSL and archaeology suggests fault surface rupture activity is <120 Ka and possibly much younger. This Study Paul C Rizzo Associates with GeoZS conducted tectonic geomorphic, geochronologic, and high-resolution seismic investigations to further evaluate the LF and tectonic setting of the Krško Basin. LiDAR analysis to evaluate tectonic and geomorphic processes that have occurred throughout the Quaternary Period by applying GIS methods (e.g. Delong et al., 2011). CRN and OSL geochronology to evaluate applicability of OSL methods for dating P-Q sediments; constrain the ages of P-Q unit(s?) in the Krško Basin; constrain incision rates of the upper Sava River; constrain the age of the last movement on the LF. OSL methods: samples were collected from fluvial terraces along an elevation gradient using standard methods (e.g. metal conduits for light protection) at various locations in the Basin. Samples were processed and measured for quartz OSL signals (SAR protocol), coarse grain IRSL, and the polymineral fine grained fractions at the University of Bern OSL Lab. CRN methods: A 15 m depth profile was sampled for CRN 26 Al and 10 Be on the crest of Libna Hill (Globoko Formation) – trench on Libna Hill was no longer accessible so a nearby site (300 m) was selected at an identical elevation. Pure quartz were processed from quarts-rich pebbles so that cosmogenic 26 Al and 10 Be could measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at the Perdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory (PRIME). HRS reflection & refraction survey High resolution seismic (HRS) surveys were conducted on Libna Hill and in the Krško Basin to map the extension of the LF (7 lines extending 6 km southeast). Results • Paleoriver's incision rate: 0.09 mm yr-1 , NOT 4 mm yr-1 or higher. • OSL minimum ages from prior studies are of low precision, and therefore provide poor constraints on the Globoko Fm's age. This has implications to the LF displacement. • CRN + OSL geochronology confirm Globoko Fm was deposited is >1.8Ma. • LiDAR DEM and field-based investigations provide compelling evidence to attribute observed displacement of Globoko Fm at LF to non-tectonic processes (i.e. Karst and landsliding). • LF is likely truncated by OFZ, or confined to anticline. • Extent of Fault south of Libna Hill is very limited (0-3 km). Short length is inconsistent with vertical displacement. Conclusions Geomorphic analyses combined with the geochronology analyses provide new insight on the landscape evolution of the Krško Basin. The OSL geochronology from the last 200Ka helps to constrain the rates of aggradation as well as Sava River incision over the Late Quaternary. The addition of the CRN ages constrain the aggradation and fluvial abandonment of the P-Q terraces and highlights the issues associated with applying incorrect geochronology techniques to older sediments. The complication with OSL ages from this study and prior dating efforts demonstrate likely mapping issues of the so-called Globoko Formation. The LF, while evident in the bedrock, may not be responsible for the displacement of the Globoko Fm. There are numerous sinkholes and landslides on the flank, precisely where the Libna Trench was excavated in 2011. much of the escarpment and observed displacement in the trench may be related to geomorphic, as opposed to tectonic processes. Further to this point, the length of the LF (<<8 km) is unlikely to produce significant repeated surface rupture, as has been suggested.
New research in the area of the Roman quarries at Sige
and Bandera, known since the 1960s in the ... more New research in the area of the Roman quarries at Sige
and Bandera, known since the 1960s in the village of
Dardagani (near Zvornik), revealed a vast complex of
opencast and underground extraction of limestone. This
quarry complex represented the main source of stone
blocks and unfinished products with which Sirmium was
supplied between the 2nd and 5th centuries. The quarry
lies 90 km southwards and is connected to the town by
way of the Drina and Sava Rivers. The quarry area has a
specific geologic composition with several lithotypes, of
which at least two (Lt I and III) were established also by
the macro- and microscopic analysis of monuments kept
at the Museum of Srem in Sremska Mitrovica. Exploration
of the quarry revealed traces of extraction, which
enable a reconstruction of the extraction process, and
unfinished products, mostly sarcophagi.
Keywords
Sirmium, quarry, limestone, lithotypes, opencast extraction,
extraction
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Papers by igor rižnar
a range of products at Emona, as in other towns and cities across
the Empire, was mainly supplied from local and regional sources,
only in rare cases from distant ones. The rock used in the construction
of the colony was quarried on the southern slopes of Grajski
grič, with the main quarry presumably located behind the church
of St Florian. Also from the beginning of the construction, Lower
Jurassic limestone was quarried at Podpeč, probably at Podutik
as well. There was also Neogene limestone, which came from a
number of sources in the vicinity of Moravče and was probably only
used later, in the 3rd century. The limited use of Peračica Tuff for
construction purposes could as yet not be determined chronologically,
while the colourful Škofja Loka Conglomerate was used for
architectural members in Late Antiquity. As for interregional rocks,
the use of Cretaceous Aurisina limestone has been proven at least
for the earliest period of the Roman colony and for the furnishings
of the Severan (?) civil basilica, while white Eastern Alpine marbles
were used in the period of the construction of the defensive
walls of Emona (Gummern) and later for funerary monuments and
architectural members (Pohorje). Mediterranean marbles have only
been documented as floor and wall veneer.
Books by igor rižnar
bimillenary of the foundation of Emona (Colonia Iulia Emona), the Roman-period predecessor of the
modern Ljubljana. The territory of Emona has witnessed numerous archaeological investigations over the last two
decades, both in the urban areas, the suburbs and the adjacent cemeteries.
Conference Presentations by igor rižnar
and Bandera, known since the 1960s in the village of
Dardagani (near Zvornik), revealed a vast complex of
opencast and underground extraction of limestone. This
quarry complex represented the main source of stone
blocks and unfinished products with which Sirmium was
supplied between the 2nd and 5th centuries. The quarry
lies 90 km southwards and is connected to the town by
way of the Drina and Sava Rivers. The quarry area has a
specific geologic composition with several lithotypes, of
which at least two (Lt I and III) were established also by
the macro- and microscopic analysis of monuments kept
at the Museum of Srem in Sremska Mitrovica. Exploration
of the quarry revealed traces of extraction, which
enable a reconstruction of the extraction process, and
unfinished products, mostly sarcophagi.
Keywords
Sirmium, quarry, limestone, lithotypes, opencast extraction,
extraction
a range of products at Emona, as in other towns and cities across
the Empire, was mainly supplied from local and regional sources,
only in rare cases from distant ones. The rock used in the construction
of the colony was quarried on the southern slopes of Grajski
grič, with the main quarry presumably located behind the church
of St Florian. Also from the beginning of the construction, Lower
Jurassic limestone was quarried at Podpeč, probably at Podutik
as well. There was also Neogene limestone, which came from a
number of sources in the vicinity of Moravče and was probably only
used later, in the 3rd century. The limited use of Peračica Tuff for
construction purposes could as yet not be determined chronologically,
while the colourful Škofja Loka Conglomerate was used for
architectural members in Late Antiquity. As for interregional rocks,
the use of Cretaceous Aurisina limestone has been proven at least
for the earliest period of the Roman colony and for the furnishings
of the Severan (?) civil basilica, while white Eastern Alpine marbles
were used in the period of the construction of the defensive
walls of Emona (Gummern) and later for funerary monuments and
architectural members (Pohorje). Mediterranean marbles have only
been documented as floor and wall veneer.
bimillenary of the foundation of Emona (Colonia Iulia Emona), the Roman-period predecessor of the
modern Ljubljana. The territory of Emona has witnessed numerous archaeological investigations over the last two
decades, both in the urban areas, the suburbs and the adjacent cemeteries.
and Bandera, known since the 1960s in the village of
Dardagani (near Zvornik), revealed a vast complex of
opencast and underground extraction of limestone. This
quarry complex represented the main source of stone
blocks and unfinished products with which Sirmium was
supplied between the 2nd and 5th centuries. The quarry
lies 90 km southwards and is connected to the town by
way of the Drina and Sava Rivers. The quarry area has a
specific geologic composition with several lithotypes, of
which at least two (Lt I and III) were established also by
the macro- and microscopic analysis of monuments kept
at the Museum of Srem in Sremska Mitrovica. Exploration
of the quarry revealed traces of extraction, which
enable a reconstruction of the extraction process, and
unfinished products, mostly sarcophagi.
Keywords
Sirmium, quarry, limestone, lithotypes, opencast extraction,
extraction