ESPAÑOLES Y HOJA DE COCA A MEDIADOS DEL SIGLO XVI EN EL PERÚ COLONIAL. II: LOS COCALES, EN MANOS ESPAÑOLAS SPANIARDS AND COCA LEAF AT HALFWAY THROUGH THE 16TH CENTURY IN COLONIAL PERU. II: COCALS IN THE HANDS OF SPANIARDS, 2018
RESUMEN
El presente trabajo constituye la segunda parte de otro más extenso que trata de la relac... more RESUMEN
El presente trabajo constituye la segunda parte de otro más extenso que trata de la relación de los españoles con la hoja de coca tras su conquista del Imperio Inca. En esta parte se relata cómo se hicieron con la producción cocalera tras controlar los cocales mediante la concesión de encomiendas, la compra a los indígenas de las parcelas cocaleras o la creación de nuevas plantaciones en los yungas o valles cálidos del oriente de los Andes. Los principales cocales estuvieron situados en Cuzco, La Paz y Cochabamba. La coca era vendida principalmente en los centros mineros para atender la demanda de los obreros indígenas.
Palabras clave: Coca, indígenas, minería, Perú, siglo XVI.
ABSTRACT
This work is the second part of another wider one which deals with the relation of Spaniards with coca leaf after conquering the Inca Empire. In the present part is related how Spaniards obtained coca production after they kept coca fields control by means of encomiendas, buying the coca smallholdings to native or creating new plantations in the hot and humid valleys of Eastern Andes. The foremost coca fields were located in Cuzco, La Paz and Cochabamba. Coca leaves were sold mainly in mining cities in order to attend the request for Indian workers.
Key words: Coca, indians, mining, Peru, 16 th century
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El presente trabajo constituye la segunda parte de otro más extenso que trata de la relación de los españoles con la hoja de coca tras su conquista del Imperio Inca. En esta parte se relata cómo se hicieron con la producción cocalera tras controlar los cocales mediante la concesión de encomiendas, la compra a los indígenas de las parcelas cocaleras o la creación de nuevas plantaciones en los yungas o valles cálidos del oriente de los Andes. Los principales cocales estuvieron situados en Cuzco, La Paz y Cochabamba. La coca era vendida principalmente en los centros mineros para atender la demanda de los obreros indígenas.
Palabras clave: Coca, indígenas, minería, Perú, siglo XVI.
ABSTRACT
This work is the second part of another wider one which deals with the relation of Spaniards with coca leaf after conquering the Inca Empire. In the present part is related how Spaniards obtained coca production after they kept coca fields control by means of encomiendas, buying the coca smallholdings to native or creating new plantations in the hot and humid valleys of Eastern Andes. The foremost coca fields were located in Cuzco, La Paz and Cochabamba. Coca leaves were sold mainly in mining cities in order to attend the request for Indian workers.
Key words: Coca, indians, mining, Peru, 16 th century
El presente trabajo constituye la primera parte de otro más amplio que trata de la relación entre los españoles recién llegados al Nuevo Mundo y la hoja de coca. En esta parte se describe cómo los diversos autores muestran su extrañeza por el efecto que la coca ejercía sobre los nativos, sin entenderlo al no haber plantas similares en Europa. Durante los casi trescientos años de presencia española en América muchos fueron los autores que hicieron referencias a la coca pero hubo que esperar a 1794 para que el ilustrado Unanue hiciera una completa y detallada descripción de la planta y sus partes, y un fiel dibujo a plumilla de la misma y de sus principales órganos.
Palabras clave: América, coca, indígenas, minería, siglo XVI.
ABSTRACT
This work is the first part of another wider one which deals with the relation of Spaniards with coca leaf after arriving to New World. This part relates how Spaniards knew coca existence and their surprise because of effect that coca leaves exerted on natives. They did not understand it since similar plants did not exist in Europe. During almost 300 years that Spaniards were present in America, many of them wrote about coca but only in 1794 the plant was described in a complete and detailed way by illustrated Unanue, who painted a faithful pattern of it and its main parts.
Key words: America, coca, Indians, mining, XVI century.
ABSTRACT Coca leaf always was considered one of consumer goods in the mines of colonial Spanish America. Its consumption by native workers was decisive to obtain the silver production that was sent to Europe during three centuries changing the world economic order, and Potosi was the main silver mining district of South America. The coca leaf followed a long process until miners received it. That process began in coca fields of Cuzco (actual Peru), La Paz or Cochabamba (actual Bolivia), followed by a complicated transport on llama trains in the Andes to arrive to consumption or distribution centers, mainly Potosi, lasting some months, and ended with local traders that sold the leaves for retail to miners in the markets and shops of Potosi; then they used coca with regularity while working in the mine. Coca sale was a very important economic activity, particularly in XVI century in Peru, only surpassed by mining. The retail trade employed a lot of native population who sustained with it. Great social and economic implications of coca trade in Potosi originated a framework of complex relations between customers and sellers and also between themselves. This framework was traduced in particular customs and ways of work regulated by strict rules of behavior and action. In this context, most of retail sellers of Potosi were Indian women that got in such way certain economic independence that allowed them to live with a relative comfort. Some of them had good chance and trained some pupils to continue the business or create their own ones.
Las estaciones 1 (Chilecito) y 2 (El Durazno) se encuentran en el casco urbano e inmediaciones de Chilecito, lo que facilita la contemplación de la parte inicial del complejo. El resto de sus instalaciones se sitúa en parajes aislados y agrestes, cada vez a mayor altitud y de difícil acceso. Las posibilidades que ofrece este patrimonio minero excepcional, declarado Monumento Histórico Nacional en 1982, permite pensar que su recuperación es factible y que mediante un apropiado programa de actividades culturales, lúdicas y turísticas podría utilizarse sustentablemente y protegerse del vandalismo que tanto daña el patrimonio que se encuentra en lugares aislados y sin la protección adecuada.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Cable aéreo, Chilecito, La Mejicana, La Rioja, minería, transporte.
ABSTRACT The aerial cableway which links the city of Chilecito with La Mejicana mine in the province of La Rioja, Argentina, was built between 1902 and 1904 to carry the ores down to Santa Florentina smelter and Chilecito railway station. The building is composed of 8 sections that link 9 stations by means of 260 towers, 1 double tower 11 tensioners, 2 horseshoe towers and one tunnel. It is complemented by the diversion to Santa Florentina smelter and 110 km of mountain paths opened for its building. All stations were equipped with telephone, and some of them (2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8) were powered by steam engines. It has a length of 34,33 Km and a 3.528 m slope over rough terrain. Due to the simplicity and functionality of its design, and the difficulties of the terrain where it was built, this is a most likely unmatchable construction in the world. The versatility of its facilities allowed the conveyance of ore, goods, equipment, and people. It was functional between 1905 and 1927. Stations 1 (Chilecito) and 2 (El Durazno) are located within the urban area of Chilecito. This provides a convenient viewing of the initial part of the complex. The rest of its facilities are fairly isolated, located on wilder and higher sites. The possibilities offered by this exceptional mining heritage, declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982, suggest that its reconditioning is feasible. Through an appropriate program of cultural, leisure and tourist activities, the site could be sustainably used and protected from vandalism which affects isolated and unprotected heritage.
KEY WORDS: Aerial tramway, Chilecito, La Mejicana, La Rioja, mining, transport.
hasta finales del siglo XIX, momento en el que alcanzaron un gran desarrollo tecnológico. Estas instalaciones tuvieron
una gran importancia pues hicieron posible la explotación de minas situadas en lugares inaccesibles por otros medios de
transporte, abaratando el traslado de los minerales a niveles que los hicieron competitivos en los mercados mundiales.
Las referencias históricas muestran que los fundamentos conceptuales de los teleféricos no han variado demasiado desde
sus primeros diseños, manteniéndose los principios de funcionamiento, aunque adaptados al desarrollo tecnológico de
la industria vigente, especialmente, a finales del siglo XIX.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Bicable, industria, minería, monocable, teleférico.
ABSTRACT
This article describes the evolution of ropeways, with special emphasis on mining systems, from their origins to the end of
the nineteenth century, when they became very advanced from a technological point of view. These facilities were extremely
important because they made it possible to open mines in areas that were inaccessible to other means of transport;
thus, lowering transport costs to levels that made the mines competitive on world markets. Historical references show
that the conceptual foundations of cable cars have not changed much since their original designs. The principles governing
their operation have been preserved, although adapted to the technological developments in each period, especially
towards the end of the 19th century.
KEY WORDS: Bicable, industry, mining, monocable, ropeway.
travertine (due its use in buildings construction)
and petrifaction of twigs and leaves by waters with
calcium bicarbonate (as curious phenomenon)
have been commented by some Colonial authors,
without understanding such processes. In fact, these
petrified vegetables were confused with real fossils
for a long time. Both phenomena are originated by
carbonate precipitation from underground waters.
In the fullness of time, ideas were fitting to new
knowledge so at the end of XVIII century they were
close to present ones.
(Peru) which allude to Gremio de Mineros of the mercury mines situated in this village. Both deal with two
requests made to Gobernador; one asks for adjust the amounts that the Gremio pay in concept of indian tax of six
pesos for each to real number of people which came to work in the mine as mitayo. The second one asks for a copy
of the document prepared by colonial Huancavelican authorities after the visit to smelting plants of the town in
1690. In spite of their shortness, both documents contribute interesting data about salaries, types and grade of ore
minerals, existing furnaces and members of Gremio de Mineros in those years.
se analiza la legislación actual y su aplicabilidad a los distintos tipos de parques mineros y situaciones que pueden
encontrarse. Asimismo, se revisa el papel y la figura del Jefe de Seguridad responsable de los mismos.
El presente trabajo constituye la segunda parte de otro más extenso que trata de la relación de los españoles con la hoja de coca tras su conquista del Imperio Inca. En esta parte se relata cómo se hicieron con la producción cocalera tras controlar los cocales mediante la concesión de encomiendas, la compra a los indígenas de las parcelas cocaleras o la creación de nuevas plantaciones en los yungas o valles cálidos del oriente de los Andes. Los principales cocales estuvieron situados en Cuzco, La Paz y Cochabamba. La coca era vendida principalmente en los centros mineros para atender la demanda de los obreros indígenas.
Palabras clave: Coca, indígenas, minería, Perú, siglo XVI.
ABSTRACT
This work is the second part of another wider one which deals with the relation of Spaniards with coca leaf after conquering the Inca Empire. In the present part is related how Spaniards obtained coca production after they kept coca fields control by means of encomiendas, buying the coca smallholdings to native or creating new plantations in the hot and humid valleys of Eastern Andes. The foremost coca fields were located in Cuzco, La Paz and Cochabamba. Coca leaves were sold mainly in mining cities in order to attend the request for Indian workers.
Key words: Coca, indians, mining, Peru, 16 th century
El presente trabajo constituye la primera parte de otro más amplio que trata de la relación entre los españoles recién llegados al Nuevo Mundo y la hoja de coca. En esta parte se describe cómo los diversos autores muestran su extrañeza por el efecto que la coca ejercía sobre los nativos, sin entenderlo al no haber plantas similares en Europa. Durante los casi trescientos años de presencia española en América muchos fueron los autores que hicieron referencias a la coca pero hubo que esperar a 1794 para que el ilustrado Unanue hiciera una completa y detallada descripción de la planta y sus partes, y un fiel dibujo a plumilla de la misma y de sus principales órganos.
Palabras clave: América, coca, indígenas, minería, siglo XVI.
ABSTRACT
This work is the first part of another wider one which deals with the relation of Spaniards with coca leaf after arriving to New World. This part relates how Spaniards knew coca existence and their surprise because of effect that coca leaves exerted on natives. They did not understand it since similar plants did not exist in Europe. During almost 300 years that Spaniards were present in America, many of them wrote about coca but only in 1794 the plant was described in a complete and detailed way by illustrated Unanue, who painted a faithful pattern of it and its main parts.
Key words: America, coca, Indians, mining, XVI century.
ABSTRACT Coca leaf always was considered one of consumer goods in the mines of colonial Spanish America. Its consumption by native workers was decisive to obtain the silver production that was sent to Europe during three centuries changing the world economic order, and Potosi was the main silver mining district of South America. The coca leaf followed a long process until miners received it. That process began in coca fields of Cuzco (actual Peru), La Paz or Cochabamba (actual Bolivia), followed by a complicated transport on llama trains in the Andes to arrive to consumption or distribution centers, mainly Potosi, lasting some months, and ended with local traders that sold the leaves for retail to miners in the markets and shops of Potosi; then they used coca with regularity while working in the mine. Coca sale was a very important economic activity, particularly in XVI century in Peru, only surpassed by mining. The retail trade employed a lot of native population who sustained with it. Great social and economic implications of coca trade in Potosi originated a framework of complex relations between customers and sellers and also between themselves. This framework was traduced in particular customs and ways of work regulated by strict rules of behavior and action. In this context, most of retail sellers of Potosi were Indian women that got in such way certain economic independence that allowed them to live with a relative comfort. Some of them had good chance and trained some pupils to continue the business or create their own ones.
Las estaciones 1 (Chilecito) y 2 (El Durazno) se encuentran en el casco urbano e inmediaciones de Chilecito, lo que facilita la contemplación de la parte inicial del complejo. El resto de sus instalaciones se sitúa en parajes aislados y agrestes, cada vez a mayor altitud y de difícil acceso. Las posibilidades que ofrece este patrimonio minero excepcional, declarado Monumento Histórico Nacional en 1982, permite pensar que su recuperación es factible y que mediante un apropiado programa de actividades culturales, lúdicas y turísticas podría utilizarse sustentablemente y protegerse del vandalismo que tanto daña el patrimonio que se encuentra en lugares aislados y sin la protección adecuada.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Cable aéreo, Chilecito, La Mejicana, La Rioja, minería, transporte.
ABSTRACT The aerial cableway which links the city of Chilecito with La Mejicana mine in the province of La Rioja, Argentina, was built between 1902 and 1904 to carry the ores down to Santa Florentina smelter and Chilecito railway station. The building is composed of 8 sections that link 9 stations by means of 260 towers, 1 double tower 11 tensioners, 2 horseshoe towers and one tunnel. It is complemented by the diversion to Santa Florentina smelter and 110 km of mountain paths opened for its building. All stations were equipped with telephone, and some of them (2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8) were powered by steam engines. It has a length of 34,33 Km and a 3.528 m slope over rough terrain. Due to the simplicity and functionality of its design, and the difficulties of the terrain where it was built, this is a most likely unmatchable construction in the world. The versatility of its facilities allowed the conveyance of ore, goods, equipment, and people. It was functional between 1905 and 1927. Stations 1 (Chilecito) and 2 (El Durazno) are located within the urban area of Chilecito. This provides a convenient viewing of the initial part of the complex. The rest of its facilities are fairly isolated, located on wilder and higher sites. The possibilities offered by this exceptional mining heritage, declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982, suggest that its reconditioning is feasible. Through an appropriate program of cultural, leisure and tourist activities, the site could be sustainably used and protected from vandalism which affects isolated and unprotected heritage.
KEY WORDS: Aerial tramway, Chilecito, La Mejicana, La Rioja, mining, transport.
hasta finales del siglo XIX, momento en el que alcanzaron un gran desarrollo tecnológico. Estas instalaciones tuvieron
una gran importancia pues hicieron posible la explotación de minas situadas en lugares inaccesibles por otros medios de
transporte, abaratando el traslado de los minerales a niveles que los hicieron competitivos en los mercados mundiales.
Las referencias históricas muestran que los fundamentos conceptuales de los teleféricos no han variado demasiado desde
sus primeros diseños, manteniéndose los principios de funcionamiento, aunque adaptados al desarrollo tecnológico de
la industria vigente, especialmente, a finales del siglo XIX.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Bicable, industria, minería, monocable, teleférico.
ABSTRACT
This article describes the evolution of ropeways, with special emphasis on mining systems, from their origins to the end of
the nineteenth century, when they became very advanced from a technological point of view. These facilities were extremely
important because they made it possible to open mines in areas that were inaccessible to other means of transport;
thus, lowering transport costs to levels that made the mines competitive on world markets. Historical references show
that the conceptual foundations of cable cars have not changed much since their original designs. The principles governing
their operation have been preserved, although adapted to the technological developments in each period, especially
towards the end of the 19th century.
KEY WORDS: Bicable, industry, mining, monocable, ropeway.
travertine (due its use in buildings construction)
and petrifaction of twigs and leaves by waters with
calcium bicarbonate (as curious phenomenon)
have been commented by some Colonial authors,
without understanding such processes. In fact, these
petrified vegetables were confused with real fossils
for a long time. Both phenomena are originated by
carbonate precipitation from underground waters.
In the fullness of time, ideas were fitting to new
knowledge so at the end of XVIII century they were
close to present ones.
(Peru) which allude to Gremio de Mineros of the mercury mines situated in this village. Both deal with two
requests made to Gobernador; one asks for adjust the amounts that the Gremio pay in concept of indian tax of six
pesos for each to real number of people which came to work in the mine as mitayo. The second one asks for a copy
of the document prepared by colonial Huancavelican authorities after the visit to smelting plants of the town in
1690. In spite of their shortness, both documents contribute interesting data about salaries, types and grade of ore
minerals, existing furnaces and members of Gremio de Mineros in those years.
se analiza la legislación actual y su aplicabilidad a los distintos tipos de parques mineros y situaciones que pueden
encontrarse. Asimismo, se revisa el papel y la figura del Jefe de Seguridad responsable de los mismos.