Technical information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural and anim... more Technical information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural and animal products are necessary to design various equipments for agriculture and industry. In this study some physical properties such as mass, length, diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, coefficient of friction and packaging coefficient were determined for Japanese quail eggs. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of Japanese quail eggs was determined in terms of average rupture force, deformation and toughness (energy absorbed by the Japanese quail eggs per unit volume). Egg samples were compressed along their X and Z-axes. The average values of their mass, length, width, shell thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume and packaging coefficient were measured to be 12.69 g, 34.87 mm, 26.20 mm, 0.27 mm, 28.82 mm, 2 608.5 mm2, 1.10, 359.17 mm3, 0.469, respectively. The values of the coefficient of friction for quail eggs on the surface...
The mechanical properties of Nonpareil versus Gulcan 101-23 almond cultivars that have different ... more The mechanical properties of Nonpareil versus Gulcan 101-23 almond cultivars that have different shell properties were loaded between two parallel plates to determine the rupture force, rupture energy, rupture power requirement, toughness and firmness. The tests were carried out with three moisture contents, namely, 7.2, 22.9 and 33.6% wet basis and three loading axes (x, y, z). Physical characteristics of the almond cultivars such as length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, volume, surface area and weight were determined. Physical properties of both cultivars increased as a numerical by increasing moisture content. The highest rupture force in all moisture content levels was obtained for almond pit loaded along the y-axis. In addition to rupture force, values of absorbed energy, toughness, power requirement and firmness were calculated as mechanical properties. The maximum force required to initiate pit rupture was found as maximum 554.3 N at y-axis for 7.2% moisture content and minimum 126.9 N at x-axis for 33.6% moisture content for Gulcan 101-23 cultivar. These values were determined as 53.3 and 11.2 N, respectively, for Nonpareil cultivar. Rupture force, absorbed energy, toughness, power requirement and firmness decreased with an increase of moisture content. The difference between mechanical properties of Nonpareil versus Gulcan 101-23 almond cultivars was found to be highly significant (P < 0.001).
Electricity consumed in agricultural irrigation systems can be generated from solar energy. In ir... more Electricity consumed in agricultural irrigation systems can be generated from solar energy. In irrigation applications, water is most needed when solar radiation is the most time. This can be regarded as an advantage for systems using solar electricity. In this study, electricity consumption in agricultural irrigation in Turkey was evaluated. The amount of electricity consumed in agricultural irrigation has been examined on the basis of agricultural areas. In Turkey, by the end of November 2016, total electricity consumption was 17 299.8 GWh. 156.975 GWh of total electricity was consumed for agricultural irrigation purposes. Total electricity consumption by the specified date; 45.38% were in industry, 27.66% in trade, 23.7% in housing, 2.36% in lighting and 0.91% in agricultural irrigation.
Turkiye’nin, ortak bir sorun olan iklim degisikligine karsi onlemler almasi ve sanayi ve diger se... more Turkiye’nin, ortak bir sorun olan iklim degisikligine karsi onlemler almasi ve sanayi ve diger sektorlerde iklim degisikligiyle mucadele politikalari ile uyumlu reformlar yapmasi gerekmektedir. Bu durum, gerek uretim yontemlerinde gerekse bireysel olarak tuketim kaliplari ve yasam sekillerinde onemli bir yeniden degerlendirme ve donusum surecini getirecektir. Bu calismada, tarimsal uretimde enerji tuketimi ve cevresel etkiler icin surdurulebilirlik gostergeleri tanimlanmis ve degerlendirilmistir.
The study evaluated the mechanical properties and bruise susceptibility of tomatoes (Enda F1 cult... more The study evaluated the mechanical properties and bruise susceptibility of tomatoes (Enda F1 cultivar). Compression tests were carried out at 1 mm min-1 load velocity to determine mechanical properties (deformation, bioyield point force, deformation energy and Poisson’s ratio). Impact tests were conducted using a pendulum with 50 cm arm length to determine the absorbed energy, bruise volume and bruise susceptibility. Impact tests were carried out at two positions of the tomato, namely impact from the under side and cheek side at four drop heights (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) to determine different impact energy levels. In addition, dimensional properties such as length, width and mass were also measured.  More deformation occurred in the tomato if force was applied to the cheek side, compared with deformation in the flower-stalk side. Average deformation energy was found to be 148.5 Nmm when compression was applied to the flower-stalk side and 98.33 Nmm when applied to the cheek side....
In this study, electricity generation by renewable sources in Turkey was evaluated. As of the end... more In this study, electricity generation by renewable sources in Turkey was evaluated. As of the end of November, 2016, licensed electricity installed power was consisted as follows: 34% hydraulic sources, 6.79% wind, 1% geothermal, 0.59% biomass and 0.02% solar energy. Licensed power generation was consisted as follows: 17.19% from hydraulic sources, 6.18% from wind, 1.68% from geothermal, 0.87% from biomass and 0.01% from solar energy. However, as of the specified date, the unlicensed electricity installed power was consisted of 89.19% solar (89.06% PV + 0.13% condensed), 3.72% biomass, 1.20% wind and 0.59% hydraulic resources. Unlicensed electricity generation were from 92.29% solar PV, 6.55% from biomass, 0.91% from wind and 0.25% from hydraulic sources.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are electronic systems that can convert sunlight directly into electricit... more Photovoltaic (PV) cells are electronic systems that can convert sunlight directly into electricity, have no moving mechanical parts, are easy to maintain and have a long life. PV cells operate depending on the PV effect. The PV effect is a basic physical process by which a PV cell transforms solar radiation into electricity. The photons in the sun's rays emerge by striking the surface of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, and releasing the electrons from the atoms. The main material of PV cells is silicon. Silicon is one of the most preferred materials for semiconductor PV cell construction. In this study, the production method, productivity, advantages and disadvantages of mono and poly crystal silicon cells are compared.
In 2015, the usage rate of geothermal energy for greenhouse heating was 4.54% in the world. By 20... more In 2015, the usage rate of geothermal energy for greenhouse heating was 4.54% in the world. By 2014, there is a total geothermal energy capacity of 1830 MWt for greenhouse heating with geothermal energy. Globally, 1333 hectare greenhouse is heated with geothermal energy in 31 countries and about 26.662 TJ of geothermal energy is used for this purpose. The installed capacity for geothermal greenhouses in Turkey constitutes 21% of the total installed capacity and the annual amount of energy used for greenhouse accounts for approximately 26% of total annual energy use. The total greenhouse area of 37962.7 hectares in Turkey is heating up to approximately 1300 hectares (3%). Geothermal heating is performed in 390.8 hectares (30%) of the total greenhouses where heating is performed. In Turkey, as of 2015, 12 provinces and a total of 390.8 hectares of greenhouse area are being heated by geothermal energy.
GÜNEŞ PİLLİ PROJELERİMİZ
• Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi: Dünyada ilk defa “Mobil Güneş Pili S... more GÜNEŞ PİLLİ PROJELERİMİZ • Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi: Dünyada ilk defa “Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi” geliştirilip patenti alınmıştır. • Güneş Pilli Center Pivot Sulama Sistemi: Dünyada ilk defa uzaktan takip ve kontrol edilebilen hibrit en büyük solar sürücülü “Güneş pilli Center pivot sulama Sistemi” kurulmuştur. • Güneş Pilli Sulama Kanalı Pilot Projesi: İlk defa aynı anda ve farklı zamanlarda off grid ve on grid çalışabilen “Güneş Pilli Sulama Kanalı Pilot Projesi” kurulmuştur.
Technical information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural and anim... more Technical information and data on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural and animal products are necessary to design various equipments for agriculture and industry. In this study some physical properties such as mass, length, diameter, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, coefficient of friction and packaging coefficient were determined for Japanese quail eggs. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of Japanese quail eggs was determined in terms of average rupture force, deformation and toughness (energy absorbed by the Japanese quail eggs per unit volume). Egg samples were compressed along their X and Z-axes. The average values of their mass, length, width, shell thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume and packaging coefficient were measured to be 12.69 g, 34.87 mm, 26.20 mm, 0.27 mm, 28.82 mm, 2 608.5 mm2, 1.10, 359.17 mm3, 0.469, respectively. The values of the coefficient of friction for quail eggs on the surface...
The mechanical properties of Nonpareil versus Gulcan 101-23 almond cultivars that have different ... more The mechanical properties of Nonpareil versus Gulcan 101-23 almond cultivars that have different shell properties were loaded between two parallel plates to determine the rupture force, rupture energy, rupture power requirement, toughness and firmness. The tests were carried out with three moisture contents, namely, 7.2, 22.9 and 33.6% wet basis and three loading axes (x, y, z). Physical characteristics of the almond cultivars such as length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, volume, surface area and weight were determined. Physical properties of both cultivars increased as a numerical by increasing moisture content. The highest rupture force in all moisture content levels was obtained for almond pit loaded along the y-axis. In addition to rupture force, values of absorbed energy, toughness, power requirement and firmness were calculated as mechanical properties. The maximum force required to initiate pit rupture was found as maximum 554.3 N at y-axis for 7.2% moisture content and minimum 126.9 N at x-axis for 33.6% moisture content for Gulcan 101-23 cultivar. These values were determined as 53.3 and 11.2 N, respectively, for Nonpareil cultivar. Rupture force, absorbed energy, toughness, power requirement and firmness decreased with an increase of moisture content. The difference between mechanical properties of Nonpareil versus Gulcan 101-23 almond cultivars was found to be highly significant (P < 0.001).
Electricity consumed in agricultural irrigation systems can be generated from solar energy. In ir... more Electricity consumed in agricultural irrigation systems can be generated from solar energy. In irrigation applications, water is most needed when solar radiation is the most time. This can be regarded as an advantage for systems using solar electricity. In this study, electricity consumption in agricultural irrigation in Turkey was evaluated. The amount of electricity consumed in agricultural irrigation has been examined on the basis of agricultural areas. In Turkey, by the end of November 2016, total electricity consumption was 17 299.8 GWh. 156.975 GWh of total electricity was consumed for agricultural irrigation purposes. Total electricity consumption by the specified date; 45.38% were in industry, 27.66% in trade, 23.7% in housing, 2.36% in lighting and 0.91% in agricultural irrigation.
Turkiye’nin, ortak bir sorun olan iklim degisikligine karsi onlemler almasi ve sanayi ve diger se... more Turkiye’nin, ortak bir sorun olan iklim degisikligine karsi onlemler almasi ve sanayi ve diger sektorlerde iklim degisikligiyle mucadele politikalari ile uyumlu reformlar yapmasi gerekmektedir. Bu durum, gerek uretim yontemlerinde gerekse bireysel olarak tuketim kaliplari ve yasam sekillerinde onemli bir yeniden degerlendirme ve donusum surecini getirecektir. Bu calismada, tarimsal uretimde enerji tuketimi ve cevresel etkiler icin surdurulebilirlik gostergeleri tanimlanmis ve degerlendirilmistir.
The study evaluated the mechanical properties and bruise susceptibility of tomatoes (Enda F1 cult... more The study evaluated the mechanical properties and bruise susceptibility of tomatoes (Enda F1 cultivar). Compression tests were carried out at 1 mm min-1 load velocity to determine mechanical properties (deformation, bioyield point force, deformation energy and Poisson’s ratio). Impact tests were conducted using a pendulum with 50 cm arm length to determine the absorbed energy, bruise volume and bruise susceptibility. Impact tests were carried out at two positions of the tomato, namely impact from the under side and cheek side at four drop heights (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) to determine different impact energy levels. In addition, dimensional properties such as length, width and mass were also measured.  More deformation occurred in the tomato if force was applied to the cheek side, compared with deformation in the flower-stalk side. Average deformation energy was found to be 148.5 Nmm when compression was applied to the flower-stalk side and 98.33 Nmm when applied to the cheek side....
In this study, electricity generation by renewable sources in Turkey was evaluated. As of the end... more In this study, electricity generation by renewable sources in Turkey was evaluated. As of the end of November, 2016, licensed electricity installed power was consisted as follows: 34% hydraulic sources, 6.79% wind, 1% geothermal, 0.59% biomass and 0.02% solar energy. Licensed power generation was consisted as follows: 17.19% from hydraulic sources, 6.18% from wind, 1.68% from geothermal, 0.87% from biomass and 0.01% from solar energy. However, as of the specified date, the unlicensed electricity installed power was consisted of 89.19% solar (89.06% PV + 0.13% condensed), 3.72% biomass, 1.20% wind and 0.59% hydraulic resources. Unlicensed electricity generation were from 92.29% solar PV, 6.55% from biomass, 0.91% from wind and 0.25% from hydraulic sources.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are electronic systems that can convert sunlight directly into electricit... more Photovoltaic (PV) cells are electronic systems that can convert sunlight directly into electricity, have no moving mechanical parts, are easy to maintain and have a long life. PV cells operate depending on the PV effect. The PV effect is a basic physical process by which a PV cell transforms solar radiation into electricity. The photons in the sun's rays emerge by striking the surface of semiconductor materials, such as silicon, and releasing the electrons from the atoms. The main material of PV cells is silicon. Silicon is one of the most preferred materials for semiconductor PV cell construction. In this study, the production method, productivity, advantages and disadvantages of mono and poly crystal silicon cells are compared.
In 2015, the usage rate of geothermal energy for greenhouse heating was 4.54% in the world. By 20... more In 2015, the usage rate of geothermal energy for greenhouse heating was 4.54% in the world. By 2014, there is a total geothermal energy capacity of 1830 MWt for greenhouse heating with geothermal energy. Globally, 1333 hectare greenhouse is heated with geothermal energy in 31 countries and about 26.662 TJ of geothermal energy is used for this purpose. The installed capacity for geothermal greenhouses in Turkey constitutes 21% of the total installed capacity and the annual amount of energy used for greenhouse accounts for approximately 26% of total annual energy use. The total greenhouse area of 37962.7 hectares in Turkey is heating up to approximately 1300 hectares (3%). Geothermal heating is performed in 390.8 hectares (30%) of the total greenhouses where heating is performed. In Turkey, as of 2015, 12 provinces and a total of 390.8 hectares of greenhouse area are being heated by geothermal energy.
GÜNEŞ PİLLİ PROJELERİMİZ
• Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi: Dünyada ilk defa “Mobil Güneş Pili S... more GÜNEŞ PİLLİ PROJELERİMİZ • Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi: Dünyada ilk defa “Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi” geliştirilip patenti alınmıştır. • Güneş Pilli Center Pivot Sulama Sistemi: Dünyada ilk defa uzaktan takip ve kontrol edilebilen hibrit en büyük solar sürücülü “Güneş pilli Center pivot sulama Sistemi” kurulmuştur. • Güneş Pilli Sulama Kanalı Pilot Projesi: İlk defa aynı anda ve farklı zamanlarda off grid ve on grid çalışabilen “Güneş Pilli Sulama Kanalı Pilot Projesi” kurulmuştur.
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Papers by Ümran ATAY
• Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi: Dünyada ilk defa “Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi” geliştirilip patenti alınmıştır.
• Güneş Pilli Center Pivot Sulama Sistemi: Dünyada ilk defa uzaktan takip ve kontrol edilebilen hibrit en büyük solar sürücülü “Güneş pilli Center pivot sulama Sistemi” kurulmuştur.
• Güneş Pilli Sulama Kanalı Pilot Projesi: İlk defa aynı anda ve farklı zamanlarda off grid ve on grid çalışabilen “Güneş Pilli Sulama Kanalı Pilot Projesi” kurulmuştur.
• Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi: Dünyada ilk defa “Mobil Güneş Pili Sulama Makinesi” geliştirilip patenti alınmıştır.
• Güneş Pilli Center Pivot Sulama Sistemi: Dünyada ilk defa uzaktan takip ve kontrol edilebilen hibrit en büyük solar sürücülü “Güneş pilli Center pivot sulama Sistemi” kurulmuştur.
• Güneş Pilli Sulama Kanalı Pilot Projesi: İlk defa aynı anda ve farklı zamanlarda off grid ve on grid çalışabilen “Güneş Pilli Sulama Kanalı Pilot Projesi” kurulmuştur.