The g-factor of the very short-lived (τ = 0.12(1) ps) 2 + 1 state at 3.290 MeV in 36 S, g(2 + 1) ... more The g-factor of the very short-lived (τ = 0.12(1) ps) 2 + 1 state at 3.290 MeV in 36 S, g(2 + 1) = +1.3(5), has been determined for the first time by utilizing the Coulomb excitation of 36 S beams in inverse kinematics combined with the transient field technique. In addition, for the 3 − 1 state (with τ = 0.9(1) ps) at 4.192 MeV, a value of g(3 − 1) = +0.8(5) was obtained. In the same experiment, the g-factor of the 2 + 1 state in 40 Ar has been remeasured using the α-transfer reaction on the same carbon target. Lifetimes of several excited states in both 36 S and 40 Ar were also redetermined using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method. The new experimental g-factors and deduced B(E2) values were compared with results of shell-model calculations with the WBT effective interaction and the sdfp shell model space. Comparisons with previous results for 32,34,38,40 S and 36,38,40 Ar shed light on how the properties of the Ar and S isotopes change as the N = 20 shell closure is approached, crossed, and left behind.
The g factor of the 4 + 1 state in 66 Zn has been measured for the first time employing the techn... more The g factor of the 4 + 1 state in 66 Zn has been measured for the first time employing the technique of projectile Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics combined with transient magnetic fields. The lifetime of this state, τ (4 + 1) = 1.1(2) ps, which has been remeasured by the Doppler shift attenuation method, is twice as large as a previously determined value. Both the deduced B(E2; 4 + 1 → 2 + 1) = 133(24) e 2 fm 4 and the g factor of the 4 + 1 state, g(4 + 1) = +0.65(20), were interpreted, together with results for the 2 + 1 state, in the framework of shell-model calculations based on a 56 Ni closed-shell core. The present results are also compared with those for neighboring 64 Zn and 68 Zn that were obtained in previous measurements by the same technique.
The g factors of the 21+ states in 42,44Ca have been measured employing Coulomb excitation of iso... more The g factors of the 21+ states in 42,44Ca have been measured employing Coulomb excitation of isotopically pure calcium beams in inverse kinematics combined with the transient field technique. In addition, the lifetimes were redetermined using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method. While the g factor of 44Ca(21+) has definitely a positive value, g=+0.17(3), for 42Ca a vanishingly small g factor, g(21+)=+0.04(6), was
Measurements of magnetic moments of 2^+1 and 4^+1 states in the ^46,48Ti, ^50,52Cr and ^54Fe nucl... more Measurements of magnetic moments of 2^+1 and 4^+1 states in the ^46,48Ti, ^50,52Cr and ^54Fe nuclei were performed with high accuracy by the projectile Coulomb excitation coupled with transient field technique. The data will be compared to the results of large scale shell model calculations in the f_7/2 shell. They provide stringent tests of the details of the interactions used
The g factors of the 2 + 1 and 4 + 1 states in radioactive 52 Ti (T 1/2 = 1.7 m) have been measur... more The g factors of the 2 + 1 and 4 + 1 states in radioactive 52 Ti (T 1/2 = 1.7 m) have been measured for the first time using the technique of α transfer to 48 Ca beams in inverse kinematics, in combination with transient magnetic fields. In addition, employing the Doppler-shift-attenuation method, the lifetime of the 2 + 1 state has been re-determined with much higher precision while the lifetime values of the 4 + 1 and the 2 + 3 states were obtained for the first time. The B(E2) and g factor results were compared with the results obtained within the framework of full fp spherical shell model calculations using several recent effective interactions commonly utilized in this mass region. The two measured g factors were accounted for by none of the calculations except for the FPD6 calculation with modified input single-particle energies. The new data were also discussed in relation to the neighbouring isotopes, 48,50 Ti, isotones, 50,52,54 Cr, and the magic N = 28 shell closure. Our calculations generally reproduce well the trends of the data in terms of their dependence on neutron number.
The g factor of the first excited 21+ state in 46Ca has been remeasured with better accuracy than... more The g factor of the first excited 21+ state in 46Ca has been remeasured with better accuracy than previously obtained, g(21+,Ca46)=−0.26(6). The experiment utilized the transient field technique combined with Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics. This result was analyzed in terms of shell model plus deformed core calculations. The positive g factors of the 21+ states in 42Ca and 44Ca
The g factor of the 2 + 1 state in radioactive 44 Ti has been measured for the first time with th... more The g factor of the 2 + 1 state in radioactive 44 Ti has been measured for the first time with the technique of α transfer to 40 Ca beams in inverse kinematics in combination with transient magnetic fields, yielding the value, g(2 + 1) = +0.52(15). In addition, the lifetimes of the 2 + 1 , τ = 3.97(28) ps, and the 4 + 1 states, τ = 0.65(6) ps, were redetermined with higher precision using the Doppler shift attenuation method. The deduced B(E2)'s and the g factor were well explained by a full fp shell model calculation using the FPD6 effective NN interaction. The g factor can also be accounted for by a simple rotational model (g = Z/A). However, if one also considers the B(E2)'s and the E(4 + 1)/E(2 + 1) ratios, then an imperfect vibrator picture gives better agreement with the data.
The spin-orbit splittings in the spectra of nuclei with mass numbers 5, 15 and 17 are studied wit... more The spin-orbit splittings in the spectra of nuclei with mass numbers 5, 15 and 17 are studied within the framework of shell-model configuration mixing calculations including 2hω excitations. The contributions of the two-body spinorbit and tensor components of the nucleon-nucleon interaction are studied in various model spaces. It is found that the effects of the two-body spin-orbit interaction are dominant and quite sensitive to the size of the model-space considered. The effects of the tensor interaction are weaker. The correlations effects which are included in the larger (0+2)hω shell-model space reduce the spin-orbit splitting in the case of A = 5 by 20%, and enhance it for A = 15 by about the same 20%. However, it is found that the correlations have a very small effect on the d 3/2 − d 5/2 splitting in A = 17.
We study the role of configuration mixing in the heavier even-even isotopes of Argon. We begin by... more We study the role of configuration mixing in the heavier even-even isotopes of Argon. We begin by limiting the configurations of the even-even Ar isotopes to (d 2 3/2)π (f n 7/2)ν. There, due to the particular location in this shell model space of 40 Ar and 44 Ar, we find that the spectra, B(E2)'s and magnetic moments of these two nuclei are identical. Any deviation from this equality is direct evidence of configuration mixing. In a larger shell model space there are significant differences between these two nuclei, with 44 Ar being more collective. We also consider other even-even isotopes of Argon and study how their nuclear structure effects evolve with N. We compare in the full 0 ω space (sd)π (f p)ν the results of calculations with the WBT interaction and with the newer SDPF, denoted SDPF-U, interaction.
The presence of not yet detected intruder states in 8 Be e.g. a J = 2 + intruder at 9 M eV excita... more The presence of not yet detected intruder states in 8 Be e.g. a J = 2 + intruder at 9 M eV excitation would affect the shape of the β ∓-delayed alpha spectra of 8 Li and 8 B. In order to test the plausibility of this assumption, shell model calculations with up to 4hω excitations in 8 Be (and up to 2hω excitations in 10 Be) were performed. With the above restrictions on the model spaces, the calculations did not yield any low-lying intruder state in 8 Be. Another approach-the simple deformed oscillator model with self-consistent frequencies and volume conservation gives an intruder state in 8 Be which is lower in energy than the above shell model results, but its energy is still considerably higher than 9 M eV .
We carry out a study of the study of the Q • Q interaction in a model space which consists of sev... more We carry out a study of the study of the Q • Q interaction in a model space which consists of several nucleons in an open shell and all 2hω excitations. This interaction is −t Xo 2 Q • Q, where for t=1 we get the 'accepted strength'. In the 0p space, the spectrum would scale with t. In this space, the 2 + 1 and 2 + 2 states of 10 Be are degenerate, as are the [330] and [411] sets of J = 0 + , 1 + and 2 + triplets. When 2hω admixtures are included, the degeneracies are removed. For t ≥ 1.8 we have new ground state and a new 2 + 1 state. These are states in which two particles are excited from the 0p to the 1s − 0d shell. There is no mixing of these 2p-2h states with the other states. For these 2p-2h states the occupancy for 0s,0p,1s-0d and 1p-of are 4,4,2 and 0 respectively.
The g factor of the 2 + 1 state in 40 Ar has been measured by use of Coulomb excitation in invers... more The g factor of the 2 + 1 state in 40 Ar has been measured by use of Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics and the transient magnetic-field technique. The resulting g factor, g(2 + 1) = −0.015(42), is in reasonable agreement with shell-model calculations within the (full sd) π (full fp) ν space, without including core excitations. Although highly deformed admixtures in the wave function cannot be completely ruled out, they are small, in contrast to the case of 42 Ca.
The g factors of the first 2 + and 4 + states of the radioactive 100 Pd nucleus have been investi... more The g factors of the first 2 + and 4 + states of the radioactive 100 Pd nucleus have been investigated for the first time, using an alpha-particle transfer reaction from 12 C to 96 Ru. The transient magnetic field technique in inverse kinematics was used. The 100 46 Pd54 nucleus is a suitable candidate for studying single-particle proton and neutron effects in the nuclear wave functions near the N = Z = 50 shell closures. The results are discussed within the frameworks of both large-scale shell-model calculations and collective-model predictions.
We study the response of isovector orbital magnetic dipole (IOMD) transitions to the quadrupole-q... more We study the response of isovector orbital magnetic dipole (IOMD) transitions to the quadrupole-quadrupole (Q • Q) interaction, to the isospinconserving pairing interaction (ICP) and to combinations of both. We find qualitatively different behaviours for transitions in which the final isospin differs from the initial isospin versus cases where the two isospins are the same.
In this work we examine two recent effective shell model interactions, JUN45 and JJ4B, that have ... more In this work we examine two recent effective shell model interactions, JUN45 and JJ4B, that have been proposed for use in the f 5/2 , p 3/2 , p 1/2 , g 9/2 model space for both protons and neutrons. We calculate a number of quantities that did not enter into the fits undertaken to fix the parameters of both interactions. In particular we consider static quadrupole moments (Q's) of excited states of the even-even 70−76 Ge isotopes, as well as the B(E2) values in these nuclei. (We have previously studied 70 Zn isotopes using JJ4B.) Some striking disagreements between the JUN45 prediction and the experimental results had already been noted for the quadrupole moments of the 2 + 1 states of these nuclei. We investigate whether these discrepancies also occur for the JJ4B interaction. Subsequently, we also apply both interactions to calculate the Q's of some more highly excited states and compare the two sets of predictions regarding the nature of the nuclear states under consideration. In order to gain insight into these more complex large-scale shell-model calculations, we examine the corresponding and much simpler single-j shell model calculations in the g 9/2 neutron shell.
The g factor of the first excited 2 + 1 state in 46 Ca has been remeasured with better accuracy t... more The g factor of the first excited 2 + 1 state in 46 Ca has been remeasured with better accuracy than previously obtained, g(2 + 1 , 46 Ca) = −0.26(6). The experiment utilized the transient field technique combined with Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics. This result was analyzed in terms of shell model plus deformed core calculations. The positive g factors of the 2 + 1 states in 42 Ca and 44 Ca suggest that the 2 + 1 state wave functions require significant particle-hole excitations of the Z = 20, N = 20 core. The new data for 46 Ca show that (fp) 6 ν configurations dominate near the shell closure at 48 Ca and indicate that core excitation plays a lesser role than was hitherto believed.
ABSTRACT We have redetermined the g factor and the lifetime of the 21+ state in 40Ar by applying ... more ABSTRACT We have redetermined the g factor and the lifetime of the 21+ state in 40Ar by applying the technique of α transfer from a carbon target to 36S beams in inverse kinematics combined with transient magnetic fields. In addition, the lifetimes of the 41+ and the 22+ states in 40Ar have been remeasured using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method (DSAM). Additional experimental details of the α-transfer measurements are provided. The results are discussed within the framework of new large-scale shell model calculations with both free and effective nucleon g factors.
In two recent papers a negative g factor was reported for the 4{sup +} state in Zn. The negative ... more In two recent papers a negative g factor was reported for the 4{sup +} state in Zn. The negative sign is unexpected. It is not consistent with the systematics of g factors in the neighboring Zn and Ge isotopes and could not be explained by shell-model calculations even when significant contributions of the 0g neutrons were included. Therefore, an independent
The g-factor of the very short-lived (τ = 0.12(1) ps) 2 + 1 state at 3.290 MeV in 36 S, g(2 + 1) ... more The g-factor of the very short-lived (τ = 0.12(1) ps) 2 + 1 state at 3.290 MeV in 36 S, g(2 + 1) = +1.3(5), has been determined for the first time by utilizing the Coulomb excitation of 36 S beams in inverse kinematics combined with the transient field technique. In addition, for the 3 − 1 state (with τ = 0.9(1) ps) at 4.192 MeV, a value of g(3 − 1) = +0.8(5) was obtained. In the same experiment, the g-factor of the 2 + 1 state in 40 Ar has been remeasured using the α-transfer reaction on the same carbon target. Lifetimes of several excited states in both 36 S and 40 Ar were also redetermined using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method. The new experimental g-factors and deduced B(E2) values were compared with results of shell-model calculations with the WBT effective interaction and the sdfp shell model space. Comparisons with previous results for 32,34,38,40 S and 36,38,40 Ar shed light on how the properties of the Ar and S isotopes change as the N = 20 shell closure is approached, crossed, and left behind.
The g factor of the 4 + 1 state in 66 Zn has been measured for the first time employing the techn... more The g factor of the 4 + 1 state in 66 Zn has been measured for the first time employing the technique of projectile Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics combined with transient magnetic fields. The lifetime of this state, τ (4 + 1) = 1.1(2) ps, which has been remeasured by the Doppler shift attenuation method, is twice as large as a previously determined value. Both the deduced B(E2; 4 + 1 → 2 + 1) = 133(24) e 2 fm 4 and the g factor of the 4 + 1 state, g(4 + 1) = +0.65(20), were interpreted, together with results for the 2 + 1 state, in the framework of shell-model calculations based on a 56 Ni closed-shell core. The present results are also compared with those for neighboring 64 Zn and 68 Zn that were obtained in previous measurements by the same technique.
The g factors of the 21+ states in 42,44Ca have been measured employing Coulomb excitation of iso... more The g factors of the 21+ states in 42,44Ca have been measured employing Coulomb excitation of isotopically pure calcium beams in inverse kinematics combined with the transient field technique. In addition, the lifetimes were redetermined using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method. While the g factor of 44Ca(21+) has definitely a positive value, g=+0.17(3), for 42Ca a vanishingly small g factor, g(21+)=+0.04(6), was
Measurements of magnetic moments of 2^+1 and 4^+1 states in the ^46,48Ti, ^50,52Cr and ^54Fe nucl... more Measurements of magnetic moments of 2^+1 and 4^+1 states in the ^46,48Ti, ^50,52Cr and ^54Fe nuclei were performed with high accuracy by the projectile Coulomb excitation coupled with transient field technique. The data will be compared to the results of large scale shell model calculations in the f_7/2 shell. They provide stringent tests of the details of the interactions used
The g factors of the 2 + 1 and 4 + 1 states in radioactive 52 Ti (T 1/2 = 1.7 m) have been measur... more The g factors of the 2 + 1 and 4 + 1 states in radioactive 52 Ti (T 1/2 = 1.7 m) have been measured for the first time using the technique of α transfer to 48 Ca beams in inverse kinematics, in combination with transient magnetic fields. In addition, employing the Doppler-shift-attenuation method, the lifetime of the 2 + 1 state has been re-determined with much higher precision while the lifetime values of the 4 + 1 and the 2 + 3 states were obtained for the first time. The B(E2) and g factor results were compared with the results obtained within the framework of full fp spherical shell model calculations using several recent effective interactions commonly utilized in this mass region. The two measured g factors were accounted for by none of the calculations except for the FPD6 calculation with modified input single-particle energies. The new data were also discussed in relation to the neighbouring isotopes, 48,50 Ti, isotones, 50,52,54 Cr, and the magic N = 28 shell closure. Our calculations generally reproduce well the trends of the data in terms of their dependence on neutron number.
The g factor of the first excited 21+ state in 46Ca has been remeasured with better accuracy than... more The g factor of the first excited 21+ state in 46Ca has been remeasured with better accuracy than previously obtained, g(21+,Ca46)=−0.26(6). The experiment utilized the transient field technique combined with Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics. This result was analyzed in terms of shell model plus deformed core calculations. The positive g factors of the 21+ states in 42Ca and 44Ca
The g factor of the 2 + 1 state in radioactive 44 Ti has been measured for the first time with th... more The g factor of the 2 + 1 state in radioactive 44 Ti has been measured for the first time with the technique of α transfer to 40 Ca beams in inverse kinematics in combination with transient magnetic fields, yielding the value, g(2 + 1) = +0.52(15). In addition, the lifetimes of the 2 + 1 , τ = 3.97(28) ps, and the 4 + 1 states, τ = 0.65(6) ps, were redetermined with higher precision using the Doppler shift attenuation method. The deduced B(E2)'s and the g factor were well explained by a full fp shell model calculation using the FPD6 effective NN interaction. The g factor can also be accounted for by a simple rotational model (g = Z/A). However, if one also considers the B(E2)'s and the E(4 + 1)/E(2 + 1) ratios, then an imperfect vibrator picture gives better agreement with the data.
The spin-orbit splittings in the spectra of nuclei with mass numbers 5, 15 and 17 are studied wit... more The spin-orbit splittings in the spectra of nuclei with mass numbers 5, 15 and 17 are studied within the framework of shell-model configuration mixing calculations including 2hω excitations. The contributions of the two-body spinorbit and tensor components of the nucleon-nucleon interaction are studied in various model spaces. It is found that the effects of the two-body spin-orbit interaction are dominant and quite sensitive to the size of the model-space considered. The effects of the tensor interaction are weaker. The correlations effects which are included in the larger (0+2)hω shell-model space reduce the spin-orbit splitting in the case of A = 5 by 20%, and enhance it for A = 15 by about the same 20%. However, it is found that the correlations have a very small effect on the d 3/2 − d 5/2 splitting in A = 17.
We study the role of configuration mixing in the heavier even-even isotopes of Argon. We begin by... more We study the role of configuration mixing in the heavier even-even isotopes of Argon. We begin by limiting the configurations of the even-even Ar isotopes to (d 2 3/2)π (f n 7/2)ν. There, due to the particular location in this shell model space of 40 Ar and 44 Ar, we find that the spectra, B(E2)'s and magnetic moments of these two nuclei are identical. Any deviation from this equality is direct evidence of configuration mixing. In a larger shell model space there are significant differences between these two nuclei, with 44 Ar being more collective. We also consider other even-even isotopes of Argon and study how their nuclear structure effects evolve with N. We compare in the full 0 ω space (sd)π (f p)ν the results of calculations with the WBT interaction and with the newer SDPF, denoted SDPF-U, interaction.
The presence of not yet detected intruder states in 8 Be e.g. a J = 2 + intruder at 9 M eV excita... more The presence of not yet detected intruder states in 8 Be e.g. a J = 2 + intruder at 9 M eV excitation would affect the shape of the β ∓-delayed alpha spectra of 8 Li and 8 B. In order to test the plausibility of this assumption, shell model calculations with up to 4hω excitations in 8 Be (and up to 2hω excitations in 10 Be) were performed. With the above restrictions on the model spaces, the calculations did not yield any low-lying intruder state in 8 Be. Another approach-the simple deformed oscillator model with self-consistent frequencies and volume conservation gives an intruder state in 8 Be which is lower in energy than the above shell model results, but its energy is still considerably higher than 9 M eV .
We carry out a study of the study of the Q • Q interaction in a model space which consists of sev... more We carry out a study of the study of the Q • Q interaction in a model space which consists of several nucleons in an open shell and all 2hω excitations. This interaction is −t Xo 2 Q • Q, where for t=1 we get the 'accepted strength'. In the 0p space, the spectrum would scale with t. In this space, the 2 + 1 and 2 + 2 states of 10 Be are degenerate, as are the [330] and [411] sets of J = 0 + , 1 + and 2 + triplets. When 2hω admixtures are included, the degeneracies are removed. For t ≥ 1.8 we have new ground state and a new 2 + 1 state. These are states in which two particles are excited from the 0p to the 1s − 0d shell. There is no mixing of these 2p-2h states with the other states. For these 2p-2h states the occupancy for 0s,0p,1s-0d and 1p-of are 4,4,2 and 0 respectively.
The g factor of the 2 + 1 state in 40 Ar has been measured by use of Coulomb excitation in invers... more The g factor of the 2 + 1 state in 40 Ar has been measured by use of Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics and the transient magnetic-field technique. The resulting g factor, g(2 + 1) = −0.015(42), is in reasonable agreement with shell-model calculations within the (full sd) π (full fp) ν space, without including core excitations. Although highly deformed admixtures in the wave function cannot be completely ruled out, they are small, in contrast to the case of 42 Ca.
The g factors of the first 2 + and 4 + states of the radioactive 100 Pd nucleus have been investi... more The g factors of the first 2 + and 4 + states of the radioactive 100 Pd nucleus have been investigated for the first time, using an alpha-particle transfer reaction from 12 C to 96 Ru. The transient magnetic field technique in inverse kinematics was used. The 100 46 Pd54 nucleus is a suitable candidate for studying single-particle proton and neutron effects in the nuclear wave functions near the N = Z = 50 shell closures. The results are discussed within the frameworks of both large-scale shell-model calculations and collective-model predictions.
We study the response of isovector orbital magnetic dipole (IOMD) transitions to the quadrupole-q... more We study the response of isovector orbital magnetic dipole (IOMD) transitions to the quadrupole-quadrupole (Q • Q) interaction, to the isospinconserving pairing interaction (ICP) and to combinations of both. We find qualitatively different behaviours for transitions in which the final isospin differs from the initial isospin versus cases where the two isospins are the same.
In this work we examine two recent effective shell model interactions, JUN45 and JJ4B, that have ... more In this work we examine two recent effective shell model interactions, JUN45 and JJ4B, that have been proposed for use in the f 5/2 , p 3/2 , p 1/2 , g 9/2 model space for both protons and neutrons. We calculate a number of quantities that did not enter into the fits undertaken to fix the parameters of both interactions. In particular we consider static quadrupole moments (Q's) of excited states of the even-even 70−76 Ge isotopes, as well as the B(E2) values in these nuclei. (We have previously studied 70 Zn isotopes using JJ4B.) Some striking disagreements between the JUN45 prediction and the experimental results had already been noted for the quadrupole moments of the 2 + 1 states of these nuclei. We investigate whether these discrepancies also occur for the JJ4B interaction. Subsequently, we also apply both interactions to calculate the Q's of some more highly excited states and compare the two sets of predictions regarding the nature of the nuclear states under consideration. In order to gain insight into these more complex large-scale shell-model calculations, we examine the corresponding and much simpler single-j shell model calculations in the g 9/2 neutron shell.
The g factor of the first excited 2 + 1 state in 46 Ca has been remeasured with better accuracy t... more The g factor of the first excited 2 + 1 state in 46 Ca has been remeasured with better accuracy than previously obtained, g(2 + 1 , 46 Ca) = −0.26(6). The experiment utilized the transient field technique combined with Coulomb excitation in inverse kinematics. This result was analyzed in terms of shell model plus deformed core calculations. The positive g factors of the 2 + 1 states in 42 Ca and 44 Ca suggest that the 2 + 1 state wave functions require significant particle-hole excitations of the Z = 20, N = 20 core. The new data for 46 Ca show that (fp) 6 ν configurations dominate near the shell closure at 48 Ca and indicate that core excitation plays a lesser role than was hitherto believed.
ABSTRACT We have redetermined the g factor and the lifetime of the 21+ state in 40Ar by applying ... more ABSTRACT We have redetermined the g factor and the lifetime of the 21+ state in 40Ar by applying the technique of α transfer from a carbon target to 36S beams in inverse kinematics combined with transient magnetic fields. In addition, the lifetimes of the 41+ and the 22+ states in 40Ar have been remeasured using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method (DSAM). Additional experimental details of the α-transfer measurements are provided. The results are discussed within the framework of new large-scale shell model calculations with both free and effective nucleon g factors.
In two recent papers a negative g factor was reported for the 4{sup +} state in Zn. The negative ... more In two recent papers a negative g factor was reported for the 4{sup +} state in Zn. The negative sign is unexpected. It is not consistent with the systematics of g factors in the neighboring Zn and Ge isotopes and could not be explained by shell-model calculations even when significant contributions of the 0g neutrons were included. Therefore, an independent
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Papers by Y. Sharon