This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the effects of physical exercise in patie... more This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the effects of physical exercise in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, recommendations are given regarding exercise prescription for MS patients and for future study directions. Previously, MS patients were advised not to participate in physical exercise. During recent years, it has been increasingly acknowledged that exercise benefits MS patients. The requirement
To evaluate and compare the effect of 3 intensive exercise therapy modalities - Resistance Traini... more To evaluate and compare the effect of 3 intensive exercise therapy modalities - Resistance Training (RT), Endurance Training (ET) and Other Intensive Training Modalities (OITM) - in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Design A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A systematic literature search was conducted (Embase, Pubmed, Cinahl, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane, PEDro), which identified 15 studies that were categorized as RT, ET or OITM. The different exercise modalities were reviewed and a meta-analysis evaluating the effect of RT on muscle strength was made. In PD intensive exercise therapy (RT, ET and OITM) is feasible and safe. There is strong evidence that RT can improve muscle strength in PD, which is underlined by the meta-analysis (g'=0.54 [95%CI 0.22;0.86]). There is moderate evidence that ET can improve cardio-respiratory fitness in PD. RT, ET and OITM may have beneficial effects on balance, walking performance, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III (UPDRS-III) score and quality of life in PD, but findings are inconsistent. No studies find deterioration in any outcomes following exercise therapy. RT, ET and OITM all represent feasible, safe and beneficial adjunct rehabilitation therapies in PD.
During the past decade, it has become increasingly more common to offer hip arthroscopic surgery ... more During the past decade, it has become increasingly more common to offer hip arthroscopic surgery when treating people with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Nevertheless, the latest reviews conclude that it still remains to be properly investigated how surgery affects the patients. Specifically, detailed information on the functional, muscular and mechanical impact of surgery in larger groups is lacking. Furthermore, the long-term outcome of the surgery is still to be investigated. In this prospective cohort study, a total of 60 patients with FAI scheduled for arthroscopic surgery will be followed and tested preoperatively, and again after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Assessment includes isokinetic dynamometry evaluating hip flexion and extension; evaluation of functional capacity in a three-dimensional motion laboratory; pain assessment; self-reported function, quality of life, expectation and satisfaction with the surgery; recording of previous and present sporting activities and acce...
Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca
The impact of high-intensity exercise on disease progression and muscle contractile properties in... more The impact of high-intensity exercise on disease progression and muscle contractile properties in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remains unclear. Control (CON) and EAE rats were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Before onset (experiment 1, n=40) and after hindquarter paralysis (experiment 2, n=40), isokinetic foot extensor strength, cross sectional area (CSA) of tibialis anterior (TA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed. EAE reduced muscle fiber CSA of TA, EDL and SOL. In general, exercise was not able to affect CSA, whereas it delayed hindquarter paralysis peak. CON muscle work peaked and declined, while it remained stable in EAE. BDNF-responses were not affected by EAE or exercise. EAE affected CSA-properties of TA, EDL and SOL, which could, partly, explain the absence of peak work during isokinetic muscle performance in EAE-animals. However, exercise was not able to prevent ...
Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) have been attributed greater walking disability... more Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) have been attributed greater walking disability than relapsing--remitting MS (RRMS) patients but quantitative data on walking speed and ability are lacking. AIM: to investigate the impact of type of MS on severity of reduced walking ability and capacity taking into account age, sex, height and disease duration. DESIGN: cross--sectional observational multi--center study SETTING: European MS centers providing either in-- or out--patient services, or both. POPULATION: This study included 502 patients: 259, 162 and 81 patients showed RRMS, secondary and primary progressive MS respectively. METHODS: Walking was evaluated by T25FW, six minute walk test and MS--Walking Scale--12. Patient characteristics were compared using a one--way ANOVA, and simple and multivariate regression analysis were applied with the walking measures. RESULTS: In adjusted (sex, age, weight, height and disease duration) analyses, walking impairments were more than 2...
To investigate the individual occurrence of walking-related motor fatigue in persons with multipl... more To investigate the individual occurrence of walking-related motor fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), according to disability level and disease phenotype. This was a cross-sectional, multinational study. They were 208 PwMS from 11 centers with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores up to 6.5. The percentage change in distance walked (distance walked index, DWI) was calculated between minute 6 and 1 (DWI6-1) of the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Its magnitude was used to classify participants into 4 subgroups: (1) DWI6-1[≥5%], (2) DWI6-1[5%; -5%], (3) DWI6-1[-5%; > -15%], and (4) DWI6-1[≤-15%]. The latter group was labeled as having walking-related motor fatigue. PwMS were stratified into 5 subgroups based on the EDSS (0-2.5, 3-4, 4.5-5.5, 6, 6.5) and 3 subgroups based on MS phenotype (relapsing remitting [RR], primary progressive [PP], and secondary progressive [SP]). The DWI6-1 was ≥5% in 16 PwMS (7.7%), between 5% and -5% in 70 PwMS (33.6%), between -5% and -15% in 58 PwMS (24%), and ≤-15% in 64 PwMS (30.8%). The prevalence of walking-related motor fatigue (DWI6-1[≤-15%]) was significantly higher among the progressive phenotype (PP = 50% and SP = 39%; RR = 15.6%) and PwMS with higher disability level (EDSS 4.5-5.5 = 48.3%, 6 = 46.3% and 6.5 = 51.5%, compared with EDSS 0-2.5 = 7.8% and 3-4 = 16.7%; P < .05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that EDSS, but not MS phenotype, explained a significant part of the variance in DWI6-1 (R(2) = 0.086; P < .001). More than one-third of PwMS showed walking-related motor fatigue during the 6MWT, with its prevalence greatest in more disabled persons (up to 51%) and in those with progressive MS phenotype (up to 50%). Identification of walking-related motor fatigue may lead to better-tailored interventions.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports
Exercise is a well-established part of rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), ... more Exercise is a well-established part of rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and it has been hypothesized to stimulate an anti-inflammatory environment that might be disease modifying. Yet, investigations on exercise-induced immune responses are scarce and generally not paying attention to the medical treatments of the patient. At present, PwMS are routinely enrolled in immunosuppressive medication, but exercise-induced immunomodulatory effects have not been investigated under these circumstances. The objective of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic cytokines responses to resistance exercise training in medicated PwMS. Thirty-five people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with interferon (IFN)-β, were randomized to a 24-week progressive resistance training (PRT) or control group. Plasma interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17F, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ were measured before and after 24 weeks of PRT. The acute ...
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of ... more ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as to apply meta-analytical procedures to the results. METHODS: A systematic search covering eight databases was conducted. The included studies were randomized controlled trials applied to people with definite MS who completed a structured exercise intervention which were compared to any comparator, including other forms of exercise. The outcomes included a primary measure of depression/depressive symptoms or an instrument with a clearly defined depression subscale. RESULTS: Fifteen randomized controlled trial studies were identified including a total of 331 exercising subjects and 260 controls. The average Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score was 5.6 ± 1.3 points. Only one study applied depressive symptoms as the primary outcome. Four studies showed positive effects of exercise on depressive symptoms. An in-depth analysis of the studies revealed that the baseline level of depressive symptoms, patient disability level, choice of depression instrument and exercise intensity may influence the results. The meta-analysis included 12 studies reflecting a total of 476 subjects. The standardized mean difference across studies was g = -0.37, 95% confidence interval (-0.56; -0.17), and the null hypothesis of homogeneity within the sample could not be rejected (Q = 12.05, df = 11, P = 0.36). DISCUSSION: Exercise may be a potential treatment to prevent or reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with MS, but existing studies do not allow solid conclusions. Future well-designed studies evaluating the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms and major depression disorder in MS are highly warranted.
. Evaluation of treatment effects on walking requires appropriate and responsive outcome measures... more . Evaluation of treatment effects on walking requires appropriate and responsive outcome measures. . To determine responsiveness of 5 walking measures and provide reference values for clinically meaningful improvements, according to disability level, in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). . Walking tests were measured pre- and postrehabilitation in 290 pwMS from 17 European centers. Combined anchor- and distribution-based methods determined responsiveness of objective short and long walking capacity tests (Timed 25-Foot Walk [T25FW] and 2- and 6-Minute Walk Tests [2MWT and 6MWT] and of the patient-reported Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 [MSWS-12]). A global rating of change scale, from patients' and therapists' perspective, was used as external criteria to determine the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), minimally important change (MIC), and smallest real change (SRC). Patients were stratified into disability subgroups (Expanded Disability...
Many different walking capacity test formats are being used. It is unclear whether walking speed,... more Many different walking capacity test formats are being used. It is unclear whether walking speed, obtained from short tests, and walking distance, obtained from long tests, provide different clinical information. To determine the differential effect of various short and long walk test formats on gait velocity, and the actual relationship between walking speed and walking distance in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with diverse ambulation status. A cross-sectional multicentre study design was applied. Ambulatory MS patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0-6.5; n = 189) were tested at 11 sites. Short tests consisted of the Timed 25-Foot Walk (static start, fastest speed) and 10-Metre Walk Test (dynamic start, usual and fastest speed). Long tests consisted of the 2- and 6-Minute Walk Tests (fastest speed). Subjects were divided into mild (EDSS 0-4; n = 99) or moderate (EDSS 4.5-6.5; n = 79) disability subgroups. In both subgroups, the start protocol, instructed pace and len...
Journal of rehabilitation medicine: official journal of the UEMS European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Objective: To examine the aerobic intensity level and pacing pattern during the 6-min walk test (... more Objective: To examine the aerobic intensity level and pacing pattern during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) in persons with multiple sclerosis, taking into account time of day, fatigue, disability level and multiple sclerosis subtype. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects/patients: Eighty multiple sclerosis patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS ≤ 6.5). Methods: Participants performed the 6MWT at 3 different time-points (morning, noon, afternoon) during 1 day. Heart rate and pacing strategy (distance covered every minute) were registered. A sub-group analysis determined the effects of fatigue, disability level and multiple sclerosis subtype. Results: The relative aerobic intensity was constant throughout the day (67 ± 10% of estimated maximal heart rate). In all sub-groups heart rate increased and distance walked declined after the first minute (p < 0.001). The mild EDSS sub-group showed a slightly larger increase throughout the 6MWT in heart rate development, while no dif...
In persons with MS (pwMS), a lower cardiopulmonary fitness has been associated with a higher risk... more In persons with MS (pwMS), a lower cardiopulmonary fitness has been associated with a higher risk for secondary disorders, decreased functional capacity, symptom worsening and reduced health-related quality of life. To investigate the association between disease severity and cardiopulmonary fitness. Data from cardiopulmonary exercise tests, previously conducted in three different countries, were pooled. The association between disease severity (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)) and cardiopulmonary fitness (peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)) was adjusted for age, sex and the country of origin. The combined sample comprised 116 ambulant pwMS having a mean (± SD) EDSS score of 2.7 ± 1.3. There was a significant correlation (r = -0.418, p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .01) between VO2peak and EDSS. A multiple regression model (R(2) = 0.520, p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .01) was constructed to describe VO2peak (mL∙kg(-1)∙min(-1)); VO2peak = 36.622 - 5.433 (Sex (1=men)) - 0.124 (Age) - 2.082 (EDSS) + 2.737 (Belgium) + 8.674 (Denmark). There was a significant association between disease severity and cardiopulmonary fitness. The close relation between cardiopulmonary fitness and chronic conditions associated with physical inactivity, suggest a progressive increase in risk of secondary health conditions in pwMS.
This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the effects of physical exercise in patie... more This review summarizes the existing knowledge regarding the effects of physical exercise in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, recommendations are given regarding exercise prescription for MS patients and for future study directions. Previously, MS patients were advised not to participate in physical exercise. During recent years, it has been increasingly acknowledged that exercise benefits MS patients. The requirement
To evaluate and compare the effect of 3 intensive exercise therapy modalities - Resistance Traini... more To evaluate and compare the effect of 3 intensive exercise therapy modalities - Resistance Training (RT), Endurance Training (ET) and Other Intensive Training Modalities (OITM) - in Parkinson&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Disease (PD). Design A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A systematic literature search was conducted (Embase, Pubmed, Cinahl, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane, PEDro), which identified 15 studies that were categorized as RT, ET or OITM. The different exercise modalities were reviewed and a meta-analysis evaluating the effect of RT on muscle strength was made. In PD intensive exercise therapy (RT, ET and OITM) is feasible and safe. There is strong evidence that RT can improve muscle strength in PD, which is underlined by the meta-analysis (g&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;=0.54 [95%CI 0.22;0.86]). There is moderate evidence that ET can improve cardio-respiratory fitness in PD. RT, ET and OITM may have beneficial effects on balance, walking performance, Unified Parkinson&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Disease Rating Scale-III (UPDRS-III) score and quality of life in PD, but findings are inconsistent. No studies find deterioration in any outcomes following exercise therapy. RT, ET and OITM all represent feasible, safe and beneficial adjunct rehabilitation therapies in PD.
During the past decade, it has become increasingly more common to offer hip arthroscopic surgery ... more During the past decade, it has become increasingly more common to offer hip arthroscopic surgery when treating people with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Nevertheless, the latest reviews conclude that it still remains to be properly investigated how surgery affects the patients. Specifically, detailed information on the functional, muscular and mechanical impact of surgery in larger groups is lacking. Furthermore, the long-term outcome of the surgery is still to be investigated. In this prospective cohort study, a total of 60 patients with FAI scheduled for arthroscopic surgery will be followed and tested preoperatively, and again after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Assessment includes isokinetic dynamometry evaluating hip flexion and extension; evaluation of functional capacity in a three-dimensional motion laboratory; pain assessment; self-reported function, quality of life, expectation and satisfaction with the surgery; recording of previous and present sporting activities and acce...
Physiological research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca
The impact of high-intensity exercise on disease progression and muscle contractile properties in... more The impact of high-intensity exercise on disease progression and muscle contractile properties in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) remains unclear. Control (CON) and EAE rats were divided into sedentary and exercise groups. Before onset (experiment 1, n=40) and after hindquarter paralysis (experiment 2, n=40), isokinetic foot extensor strength, cross sectional area (CSA) of tibialis anterior (TA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed. EAE reduced muscle fiber CSA of TA, EDL and SOL. In general, exercise was not able to affect CSA, whereas it delayed hindquarter paralysis peak. CON muscle work peaked and declined, while it remained stable in EAE. BDNF-responses were not affected by EAE or exercise. EAE affected CSA-properties of TA, EDL and SOL, which could, partly, explain the absence of peak work during isokinetic muscle performance in EAE-animals. However, exercise was not able to prevent ...
Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) have been attributed greater walking disability... more Patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) have been attributed greater walking disability than relapsing--remitting MS (RRMS) patients but quantitative data on walking speed and ability are lacking. AIM: to investigate the impact of type of MS on severity of reduced walking ability and capacity taking into account age, sex, height and disease duration. DESIGN: cross--sectional observational multi--center study SETTING: European MS centers providing either in-- or out--patient services, or both. POPULATION: This study included 502 patients: 259, 162 and 81 patients showed RRMS, secondary and primary progressive MS respectively. METHODS: Walking was evaluated by T25FW, six minute walk test and MS--Walking Scale--12. Patient characteristics were compared using a one--way ANOVA, and simple and multivariate regression analysis were applied with the walking measures. RESULTS: In adjusted (sex, age, weight, height and disease duration) analyses, walking impairments were more than 2...
To investigate the individual occurrence of walking-related motor fatigue in persons with multipl... more To investigate the individual occurrence of walking-related motor fatigue in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), according to disability level and disease phenotype. This was a cross-sectional, multinational study. They were 208 PwMS from 11 centers with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores up to 6.5. The percentage change in distance walked (distance walked index, DWI) was calculated between minute 6 and 1 (DWI6-1) of the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Its magnitude was used to classify participants into 4 subgroups: (1) DWI6-1[≥5%], (2) DWI6-1[5%; -5%], (3) DWI6-1[-5%; &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; -15%], and (4) DWI6-1[≤-15%]. The latter group was labeled as having walking-related motor fatigue. PwMS were stratified into 5 subgroups based on the EDSS (0-2.5, 3-4, 4.5-5.5, 6, 6.5) and 3 subgroups based on MS phenotype (relapsing remitting [RR], primary progressive [PP], and secondary progressive [SP]). The DWI6-1 was ≥5% in 16 PwMS (7.7%), between 5% and -5% in 70 PwMS (33.6%), between -5% and -15% in 58 PwMS (24%), and ≤-15% in 64 PwMS (30.8%). The prevalence of walking-related motor fatigue (DWI6-1[≤-15%]) was significantly higher among the progressive phenotype (PP = 50% and SP = 39%; RR = 15.6%) and PwMS with higher disability level (EDSS 4.5-5.5 = 48.3%, 6 = 46.3% and 6.5 = 51.5%, compared with EDSS 0-2.5 = 7.8% and 3-4 = 16.7%; P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that EDSS, but not MS phenotype, explained a significant part of the variance in DWI6-1 (R(2) = 0.086; P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .001). More than one-third of PwMS showed walking-related motor fatigue during the 6MWT, with its prevalence greatest in more disabled persons (up to 51%) and in those with progressive MS phenotype (up to 50%). Identification of walking-related motor fatigue may lead to better-tailored interventions.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports
Exercise is a well-established part of rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), ... more Exercise is a well-established part of rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), and it has been hypothesized to stimulate an anti-inflammatory environment that might be disease modifying. Yet, investigations on exercise-induced immune responses are scarce and generally not paying attention to the medical treatments of the patient. At present, PwMS are routinely enrolled in immunosuppressive medication, but exercise-induced immunomodulatory effects have not been investigated under these circumstances. The objective of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic cytokines responses to resistance exercise training in medicated PwMS. Thirty-five people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with interferon (IFN)-β, were randomized to a 24-week progressive resistance training (PRT) or control group. Plasma interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17F, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ were measured before and after 24 weeks of PRT. The acute ...
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of ... more ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as to apply meta-analytical procedures to the results. METHODS: A systematic search covering eight databases was conducted. The included studies were randomized controlled trials applied to people with definite MS who completed a structured exercise intervention which were compared to any comparator, including other forms of exercise. The outcomes included a primary measure of depression/depressive symptoms or an instrument with a clearly defined depression subscale. RESULTS: Fifteen randomized controlled trial studies were identified including a total of 331 exercising subjects and 260 controls. The average Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) score was 5.6 ± 1.3 points. Only one study applied depressive symptoms as the primary outcome. Four studies showed positive effects of exercise on depressive symptoms. An in-depth analysis of the studies revealed that the baseline level of depressive symptoms, patient disability level, choice of depression instrument and exercise intensity may influence the results. The meta-analysis included 12 studies reflecting a total of 476 subjects. The standardized mean difference across studies was g = -0.37, 95% confidence interval (-0.56; -0.17), and the null hypothesis of homogeneity within the sample could not be rejected (Q = 12.05, df = 11, P = 0.36). DISCUSSION: Exercise may be a potential treatment to prevent or reduce depressive symptoms in individuals with MS, but existing studies do not allow solid conclusions. Future well-designed studies evaluating the effects of exercise on depressive symptoms and major depression disorder in MS are highly warranted.
. Evaluation of treatment effects on walking requires appropriate and responsive outcome measures... more . Evaluation of treatment effects on walking requires appropriate and responsive outcome measures. . To determine responsiveness of 5 walking measures and provide reference values for clinically meaningful improvements, according to disability level, in persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). . Walking tests were measured pre- and postrehabilitation in 290 pwMS from 17 European centers. Combined anchor- and distribution-based methods determined responsiveness of objective short and long walking capacity tests (Timed 25-Foot Walk [T25FW] and 2- and 6-Minute Walk Tests [2MWT and 6MWT] and of the patient-reported Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 [MSWS-12]). A global rating of change scale, from patients' and therapists' perspective, was used as external criteria to determine the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), minimally important change (MIC), and smallest real change (SRC). Patients were stratified into disability subgroups (Expanded Disability...
Many different walking capacity test formats are being used. It is unclear whether walking speed,... more Many different walking capacity test formats are being used. It is unclear whether walking speed, obtained from short tests, and walking distance, obtained from long tests, provide different clinical information. To determine the differential effect of various short and long walk test formats on gait velocity, and the actual relationship between walking speed and walking distance in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with diverse ambulation status. A cross-sectional multicentre study design was applied. Ambulatory MS patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0-6.5; n = 189) were tested at 11 sites. Short tests consisted of the Timed 25-Foot Walk (static start, fastest speed) and 10-Metre Walk Test (dynamic start, usual and fastest speed). Long tests consisted of the 2- and 6-Minute Walk Tests (fastest speed). Subjects were divided into mild (EDSS 0-4; n = 99) or moderate (EDSS 4.5-6.5; n = 79) disability subgroups. In both subgroups, the start protocol, instructed pace and len...
Journal of rehabilitation medicine: official journal of the UEMS European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
Objective: To examine the aerobic intensity level and pacing pattern during the 6-min walk test (... more Objective: To examine the aerobic intensity level and pacing pattern during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) in persons with multiple sclerosis, taking into account time of day, fatigue, disability level and multiple sclerosis subtype. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects/patients: Eighty multiple sclerosis patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale, EDSS ≤ 6.5). Methods: Participants performed the 6MWT at 3 different time-points (morning, noon, afternoon) during 1 day. Heart rate and pacing strategy (distance covered every minute) were registered. A sub-group analysis determined the effects of fatigue, disability level and multiple sclerosis subtype. Results: The relative aerobic intensity was constant throughout the day (67 ± 10% of estimated maximal heart rate). In all sub-groups heart rate increased and distance walked declined after the first minute (p < 0.001). The mild EDSS sub-group showed a slightly larger increase throughout the 6MWT in heart rate development, while no dif...
In persons with MS (pwMS), a lower cardiopulmonary fitness has been associated with a higher risk... more In persons with MS (pwMS), a lower cardiopulmonary fitness has been associated with a higher risk for secondary disorders, decreased functional capacity, symptom worsening and reduced health-related quality of life. To investigate the association between disease severity and cardiopulmonary fitness. Data from cardiopulmonary exercise tests, previously conducted in three different countries, were pooled. The association between disease severity (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)) and cardiopulmonary fitness (peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)) was adjusted for age, sex and the country of origin. The combined sample comprised 116 ambulant pwMS having a mean (± SD) EDSS score of 2.7 ± 1.3. There was a significant correlation (r = -0.418, p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .01) between VO2peak and EDSS. A multiple regression model (R(2) = 0.520, p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .01) was constructed to describe VO2peak (mL∙kg(-1)∙min(-1)); VO2peak = 36.622 - 5.433 (Sex (1=men)) - 0.124 (Age) - 2.082 (EDSS) + 2.737 (Belgium) + 8.674 (Denmark). There was a significant association between disease severity and cardiopulmonary fitness. The close relation between cardiopulmonary fitness and chronic conditions associated with physical inactivity, suggest a progressive increase in risk of secondary health conditions in pwMS.
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