Cosmopolitan Shanghai, city of amazing paradoxes and fantastic contrasts; Shanghai the beautiful,... more Cosmopolitan Shanghai, city of amazing paradoxes and fantastic contrasts; Shanghai the beautiful, bawdy and gaudy; contradictions of manners and morals; a vast brilliantly-hued cycloramic panoramic mural of the best of the west and Orient and Occident.. . Modern motors throbbing with the power of eighty horses march abreast with tattered one-man powered rickshaws, velveted limousines with silkclad Chinese multi-millionaires surrounded by Chinese and Russian body guards bristling with automatics for protection against the constant menace of kidnapping (foreigners are not molested). . .
for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. I of course remain responsible for its conten... more for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. I of course remain responsible for its content. 1. The question of whether ethnic minorities form a "nation" is extremely complex and a subject of continual debate. It is beyond the scope of this paper, but for a summary of the debate as it relates to China see George Moseley, "China's Fresh Approach to the National Minority Question," China Quarterly 24 (October-December, 1965): 19-22. 54 2. I am in cautious agreement with Dorothy Solinger who has argued that the implementation of minority policies depends largely on the size, location and impregnability of each group. The smaller the group, the more accessible to Han habitation, and the more impregnable to Han culture, the more moderate is policy implementation likely to be and the more likely the Han to be sensitive to the unique characteristics of that minority. Dorothy J.
It is hardly a secret that in the PRC the lack of educational opportunities beyond the secondary ... more It is hardly a secret that in the PRC the lack of educational opportunities beyond the secondary level has reached an acute stage due to severe shortages of facilities and instructors. While great strides have been made in the last three decades in advancing literacy and developing the educational system, the tertiary level has expanded the least in comparison. The resulting bottleneck could have dire effects, given the social consequences of creating unattainable expectations among middle school graduates.
The Roles of the United States, Russia and China in the New World Order, 1997
When we get around to creating the perfect world every ethnic, racial, religious, linguistic or n... more When we get around to creating the perfect world every ethnic, racial, religious, linguistic or national group that wishes to have an independent state will be readily able to do so. Until then, issues of self-determination will remain clouded by historical memory (real and imagined), geopolitics, race nationalism, cultural and/or linguistic chauvinism, security concerns, and much more. Tibet is just one of the many instances where the imperfections of our world make the question of self-determination so complex. Any discussion of the situation in Tibet must begin with an awareness of some major obstacles such as the relative inaccessibility to historical documents in Tibet and China and the impassioned feelings brought on by religion and nationalism creating an ardor which often precludes rational discourse. There is little agreement even on the basic particulars. For example, the two sides cannot agree as to how many Tibetans there are in the world (4 or 6 million) nor what constitutes 'Tibet.' When the Tibetans in exile refer to 'Tibet' they are referring to the entire area of ethnic Tibetan inhabitation; the Chinese 'Tibet' is a political entity known currently as the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) which is roughly the equivalent of the area over which the Dalai Lama had political control in 1950. The former is approximately twice the size of the latter. Most importantly for this discussion, the two sides have starkly differing claims to the status of Tibet. To the Chinese government, and to almost all ethnic Chinese everywhere regardless of their political persuasion, Tibet has for centuries been an integral part of the Chinese empire while to Tibetans, especially those in exile, Tibet has always been an independent state, occasionally under domination by another ethnic group but always, in the end, regaining its former status. The current struggle for these Tibetans, therefore, is to regain the ability to exert self-determination again. THE EARLY HISTORY 1 Tibet as we now know it began in the seventh century with, among other characteristics, the creation of central rule, a recognized single monarch, state sponsored religion and a written script. There were numerous contacts 259 H. Malik (ed.), The Roles of the United States, Russia and China in the New World Order
... mixed employment and residential picture in a second set of terminal market cities Indianap... more ... mixed employment and residential picture in a second set of terminal market cities Indianapolis,Wichita, South St. ... In contrast, the later industrialization of Australia underpinned the greater propensity of the immigrant Irish in that ... This appears to have been the case in 1922. ...
... Mao Tse-tung took the unprecedented step, for a revolutionary leader, of pledging publicly to... more ... Mao Tse-tung took the unprecedented step, for a revolutionary leader, of pledging publicly to indefinitely postpone reforms ..." 11 Despite Peking's special efforts, by 1956 some of the ruling elite, led by Gyalo Thondup, one of the Dalai Lama's brothers, had enlisted the support ...
In July and August 1987 I spent several weeks in Beijing engaged in lengthy discussions with scho... more In July and August 1987 I spent several weeks in Beijing engaged in lengthy discussions with scholars and officials whose work concerns Tibet.The most prominent of these people were Wang Furen, chairman of the Department of Ethnology at the Central Institute of Nationalities (CIN); Wang Xiaoyi, associate research fellow at CIN; Huang Hao, associate research fellow at the Institute of Nationalities of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS); Liu Shengqi, research fellow at the Institute of Nationalities of CASS; Yao Zhaolin, chief of the Tibetan Section of the Ethnology Department of CIN; Pan Naigu, chairman of the Department of Sociology at Beijing University; and Dorji Tseten, former head of the Tibet Autonomous Region and currently the chairman of the China Tibetology Research Centre.
Cosmopolitan Shanghai, city of amazing paradoxes and fantastic contrasts; Shanghai the beautiful,... more Cosmopolitan Shanghai, city of amazing paradoxes and fantastic contrasts; Shanghai the beautiful, bawdy and gaudy; contradictions of manners and morals; a vast brilliantly-hued cycloramic panoramic mural of the best of the west and Orient and Occident.. . Modern motors throbbing with the power of eighty horses march abreast with tattered one-man powered rickshaws, velveted limousines with silkclad Chinese multi-millionaires surrounded by Chinese and Russian body guards bristling with automatics for protection against the constant menace of kidnapping (foreigners are not molested). . .
for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. I of course remain responsible for its conten... more for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. I of course remain responsible for its content. 1. The question of whether ethnic minorities form a "nation" is extremely complex and a subject of continual debate. It is beyond the scope of this paper, but for a summary of the debate as it relates to China see George Moseley, "China's Fresh Approach to the National Minority Question," China Quarterly 24 (October-December, 1965): 19-22. 54 2. I am in cautious agreement with Dorothy Solinger who has argued that the implementation of minority policies depends largely on the size, location and impregnability of each group. The smaller the group, the more accessible to Han habitation, and the more impregnable to Han culture, the more moderate is policy implementation likely to be and the more likely the Han to be sensitive to the unique characteristics of that minority. Dorothy J.
It is hardly a secret that in the PRC the lack of educational opportunities beyond the secondary ... more It is hardly a secret that in the PRC the lack of educational opportunities beyond the secondary level has reached an acute stage due to severe shortages of facilities and instructors. While great strides have been made in the last three decades in advancing literacy and developing the educational system, the tertiary level has expanded the least in comparison. The resulting bottleneck could have dire effects, given the social consequences of creating unattainable expectations among middle school graduates.
The Roles of the United States, Russia and China in the New World Order, 1997
When we get around to creating the perfect world every ethnic, racial, religious, linguistic or n... more When we get around to creating the perfect world every ethnic, racial, religious, linguistic or national group that wishes to have an independent state will be readily able to do so. Until then, issues of self-determination will remain clouded by historical memory (real and imagined), geopolitics, race nationalism, cultural and/or linguistic chauvinism, security concerns, and much more. Tibet is just one of the many instances where the imperfections of our world make the question of self-determination so complex. Any discussion of the situation in Tibet must begin with an awareness of some major obstacles such as the relative inaccessibility to historical documents in Tibet and China and the impassioned feelings brought on by religion and nationalism creating an ardor which often precludes rational discourse. There is little agreement even on the basic particulars. For example, the two sides cannot agree as to how many Tibetans there are in the world (4 or 6 million) nor what constitutes 'Tibet.' When the Tibetans in exile refer to 'Tibet' they are referring to the entire area of ethnic Tibetan inhabitation; the Chinese 'Tibet' is a political entity known currently as the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) which is roughly the equivalent of the area over which the Dalai Lama had political control in 1950. The former is approximately twice the size of the latter. Most importantly for this discussion, the two sides have starkly differing claims to the status of Tibet. To the Chinese government, and to almost all ethnic Chinese everywhere regardless of their political persuasion, Tibet has for centuries been an integral part of the Chinese empire while to Tibetans, especially those in exile, Tibet has always been an independent state, occasionally under domination by another ethnic group but always, in the end, regaining its former status. The current struggle for these Tibetans, therefore, is to regain the ability to exert self-determination again. THE EARLY HISTORY 1 Tibet as we now know it began in the seventh century with, among other characteristics, the creation of central rule, a recognized single monarch, state sponsored religion and a written script. There were numerous contacts 259 H. Malik (ed.), The Roles of the United States, Russia and China in the New World Order
... mixed employment and residential picture in a second set of terminal market cities Indianap... more ... mixed employment and residential picture in a second set of terminal market cities Indianapolis,Wichita, South St. ... In contrast, the later industrialization of Australia underpinned the greater propensity of the immigrant Irish in that ... This appears to have been the case in 1922. ...
... Mao Tse-tung took the unprecedented step, for a revolutionary leader, of pledging publicly to... more ... Mao Tse-tung took the unprecedented step, for a revolutionary leader, of pledging publicly to indefinitely postpone reforms ..." 11 Despite Peking's special efforts, by 1956 some of the ruling elite, led by Gyalo Thondup, one of the Dalai Lama's brothers, had enlisted the support ...
In July and August 1987 I spent several weeks in Beijing engaged in lengthy discussions with scho... more In July and August 1987 I spent several weeks in Beijing engaged in lengthy discussions with scholars and officials whose work concerns Tibet.The most prominent of these people were Wang Furen, chairman of the Department of Ethnology at the Central Institute of Nationalities (CIN); Wang Xiaoyi, associate research fellow at CIN; Huang Hao, associate research fellow at the Institute of Nationalities of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS); Liu Shengqi, research fellow at the Institute of Nationalities of CASS; Yao Zhaolin, chief of the Tibetan Section of the Ethnology Department of CIN; Pan Naigu, chairman of the Department of Sociology at Beijing University; and Dorji Tseten, former head of the Tibet Autonomous Region and currently the chairman of the China Tibetology Research Centre.
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