Although traces of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer communities can be found across present-day Poland,... more Although traces of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer communities can be found across present-day Poland, they are denser in northern Poland while being less frequent in the south 1,2 3. Some exotic novelties associated with early farmers are seen in later hunter-gatherer societies 4,5. Kamieńskie 1, Masurian Lake District, Poland (Maglemose culture) A barrow at Kamieńskie, site 1, was excavated in 1996 6. Under the mound, a Mesolithic grave was found. Bone materials are curated by the Folk Culture Museum in Węgorzewo. poz503: Came from the burial in feature 3b 6. This was a poorly preserved skeleton of a young individual who died at an age of 13-15 years. Morphological assessment indicated that this was possibly female, and no pathological changes was observed. The AMS radiocarbon date 95.4 % (2-sigma) range from this study was 8,763-8,430 cal BP (Poz-91104, 8310±50 BP) assuming fresh water reservoir effect (FRE) correction of 500 years (see Supplementary Note 4 for details). Stable isotope values for this individual were δ 13 C-20.0 ‰ and δ 15 N 13.3 ‰. The petrous portion of a temporal bone was sampled for DNA extraction. Our genetic analyses corroborate that this was a female and further showed that she belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U5a2c. Łojewo, Kuyavia region, Poland (Maglemose culture) A human skull and 12 animal teeth found accidently in 1941 7. All finds are curated by the Archaeological Museum in Poznań. poz297: From an incidental find from Łojewo (inventory numbers 1942:68 and 1942:272). A skull of this individual was collected (Supplementary Fig. 1) which belonged to a male who died at an age of 30-40 years. The find was accompanied with animal teeth (most likely of a red deer) with perforated roots which originally were elements of a necklace. Both the skull and teeth were covered with red ocher. This individual was AMS radiocarbon dated in this study to 7,570-7,429 cal BP (Poz-77893, 7360±40 BP) assuming FRE correction of 750 years (see Supplementary Note 4 for details). Stable isotope values for this individual were δ 13 C-21.6 ‰ and δ 15 N 12.1 ‰. A tooth was sampled for DNA extraction. We show that this was a male, carrying mtDNA haplogoup U4b1b1 and Y-chromosomal haplogroup I2c. 3 Supplementary Figure 1 Individual poz297 from Łojewo (photo by Patrycja Silska). NEOLITHIC INDIVIDUALS A. Linear Pottery culture (LBK) The beginning of the Neolithic in Poland is associated with the appearance of northeasternmost range of the agro-pastoralist Linear Pottery culture (LBK) expansion, appearing after the mid-8th millennium BP 8,9,10,11,12,13. LBK is thought to have been originating from the Starčevo-Körös culture in the Hungarian Plain and then rapidly expanding into Europe, from France in the west to Ukraine in the east 3,14,15,16,17,18. Material culture similarities with LBK south of the Carpathians and Sudetes, indicate that the LBK people came to the region of present-day Poland from the south 19 , and similarly to LBK in other areas, they seem to have moved mostly into areas with favorable conditions for their agricultural lifestyle. This resulted in an enclave-like distribution of LBK settlements 20. LBK in present-day Poland has been suggested to either replace hunter-gatherer populations or to coexist although utilizing different resources in different areas 21,22. There are signs of contact between these groups in the archaeological lithic material 18,23. LBK people commonly buried their dead in their settlements 24,25 similar to Neolithic communities in e.g., Anatolia or to Starčevo-Körös culture 26,27. Kruszyn 13, Kuyavia region, Poland Kruszyn 13 is a multicultural archaeological site with several phases of occupation ranging from Neolithic to early modern times. It was excavated between 2004 and 2009 by a team from the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka. The earliest phase of occupation was interpreted as a LBK settlement consisting of at least three groups of archaeological features, each of which 4 were identified to represent one household based on the clusters of pits. Within those pits, thought to originally be construction pits of LBK houses and subsequently reused for various purposes, three burials were found 28 two of which were sampled for this study. lbk102: From feature 107. This rectangular pit was found within a large construction pit of one of the houses. It contained a burial of a flexed individual placed on the left side with the head to E and facing S 32 (see photo of individual lbk102 from feature 107 at Kruszyn 32). The human remains were relatively poorly preserved and interpreted as belonging to a c. 40-50 years old male. The burial fill contained multiple fragments of LBK pottery, some of which were ornamented with musical note pattern. The remains were dated to 6,719-6,497 cal BP (Poz-31418, 5,810±40 BP) 29. We do not, however, consider this date reliable. This is based on two things, first, the date came from the carbonate fraction of bone and not from the collagen fraction, and second, the soil on the site is thought to be rich with potentially contaminating calcium carbonate 30. In comparison with other LBK sites in this region, the obtained 14 C based ages are too late. Based on the archaeological context, this individual was dated to c. 7,300-7,000 cal BP 31. Two teeth were sampled for DNA extraction. This individual was genetically a female carrying mtDNA haplogroup N1a1a1. lbk104: From feature 110. This was also a rectangular pit, found within the same construction pit as burial 107. It contained the remains of a flexed individual placed on the left side on a NW-SE axis with the head in NW 32 (see a photo of individual lbk104 from burial 110 at Kruszyn 3). The human remains were relatively poorly preserved and interpreted as belonging to a 5-7 years old child. Fragments of LBK pottery were found in the burial fill. The remains were dated to 6,795-6,565 cal BP (Poz-31417, 5,880±40 BP) 29. However, as in the case of the individual from feature 107, a carbonate fraction of bone was used to acquire the date and hence not considered reliable. The archaeological context-based age of this sample is c. 7,300-7,000 cal BP 31. A temporal bone was sampled for DNA extraction. This child was also female and belonged to mtDNA haplogroup K1a1. Ludwinowo 6, Kuyavia region, Poland Ludwinowo 6 is another multicultural site excavated between 2008 and 2009 by the same team from the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka. The site is characterized by at least 5 phases of occupation, one of those phases is interpreted as medium sized LBK settlement composed of household complexes identified by clusters of pits 33. Two burials attributed to LBK were found on the site, and one of these was included in this study. lbk101: Feature C46. This oval burial contained the poorly preserved remains of an adult individual. It was badly truncated by an Iron Age intrusion. Attempts to radiocarbon date this specimen failed. From the archaeological context this individual is dated to c. 7,300-7,000 cal BP 31. Two teeth were selected for this study. This individual was genetically a female carrying mtDNA haplogroup H. B. Post-LBK Late Lengyel culture One of the latest representatives of Early Neolithic traditions in Central Europe is the post-LBK Late Lengyel culture, also called Brześć Kujawski culture/Brześć Kujawski Group of the Lengyel culture 34,35 , or Late Band Pottery culture (phase II-III) 36. Post-LBK Late Lengyel sites occur in the archaeological record between 6,500 and 5,800 cal BP in the northern parts of present-day Poland. They are associated with large and densely occupied settlements sites, such 5 as Krusza Zamkowa and Racot included in this study, with trapezoidal long houses with adjacent burials 37,38. Most burials consist of single pit graves with crouched bodies where females are buried on their left side and males on their right side 39,40. Some of these burials, such as the Krusza Zamkowa individuals in this study, had richly furnished graves 37,38. Exotic goods, dietary patterns and sex differentiation in these burials suggest an increase in social differentiation as well as new exchange networks appearing 41. Racot 18, Greater Poland region, Poland Racot 18 is a Late Lengyel Culture settlement site located in the western part of the Polish lowlands 42. The site was excavated by Lech Czerniak between 1984-1987 and consisted of 12-14 longhouses, several pits and one burial. It is likely much larger and it has been estimated that about 10% of the site has been excavated. Some of the houses had been burnt and rebuilt. Interred within one of the houses, House 88, was a single burial 43. poz236: Grave 82, located within House 88, consisted of a skeleton buried in a crouched position on the right side with the head facing S 37. The skeleton belonged to a 30-35-year-old female. The grave was likely constructed after the house was abandoned 43. Grave goods included copper beads, a necklace made of animal teeth, 18 richly ornamented armlets, a hip belt made of shells as well as two pots (see Czerniak 37 for illustration). This individual was previously radiocarbon dated to 6,260-6,001 cal BP (combined Gd-2729 5,220±90; OxA-30501 5,366±32; Poz-76057 5,300±35 BP to 5,329±23 BP) 42. Stable isotope values for this individual have been shown to be δ 13 C-20.1 ‰ and δ 15 N 9.1 ‰ 42. A tooth was sampled for DNA analyses. Our results corroborate that this individual was a female. Both our previous mitochondrial DNA study (where this sample was called R18_1, see Chyleński et al. 29) and this study further corroborate that she belonged to haplogroup K2a. Siniarzewo 1, Kuyavia region, Poland Grave discovered during rescue excavation along gas pipeline in 1996. Human remains are curated by the Institute of Human Biology and Evolution...
Although traces of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer communities can be found across present-day Poland,... more Although traces of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer communities can be found across present-day Poland, they are denser in northern Poland while being less frequent in the south 1,2 3. Some exotic novelties associated with early farmers are seen in later hunter-gatherer societies 4,5. Kamieńskie 1, Masurian Lake District, Poland (Maglemose culture) A barrow at Kamieńskie, site 1, was excavated in 1996 6. Under the mound, a Mesolithic grave was found. Bone materials are curated by the Folk Culture Museum in Węgorzewo. poz503: Came from the burial in feature 3b 6. This was a poorly preserved skeleton of a young individual who died at an age of 13-15 years. Morphological assessment indicated that this was possibly female, and no pathological changes was observed. The AMS radiocarbon date 95.4 % (2-sigma) range from this study was 8,763-8,430 cal BP (Poz-91104, 8310±50 BP) assuming fresh water reservoir effect (FRE) correction of 500 years (see Supplementary Note 4 for details). Stable isotope values for this individual were δ 13 C-20.0 ‰ and δ 15 N 13.3 ‰. The petrous portion of a temporal bone was sampled for DNA extraction. Our genetic analyses corroborate that this was a female and further showed that she belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U5a2c. Łojewo, Kuyavia region, Poland (Maglemose culture) A human skull and 12 animal teeth found accidently in 1941 7. All finds are curated by the Archaeological Museum in Poznań. poz297: From an incidental find from Łojewo (inventory numbers 1942:68 and 1942:272). A skull of this individual was collected (Supplementary Fig. 1) which belonged to a male who died at an age of 30-40 years. The find was accompanied with animal teeth (most likely of a red deer) with perforated roots which originally were elements of a necklace. Both the skull and teeth were covered with red ocher. This individual was AMS radiocarbon dated in this study to 7,570-7,429 cal BP (Poz-77893, 7360±40 BP) assuming FRE correction of 750 years (see Supplementary Note 4 for details). Stable isotope values for this individual were δ 13 C-21.6 ‰ and δ 15 N 12.1 ‰. A tooth was sampled for DNA extraction. We show that this was a male, carrying mtDNA haplogoup U4b1b1 and Y-chromosomal haplogroup I2c. 3 Supplementary Figure 1 Individual poz297 from Łojewo (photo by Patrycja Silska). NEOLITHIC INDIVIDUALS A. Linear Pottery culture (LBK) The beginning of the Neolithic in Poland is associated with the appearance of northeasternmost range of the agro-pastoralist Linear Pottery culture (LBK) expansion, appearing after the mid-8th millennium BP 8,9,10,11,12,13. LBK is thought to have been originating from the Starčevo-Körös culture in the Hungarian Plain and then rapidly expanding into Europe, from France in the west to Ukraine in the east 3,14,15,16,17,18. Material culture similarities with LBK south of the Carpathians and Sudetes, indicate that the LBK people came to the region of present-day Poland from the south 19 , and similarly to LBK in other areas, they seem to have moved mostly into areas with favorable conditions for their agricultural lifestyle. This resulted in an enclave-like distribution of LBK settlements 20. LBK in present-day Poland has been suggested to either replace hunter-gatherer populations or to coexist although utilizing different resources in different areas 21,22. There are signs of contact between these groups in the archaeological lithic material 18,23. LBK people commonly buried their dead in their settlements 24,25 similar to Neolithic communities in e.g., Anatolia or to Starčevo-Körös culture 26,27. Kruszyn 13, Kuyavia region, Poland Kruszyn 13 is a multicultural archaeological site with several phases of occupation ranging from Neolithic to early modern times. It was excavated between 2004 and 2009 by a team from the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka. The earliest phase of occupation was interpreted as a LBK settlement consisting of at least three groups of archaeological features, each of which 4 were identified to represent one household based on the clusters of pits. Within those pits, thought to originally be construction pits of LBK houses and subsequently reused for various purposes, three burials were found 28 two of which were sampled for this study. lbk102: From feature 107. This rectangular pit was found within a large construction pit of one of the houses. It contained a burial of a flexed individual placed on the left side with the head to E and facing S 32 (see photo of individual lbk102 from feature 107 at Kruszyn 32). The human remains were relatively poorly preserved and interpreted as belonging to a c. 40-50 years old male. The burial fill contained multiple fragments of LBK pottery, some of which were ornamented with musical note pattern. The remains were dated to 6,719-6,497 cal BP (Poz-31418, 5,810±40 BP) 29. We do not, however, consider this date reliable. This is based on two things, first, the date came from the carbonate fraction of bone and not from the collagen fraction, and second, the soil on the site is thought to be rich with potentially contaminating calcium carbonate 30. In comparison with other LBK sites in this region, the obtained 14 C based ages are too late. Based on the archaeological context, this individual was dated to c. 7,300-7,000 cal BP 31. Two teeth were sampled for DNA extraction. This individual was genetically a female carrying mtDNA haplogroup N1a1a1. lbk104: From feature 110. This was also a rectangular pit, found within the same construction pit as burial 107. It contained the remains of a flexed individual placed on the left side on a NW-SE axis with the head in NW 32 (see a photo of individual lbk104 from burial 110 at Kruszyn 3). The human remains were relatively poorly preserved and interpreted as belonging to a 5-7 years old child. Fragments of LBK pottery were found in the burial fill. The remains were dated to 6,795-6,565 cal BP (Poz-31417, 5,880±40 BP) 29. However, as in the case of the individual from feature 107, a carbonate fraction of bone was used to acquire the date and hence not considered reliable. The archaeological context-based age of this sample is c. 7,300-7,000 cal BP 31. A temporal bone was sampled for DNA extraction. This child was also female and belonged to mtDNA haplogroup K1a1. Ludwinowo 6, Kuyavia region, Poland Ludwinowo 6 is another multicultural site excavated between 2008 and 2009 by the same team from the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences under the supervision of Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka. The site is characterized by at least 5 phases of occupation, one of those phases is interpreted as medium sized LBK settlement composed of household complexes identified by clusters of pits 33. Two burials attributed to LBK were found on the site, and one of these was included in this study. lbk101: Feature C46. This oval burial contained the poorly preserved remains of an adult individual. It was badly truncated by an Iron Age intrusion. Attempts to radiocarbon date this specimen failed. From the archaeological context this individual is dated to c. 7,300-7,000 cal BP 31. Two teeth were selected for this study. This individual was genetically a female carrying mtDNA haplogroup H. B. Post-LBK Late Lengyel culture One of the latest representatives of Early Neolithic traditions in Central Europe is the post-LBK Late Lengyel culture, also called Brześć Kujawski culture/Brześć Kujawski Group of the Lengyel culture 34,35 , or Late Band Pottery culture (phase II-III) 36. Post-LBK Late Lengyel sites occur in the archaeological record between 6,500 and 5,800 cal BP in the northern parts of present-day Poland. They are associated with large and densely occupied settlements sites, such 5 as Krusza Zamkowa and Racot included in this study, with trapezoidal long houses with adjacent burials 37,38. Most burials consist of single pit graves with crouched bodies where females are buried on their left side and males on their right side 39,40. Some of these burials, such as the Krusza Zamkowa individuals in this study, had richly furnished graves 37,38. Exotic goods, dietary patterns and sex differentiation in these burials suggest an increase in social differentiation as well as new exchange networks appearing 41. Racot 18, Greater Poland region, Poland Racot 18 is a Late Lengyel Culture settlement site located in the western part of the Polish lowlands 42. The site was excavated by Lech Czerniak between 1984-1987 and consisted of 12-14 longhouses, several pits and one burial. It is likely much larger and it has been estimated that about 10% of the site has been excavated. Some of the houses had been burnt and rebuilt. Interred within one of the houses, House 88, was a single burial 43. poz236: Grave 82, located within House 88, consisted of a skeleton buried in a crouched position on the right side with the head facing S 37. The skeleton belonged to a 30-35-year-old female. The grave was likely constructed after the house was abandoned 43. Grave goods included copper beads, a necklace made of animal teeth, 18 richly ornamented armlets, a hip belt made of shells as well as two pots (see Czerniak 37 for illustration). This individual was previously radiocarbon dated to 6,260-6,001 cal BP (combined Gd-2729 5,220±90; OxA-30501 5,366±32; Poz-76057 5,300±35 BP to 5,329±23 BP) 42. Stable isotope values for this individual have been shown to be δ 13 C-20.1 ‰ and δ 15 N 9.1 ‰ 42. A tooth was sampled for DNA analyses. Our results corroborate that this individual was a female. Both our previous mitochondrial DNA study (where this sample was called R18_1, see Chyleński et al. 29) and this study further corroborate that she belonged to haplogroup K2a. Siniarzewo 1, Kuyavia region, Poland Grave discovered during rescue excavation along gas pipeline in 1996. Human remains are curated by the Institute of Human Biology and Evolution...
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