Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2018
Trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Trauma patients, who presented to the... more Trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Trauma patients, who presented to the hospital casualty department within 24 h of injury, further admitted to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit were enrolled in this study. The aim was to study the peripheral blood monocyte activity to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) β, IL-6, and IL-8 in severely injured patients after trauma. A total of 28 polytrauma patients were enrolled and observed that the levels of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly decreased and levels of IL-8 were increased in the fatal patients compared to the healthy controls. After trauma, an immediate hyperactivation of circulating monocytes is rapidly followed by a substantial paralysis of cell function. Decreased activity of monocytes can be used to identify potential fatal immunological disruption. Since immunological disruption occurs before clinical symptoms; our study proposes an immunological prognostication score...
Background There is very scant literature on the impact of inguinal hernia mesh repair on testicu... more Background There is very scant literature on the impact of inguinal hernia mesh repair on testicular functions and sexual functions following open and laparoscopic repair. The present randomized study compares TAPP and TEP repairs in terms of testicular functions, sexual functions, quality of life and chronic groin pain. Methods This study was conducted from April 2012 to October 2014. A total of 160 patients with uncomplicated groin hernia were randomized to either trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) repair or totally extra-peritoneal (TEP) repair. Testicular functions were assessed by measuring testicular volume, testicular hormone levels preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. Sexual functions were assessed using BMSFI, and quality of life was assessed using WHO-QOL BREF scale preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Chronic groin pain was evaluated using the VAS scale at 3 months, 6 months and at 1 year. Results The median duration of follow-up was 13 months (range 6-18 months). The mean preoperative pain scores (p value 0.35) as well as the chronic groin pain were similar between TEP and TAPP repairs at 3 months (p value 0.06) and 6 months (p value 0.86). The testicular resistive index and testicular volume did not show any significant change at follow-up of 3 months (p value 0.9) in the study population. No significant difference was observed in testicular resistive index and testicular volume when comparing TEP and TAPP groups at at follow-up of 3 months (p value [0.05). There was a statistically significant improvement in the sexual drive score, erectile function and overall satisfaction over the follow-up period following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. However, sexual function improvement was similar in patients undergoing both TEP and TAPP repairs. All the domains of quality of life in the study population showed a significant improvement at a follow-up of 3 and 6 months. Subgroup analysis of all the domains of quality of life in both TAPP and TEP groups showed a similar increment as in the study population (p value \0.001); however, the mean scores of all the domains were comparable between the two subgroups (p value[0.05), preoperatively and 3 and 6 months follow-up. Conclusions Laparoscopic groin hernia repair improves the testicular functions, sexual functions and quality of life, but TEP and TAPP repairs are comparable in terms of these long-term outcomes.
The aim of the study was to correlate multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) grading with clin... more The aim of the study was to correlate multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) grading with clinical severity and outcome in liver trauma patients without significant extrahepatic injury. Over a period of 2 years (2011-2013), all patients showing evidence of liver injury on contrastenhanced CT (CECT) abdomen and without significant extrahepatic trauma were prospectively included in the study. Correlation between the CT injury grade and outcome in terms of mortality, duration of ICU/hospital stay, fluid and blood requirements, need for intervention and complications were assessed. The significance of the difference in mortality, duration of ICU/hospital stay, fluid requirement and blood requirements among the patients with various injury grades was assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test. The significance of the difference in need for intervention and complications among the patients with various injury grades was assessed by Fisher's exact test. A total of 198 patients were found to have evidence of hepatic injury on CECT. Out of 198 patients, 117 had insignificant extrahepatic trauma. The overall mean age for these 117 patients was 25.74±15.53 (age range 2-84 years). Death rates according to AAST grades were 0 % in grades II and III, 6.89 % in grade IV and 9.09 % in grade V (p=0.053). The mean ICU and total hospital stay for grade II was 1.32 and 5.91 days, for grade III was 1.76 and 8.48, for grade IV was 2.86 and 10.31 days and for grade V was 6.54 and 12 days, respectively (p=0.0001 for ICU, p=0.0003 for total stay). Mean input and fluid deficit according to various grades were 8634/2607 ml for grade II, 9535/2555 ml for grade III, 15,549/ 6242 ml for grade IVand 19,958/8280 ml for grade V (p value input-0.0016, output-input (fluid deficit)-0.0001). Average unit of RBC and sum of the blood products transfused were 1.73 and 2.26 for grade II, 2.18 and 2.72 for grade III, 3.03 and 6.27 for grade IV, 6.85 and 38.12 for grade V, respectively (p value RBC-0.10, total-0.037). The difference in the need of active surgical/endovascular intervention and complication rates was not significantly higher in higher injury grades. The grading of liver injury based on CECT findings can predict the clinical course in liver trauma patients with insignificant extrahepatic injuries. Keyword Liver trauma. MDCT AAST (American association for surgery of trauma) grading. Clinical correlation and AAST grading. Stay in hospital (ICU stay and ward stay). Blood transfusion. Fluid deficit
Liver injury is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in polytrauma patients. This study was... more Liver injury is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in polytrauma patients. This study was conducted to know the burden of hepatobiliary injury and its outcome in our setup. It is a retrospective study of all patients with traumatic hepatobiliary injuries from January 2008 through April 2012 at JPNATC, New Delhi. All patients were resuscitated as per ATLS guidelines. Management of patients was based on hemodynamic status and associated injuries. Liver injury occurred in 7.52 % of all trauma admissions and 20.34 % of total abdominal trauma patients. Most common mechanism of injury was blunt trauma due to road traffic injury among all age groups (n=234, 67.83 %). Seventy-five percent of the patients with liver injury were hemodynamically stable at presentation (n=262, 75 %). Isolated liver injury was seen in 27 % of the patients. Grade II (n=138, 40 %) liver injury was the most common. Of the patients, 68.70 % were managed nonoperatively. Among operatively managed patients (n=100, 29 %), 38 % patient underwent immediate laparotomy due to hemodynamic instability. The failure of nonoperative management was in eight (2.32 %) patients with success rate of 96.73 %, i.e., 237 patients out of 245 were successfully managed nonoperatively. Packing was done in 27 % of the patients of high-grade liver injury and was associated with high morbidity and mortality (51 %). The morbidity and mortality of liver trauma were 28.99 % and 12.17 %, respectively. Liver injury is common in abdominal trauma patients. Most of the patients with liver injury are hemodynamically stable and should be managed nonoperatively with careful monitoring.
Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2016
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common cause of mortality in trauma patients admitted ... more Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common cause of mortality in trauma patients admitted to Intensive Care Units. The outcome of such patients may be dependent on local host immune response, which may be best reflected in studies using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The present study was conducted to ascertain the cytokine profile of BAL using the cytometric bead array (CBA) in a flow cytometer and to correlate the levels of Th-1/Th-2 cytokines in BAL with the clinical outcome of ventilated trauma patients. BAL was collected from the patients with suspected VAP. CBA was performed to assess the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 β, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the BAL samples. After acquiring the BAL samples on the flow cytometer, the results were generated using FCAP Array™ software. The cytokine profile was correlated to clinical outcomes. A total of forty patients were enrolled during the study period. Of these, 12 patient...
Background The incidence of shoulder pain (SP) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) varies... more Background The incidence of shoulder pain (SP) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) varies between 21 and 80 %. A few randomised controlled trials and metaanalysis have shown lesser SP in LC performed under lowpressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum (LPCP) than under standard-pressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum (SPCP). However, the possible compromise in adequate exposure and effective working space during LPCP has negatively influenced its uniform adoption for LC. Materials and methods All consecutive patients undergoing elective LC for gallstone disease who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enroled. Fourty patients were randomised to SPCP group (pressure of 14 mmHg) and 40 to LPCP group (pressure of 9-10 mmHg). Primary outcome measured was incidence of SP and its severity on visual analogue scale (VAS) at 4, 8, 24 h and 7 days after LC. Secondary outcomes measured were procedural time, technical difficulty, surgeons' satisfaction score on exposure and working space, intra-operative changes in heart rate and blood pressure, abdominal pain and analgesic requirement. Analyses were performed using Stata software. Results There was no conversion to open surgery, bile duct injury or need to increase intra-abdominal pressure on either group. Twenty-three patients (57.5 %) in SPCP group and nine patients (22.5 %) in LPCP group had SP (p = 0.001). The severity of SP was significantly more in SPCP group at 8 and 24 h (p = 0.009 and 0.005, respectively). Both the groups had similar procedural time, surgeons' satisfaction score, intra-operative changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Conclusion The incidence and severity of SP following LC performed at LPCP are significantly less compared to that in SPCP. The safety, efficacy and surgeons' satisfaction appear to be comparable in both the groups. Hence, a routine practice of low-pressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum may be recommended in selected group of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Clinical trial registration number CTRI/2016/02/006590.
Introduction: Trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide with infections as impor... more Introduction: Trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide with infections as important causes of death in such patients. Bacterial infections cause activation of monocytes with excessive synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence, this prospective study was conducted to assess the activity of monocytes in traumatized sepsis patients using flow cytometry and to assess if they have any prognostic potential. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 consecutive trauma patients with sepsis and having positive blood culture were enrolled, along with four healthy controls during the period of March 2013 to July 2013. Blood from septic patients were collected on the same day when blood culture was positive and on days 2 and 5 thereafter. Surface staining for monocytes with CD14 and intracellular staining for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was done and results were analyzed by flow cytometer. Procalcitonin (PCT) assay was done using MiniVidas. Com...
Duodenal perforation following blunt abdominal trauma is an extremely rare and often overlooked i... more Duodenal perforation following blunt abdominal trauma is an extremely rare and often overlooked injury leading to increased mortality and morbidity. We report two cases of isolated duodenal injury following blunt abdominal trauma and highlight the challenges associated with their management. In both these patients, the diagnosis of the duodenal injuries was delayed, leading to prolonged hospital stay. The first patient had two perforations, one on the anterior and the other on the posterior wall of the duodenum, of which the posterior perforation was missed at initial laparotomy. In the other patient, the duodenal injury was missed during the initial assessment in the emergency department. He returned to the emergency department 24 hours after discharge with abdominal pain and vomiting. During trauma related laparotomy, complete kocherization (mobilization) of the duodenum must be mandatory, even in the presence of obvious injury on its anterior wall. We emphasize on keeping the man...
Although delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy is not life-threa... more Although delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy is not life-threatening and can be treated conservatively, it results in discomfort and significant prolongation of the hospital stay and adds on to the hospital costs. To overcome this problem, we started using the isolated loop technique of reconstruction along with pancreaticogastrostomy and we present our series using this technique. All consecutive patients undergoing Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy in a single surgical unit from January 2009 until December 2012 were included. In the absence of hepatic and peritoneal metastasis, resection (Whipple's procedure) with curative intent was done using isolated loop technique with pancreaticogastrostomy. Delayed gastric emptying was assessed clinically and on oral gastrograffin study. Bile reflux was also assessed on clinical parameters and evidence of beefy friable gastric mucosa on upper GI endoscopy and presence of reflux on hepatobiliary scintigraphy. A total of 52 patients were operated using this technique from January 2009 to October 2012. The mean operative time was 260.8±50.3, and the mean operative blood loss was 1,068.0±606.1 ml. Mean gastric emptying time 106.0±6.1 min (89-258 min). Three out of the 52(5.7 %) patients had persistent vomiting in the post-operative period requiring reinsertion of NG tube. A HIDA scan done on POD7 for all patients did not show any evidence of bile reflux in any of the patients. Pancreatogastrostomy with isolated loop in pancreaticoduodenal resection markedly reduces the post-operative incidence of alkaline reflux gastritis and DGE.
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 2010
The greatest disadvantage of conservative surgical procedures in the management of hydatid cyst o... more The greatest disadvantage of conservative surgical procedures in the management of hydatid cyst of the liver is their association with high recurrence rates. Radical surgical procedures such as closed total pericystectomy avoids spillage thereby minimizing recurrences. The use of laparoscopy in performing these radical surgical procedures further reduces the morbidity associated with the open surgery. This study has been carried out to assess the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic pericystectomy in the management of hydatid cyst of liver. Small, peripherally located cysts lying away from major vessels are amenable to laparoscopic pericystectomy successfully whereas, cysts larger than 10 cm, posteriorly located cysts and those lying in close proximity to the major ducts and vessels required conversion owing to bleeding. Therefore, laparoscopic pericystectomy can be regarded as a gold standard for the management of hydatid cyst of the liver in selected patients.
The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of splenic artery embolization (SAE) in the m... more The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of splenic artery embolization (SAE) in the management of traumatic splenic injuries. From September 2008 to September 2010, a total of 67 patients underwent nonoperative management (NOM) for blunt splenic injuries. Twenty-two patients were excluded from the study because of associated significant other organ injuries. Twenty-five patients underwent SAE followed by NOM (group A) and 20 patients underwent standard NOM (group B). Improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters during hospital stay were compared between two groups using Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test. SAE was always technically feasible. The mean length of the total hospital stay was lower in the group A patients (5.4 vs. 6.6 day, [P = 0.050]). There was significant increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in group A patients after SAE, whereas in group B patients there was decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and...
Solid organ (spleen and liver) injuries are dreaded by both surgeons and anesthesiologists becaus... more Solid organ (spleen and liver) injuries are dreaded by both surgeons and anesthesiologists because of associated high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to describe our experience of critical care concerns in solid organ injury, which otherwise has been poorly addressed in the literature. Retrospective cohort of solid organ injury (spleen and liver) patients was done from January 2010 to December 2011 in tertiary level trauma Center. Out of 624 abdominal trauma patients, a total of 212 patients (70%) were admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). Their ages ranged from 6 to 74 years (median 24 years). Nearly 89% patients in liver trauma and 84% patients in splenic trauma were male. Mechanism of injury was blunt abdominal trauma in 96% patients and the most common associated injury was chest trauma. Average injury severity score, sequential organ failure assessment, lactate on admission was 16.84, 4.34 and 3.42 mmol/L and that of dying patient were 29.70, 7.73 and 5....
After the first report of laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair (LIVHR) in 1993, seve... more After the first report of laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair (LIVHR) in 1993, several studies have proven its efficacy over open method. Among the technical issues, the technique of mesh fixation to the abdominal wall is still an area of debate. This prospective randomized study was done to compare two techniques of mesh fixation, i.e., tacker with four corner transfascial sutures versus transfascial sutures alone. 68 patients admitted for LIVHR repair (defect size less than 25 cm2) were randomized in two groups: group I, tacker fixation (36 patients) and group II, suture fixation (32 patients). Various intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were recorded and analyzed. The patients in the two groups were well matched in terms of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and hernia characteristics. Mean BMI was 29.0 kg/m2. Operative time was found to be significantly higher in group II (77.5 versus 52.6 min, p=0.000). Patients in group I were found to have significantly higher pain scores at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. At follow-up, incidence of seromas was higher in group II but the difference was not significant (7 versus 4, p=0.219). During long-term follow-up, patients in group II were satisfied cosmetically. Suture fixation is a cost-effective alternative to tacker fixation, for small and medium-sized defects in anatomically accessible areas. However, suture fixation requires significantly longer operation time, but patients have statistically significantly less postoperative pain.
Journal of Patient Safety & Infection Control, 2014
Background: Central line associated blood stream infections (CLA-BSIs) are a leading cause of hea... more Background: Central line associated blood stream infections (CLA-BSIs) are a leading cause of health care associated infections. There is paucity of data on the actual magnitude of CLA-BSIs in most hospitals of developing countries due to lack of surveillance. This study reports the impact of an intensive surveillance, training and feedback on the rates of CLA-BSIs at an Indian trauma center. Methods: The study was conducted at a level 1 trauma center from June 2010 to January 2013. The clinical details of all patients and microbiology culture reports who were admitted for more than 48 h were recorded in a pre-designed pro forma. These details were further entered in an automated software based upon CDC NHSN's definitions of device associated infections. The CLA-BSI rates in a previous pilot study in 2010 were found to be very high. Intensive surveillance, education and training drive was initiated along with better hand hygiene and device care as a part of hospital infection control measures. Results: During the study period, a total of 2969 patients were followed up for CLA-BSIs. These patients amounted to a total of 27,394 ICU days and 15,443 CVC days. A total of 93 episodes of CLA-BSI occurred during the study, amounting to a CLA-BSI rate of 6.02/1000 CVC days. Staphylococcus aureus (27; 27.5%) was the most common isolate. A total of 101 episodes of secondary BSIs were also observed during the study. Of these, 70 (69%) were secondary to VAP, 18 (18%) were secondary to wound infections and 13 (13%) were secondary to UTI. Of the 92 patients who accounted for the 93 episodes of CLA-BSIs, a total of 20 (21.7%) had a fatal outcome. Conclusions: Thus, with the help of the intensive surveillance, using this software, we have been able to monitor the impact of training, surveillance and interventions on the rates of
Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 2011
Non-operatif tedavinin dalak travmalı hastalar üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek üzere, I. Basamak... more Non-operatif tedavinin dalak travmalı hastalar üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek üzere, I. Basamak Travma Merkezimizde Ocak 2007 ile Haziran 2008 tarihleri arasında retrospektif bir çalışma yürütüldü. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM Hasta demografisi, dalak yaralanması biçimi, bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) evrelemesi, kan transfüzyon gereksinimi, cerrahi bulgular, hastanede kalış ve takip ile ilgili bilgiler toplandı. Splenik yaralanmanın kanıtı olarak ve yaralanmanın evresini belirlemek üzere, karın ultrasonografisi ve BT tarama sonuçları kullanıldı. Hastalar splenektomi ve non-operatif gruplarına ayrıldı. Bulgular non-parametrik Mann-Whitney U testiyle analiz edildi. BULGULAR Altmış yedi hasta çalışmaya alındı. Evre I yaralanması olan bütün hastalarla evre II yaralanması bulunan 13 hastanın 12'si non-operatif olarak tedavi edilirken, evre III 16 hastanın 9'u, evre IV 14 hastanın 12'si ve evre V bütün hastalar cerrahi yöntemle tedavi edildi. Bu nedenle, ne kadar yüksek yaralanma derecesi söz konusu ise o kadar çok operatif tedavi gerçekleşti. Operatif grubun ortalama Yaralanma Şiddet Skoru (20,12), non-operatif grubun Yaralanma Şiddet Skorundan (11,9) anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek bulundu (p=0,001). Operatif ve non-operatif gruplardaki ortalama hastane kalışları, sırasıyla 12,8 ve 8,3 gün idi. SONUÇ Dalak travmasının non-operatif tedavisi kabul edilebilir sonuçlarla uygulanabilmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Splenik travma; splenektomi; non-operatif tedavi. CONCLUSION Non-operative management of splenic trauma can be performed with an acceptable outcome.
We aimed to present the frequency of computed tomography (CT) signs of diaphragmatic rupture and ... more We aimed to present the frequency of computed tomography (CT) signs of diaphragmatic rupture and the differences between blunt and penetrating trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CT scans of 23 patients with surgically proven diaphragmatic tears (both blunt and penetrating) were retrospectively reviewed for previously described CT signs of diaphragmatic injuries. The overall frequency of CT signs was reported; frequency of signs in right-and left-sided injuries and blunt and penetrating trauma were separately tabulated and statistically compared. RESULTS The discontinuous diaphragm sign was the most common sign, observed in 95.7% of patients, followed by diaphragmatic thickening (69.6%). While the dependent viscera sign and collar sign were exclusively observed in blunt-trauma patients, organ herniation (P = 0.05) and dangling diaphragm (P = 0.0086) signs were observed significantly more often in blunt trauma than in penetrating trauma. Contiguous injury on either side of the diaphragm was observed more often in penetrating trauma (83.3%) than in blunt trauma (17.7%). CONCLUSION Knowledge of the mechanism of injury and familiarity with all CT signs of diaphragmatic injury are necessary to avoid a missed diagnosis because there is variability in the overall occurrence of these signs, with significant differences between blunt and penetrating trauma.
Chylothorax is known for its rarity, and its diagnosis following blunt chest trauma is exceptiona... more Chylothorax is known for its rarity, and its diagnosis following blunt chest trauma is exceptional. Only a small number of cases have been reported in the literature. Severe consequences, such as cardiopulmonary abnormalities and metabolic, nutritional, and immunologic disorders, can result from chylothorax. Management of chylothorax is challenging. It can either be managed nonoperatively or surgically. Surgical treatment is required in cases of persistent or high output fistulae. We report here in three cases of blunt trauma chest following road traffic crash associated with chylothorax. All of them were successfully managed nonoperatively with inter costal tube drainage and supportive treatment sans need of any operative intervention.
The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate prevalence of traumatic diaphragmatic injury (TD... more The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate prevalence of traumatic diaphragmatic injury (TDI), (2) identify the predictors of mortality, and (3) study the accuracy of investigations in survivors of TDI. Retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained database of TDI from January 2007 to December 2011. Emergency department (ED) records, operative details, and autopsy reports were reviewed to determine injury characteristics, treatment provided, and outcome. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS ver.15 software. TDI was identified in 75 individuals. Thirty-two of 75 (42.6 %) cases were brought dead to the hospital, and 43/75 (57.3 %) were survivors presented to emergency department, diagnosed to have TDI intraoperatively. Seven of 43 (16.3 %) died postoperatively. Mortality in TDI was significantly related to age (p =0.001), injury severity (p <0.001), site of TDI (p =0.002), and associated injuries (p =0.021, odds ratio of 9). Death increased with increase in the number of organ injured (p <0.001, odds ratio of 12). Multi-detector computer tomography (MDCT) detected TDI in 23/26 (88.5 %) cases preoperatively. Laparotomy (p <0.001, odds ratio of 22) and thoracotomy (p =0.021, with odds ratio of 9) were associated with survival benefit when compared to minimal invasive surgery in injured cases. The prevalence of TDI was 2.67 %, TDI's mark severity of injury. Mortality increases with increasing number of organ injured. Right-sided or bilateral injury of diaphragm is associated with increased mortality.
Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2018
Trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Trauma patients, who presented to the... more Trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Trauma patients, who presented to the hospital casualty department within 24 h of injury, further admitted to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit were enrolled in this study. The aim was to study the peripheral blood monocyte activity to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1) β, IL-6, and IL-8 in severely injured patients after trauma. A total of 28 polytrauma patients were enrolled and observed that the levels of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly decreased and levels of IL-8 were increased in the fatal patients compared to the healthy controls. After trauma, an immediate hyperactivation of circulating monocytes is rapidly followed by a substantial paralysis of cell function. Decreased activity of monocytes can be used to identify potential fatal immunological disruption. Since immunological disruption occurs before clinical symptoms; our study proposes an immunological prognostication score...
Background There is very scant literature on the impact of inguinal hernia mesh repair on testicu... more Background There is very scant literature on the impact of inguinal hernia mesh repair on testicular functions and sexual functions following open and laparoscopic repair. The present randomized study compares TAPP and TEP repairs in terms of testicular functions, sexual functions, quality of life and chronic groin pain. Methods This study was conducted from April 2012 to October 2014. A total of 160 patients with uncomplicated groin hernia were randomized to either trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) repair or totally extra-peritoneal (TEP) repair. Testicular functions were assessed by measuring testicular volume, testicular hormone levels preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. Sexual functions were assessed using BMSFI, and quality of life was assessed using WHO-QOL BREF scale preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Chronic groin pain was evaluated using the VAS scale at 3 months, 6 months and at 1 year. Results The median duration of follow-up was 13 months (range 6-18 months). The mean preoperative pain scores (p value 0.35) as well as the chronic groin pain were similar between TEP and TAPP repairs at 3 months (p value 0.06) and 6 months (p value 0.86). The testicular resistive index and testicular volume did not show any significant change at follow-up of 3 months (p value 0.9) in the study population. No significant difference was observed in testicular resistive index and testicular volume when comparing TEP and TAPP groups at at follow-up of 3 months (p value [0.05). There was a statistically significant improvement in the sexual drive score, erectile function and overall satisfaction over the follow-up period following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. However, sexual function improvement was similar in patients undergoing both TEP and TAPP repairs. All the domains of quality of life in the study population showed a significant improvement at a follow-up of 3 and 6 months. Subgroup analysis of all the domains of quality of life in both TAPP and TEP groups showed a similar increment as in the study population (p value \0.001); however, the mean scores of all the domains were comparable between the two subgroups (p value[0.05), preoperatively and 3 and 6 months follow-up. Conclusions Laparoscopic groin hernia repair improves the testicular functions, sexual functions and quality of life, but TEP and TAPP repairs are comparable in terms of these long-term outcomes.
The aim of the study was to correlate multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) grading with clin... more The aim of the study was to correlate multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) grading with clinical severity and outcome in liver trauma patients without significant extrahepatic injury. Over a period of 2 years (2011-2013), all patients showing evidence of liver injury on contrastenhanced CT (CECT) abdomen and without significant extrahepatic trauma were prospectively included in the study. Correlation between the CT injury grade and outcome in terms of mortality, duration of ICU/hospital stay, fluid and blood requirements, need for intervention and complications were assessed. The significance of the difference in mortality, duration of ICU/hospital stay, fluid requirement and blood requirements among the patients with various injury grades was assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test. The significance of the difference in need for intervention and complications among the patients with various injury grades was assessed by Fisher's exact test. A total of 198 patients were found to have evidence of hepatic injury on CECT. Out of 198 patients, 117 had insignificant extrahepatic trauma. The overall mean age for these 117 patients was 25.74±15.53 (age range 2-84 years). Death rates according to AAST grades were 0 % in grades II and III, 6.89 % in grade IV and 9.09 % in grade V (p=0.053). The mean ICU and total hospital stay for grade II was 1.32 and 5.91 days, for grade III was 1.76 and 8.48, for grade IV was 2.86 and 10.31 days and for grade V was 6.54 and 12 days, respectively (p=0.0001 for ICU, p=0.0003 for total stay). Mean input and fluid deficit according to various grades were 8634/2607 ml for grade II, 9535/2555 ml for grade III, 15,549/ 6242 ml for grade IVand 19,958/8280 ml for grade V (p value input-0.0016, output-input (fluid deficit)-0.0001). Average unit of RBC and sum of the blood products transfused were 1.73 and 2.26 for grade II, 2.18 and 2.72 for grade III, 3.03 and 6.27 for grade IV, 6.85 and 38.12 for grade V, respectively (p value RBC-0.10, total-0.037). The difference in the need of active surgical/endovascular intervention and complication rates was not significantly higher in higher injury grades. The grading of liver injury based on CECT findings can predict the clinical course in liver trauma patients with insignificant extrahepatic injuries. Keyword Liver trauma. MDCT AAST (American association for surgery of trauma) grading. Clinical correlation and AAST grading. Stay in hospital (ICU stay and ward stay). Blood transfusion. Fluid deficit
Liver injury is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in polytrauma patients. This study was... more Liver injury is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in polytrauma patients. This study was conducted to know the burden of hepatobiliary injury and its outcome in our setup. It is a retrospective study of all patients with traumatic hepatobiliary injuries from January 2008 through April 2012 at JPNATC, New Delhi. All patients were resuscitated as per ATLS guidelines. Management of patients was based on hemodynamic status and associated injuries. Liver injury occurred in 7.52 % of all trauma admissions and 20.34 % of total abdominal trauma patients. Most common mechanism of injury was blunt trauma due to road traffic injury among all age groups (n=234, 67.83 %). Seventy-five percent of the patients with liver injury were hemodynamically stable at presentation (n=262, 75 %). Isolated liver injury was seen in 27 % of the patients. Grade II (n=138, 40 %) liver injury was the most common. Of the patients, 68.70 % were managed nonoperatively. Among operatively managed patients (n=100, 29 %), 38 % patient underwent immediate laparotomy due to hemodynamic instability. The failure of nonoperative management was in eight (2.32 %) patients with success rate of 96.73 %, i.e., 237 patients out of 245 were successfully managed nonoperatively. Packing was done in 27 % of the patients of high-grade liver injury and was associated with high morbidity and mortality (51 %). The morbidity and mortality of liver trauma were 28.99 % and 12.17 %, respectively. Liver injury is common in abdominal trauma patients. Most of the patients with liver injury are hemodynamically stable and should be managed nonoperatively with careful monitoring.
Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2016
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common cause of mortality in trauma patients admitted ... more Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common cause of mortality in trauma patients admitted to Intensive Care Units. The outcome of such patients may be dependent on local host immune response, which may be best reflected in studies using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The present study was conducted to ascertain the cytokine profile of BAL using the cytometric bead array (CBA) in a flow cytometer and to correlate the levels of Th-1/Th-2 cytokines in BAL with the clinical outcome of ventilated trauma patients. BAL was collected from the patients with suspected VAP. CBA was performed to assess the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 β, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the BAL samples. After acquiring the BAL samples on the flow cytometer, the results were generated using FCAP Array™ software. The cytokine profile was correlated to clinical outcomes. A total of forty patients were enrolled during the study period. Of these, 12 patient...
Background The incidence of shoulder pain (SP) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) varies... more Background The incidence of shoulder pain (SP) following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) varies between 21 and 80 %. A few randomised controlled trials and metaanalysis have shown lesser SP in LC performed under lowpressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum (LPCP) than under standard-pressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum (SPCP). However, the possible compromise in adequate exposure and effective working space during LPCP has negatively influenced its uniform adoption for LC. Materials and methods All consecutive patients undergoing elective LC for gallstone disease who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enroled. Fourty patients were randomised to SPCP group (pressure of 14 mmHg) and 40 to LPCP group (pressure of 9-10 mmHg). Primary outcome measured was incidence of SP and its severity on visual analogue scale (VAS) at 4, 8, 24 h and 7 days after LC. Secondary outcomes measured were procedural time, technical difficulty, surgeons' satisfaction score on exposure and working space, intra-operative changes in heart rate and blood pressure, abdominal pain and analgesic requirement. Analyses were performed using Stata software. Results There was no conversion to open surgery, bile duct injury or need to increase intra-abdominal pressure on either group. Twenty-three patients (57.5 %) in SPCP group and nine patients (22.5 %) in LPCP group had SP (p = 0.001). The severity of SP was significantly more in SPCP group at 8 and 24 h (p = 0.009 and 0.005, respectively). Both the groups had similar procedural time, surgeons' satisfaction score, intra-operative changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Conclusion The incidence and severity of SP following LC performed at LPCP are significantly less compared to that in SPCP. The safety, efficacy and surgeons' satisfaction appear to be comparable in both the groups. Hence, a routine practice of low-pressure carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum may be recommended in selected group of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Clinical trial registration number CTRI/2016/02/006590.
Introduction: Trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide with infections as impor... more Introduction: Trauma is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide with infections as important causes of death in such patients. Bacterial infections cause activation of monocytes with excessive synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Hence, this prospective study was conducted to assess the activity of monocytes in traumatized sepsis patients using flow cytometry and to assess if they have any prognostic potential. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 consecutive trauma patients with sepsis and having positive blood culture were enrolled, along with four healthy controls during the period of March 2013 to July 2013. Blood from septic patients were collected on the same day when blood culture was positive and on days 2 and 5 thereafter. Surface staining for monocytes with CD14 and intracellular staining for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was done and results were analyzed by flow cytometer. Procalcitonin (PCT) assay was done using MiniVidas. Com...
Duodenal perforation following blunt abdominal trauma is an extremely rare and often overlooked i... more Duodenal perforation following blunt abdominal trauma is an extremely rare and often overlooked injury leading to increased mortality and morbidity. We report two cases of isolated duodenal injury following blunt abdominal trauma and highlight the challenges associated with their management. In both these patients, the diagnosis of the duodenal injuries was delayed, leading to prolonged hospital stay. The first patient had two perforations, one on the anterior and the other on the posterior wall of the duodenum, of which the posterior perforation was missed at initial laparotomy. In the other patient, the duodenal injury was missed during the initial assessment in the emergency department. He returned to the emergency department 24 hours after discharge with abdominal pain and vomiting. During trauma related laparotomy, complete kocherization (mobilization) of the duodenum must be mandatory, even in the presence of obvious injury on its anterior wall. We emphasize on keeping the man...
Although delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy is not life-threa... more Although delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy is not life-threatening and can be treated conservatively, it results in discomfort and significant prolongation of the hospital stay and adds on to the hospital costs. To overcome this problem, we started using the isolated loop technique of reconstruction along with pancreaticogastrostomy and we present our series using this technique. All consecutive patients undergoing Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy in a single surgical unit from January 2009 until December 2012 were included. In the absence of hepatic and peritoneal metastasis, resection (Whipple's procedure) with curative intent was done using isolated loop technique with pancreaticogastrostomy. Delayed gastric emptying was assessed clinically and on oral gastrograffin study. Bile reflux was also assessed on clinical parameters and evidence of beefy friable gastric mucosa on upper GI endoscopy and presence of reflux on hepatobiliary scintigraphy. A total of 52 patients were operated using this technique from January 2009 to October 2012. The mean operative time was 260.8±50.3, and the mean operative blood loss was 1,068.0±606.1 ml. Mean gastric emptying time 106.0±6.1 min (89-258 min). Three out of the 52(5.7 %) patients had persistent vomiting in the post-operative period requiring reinsertion of NG tube. A HIDA scan done on POD7 for all patients did not show any evidence of bile reflux in any of the patients. Pancreatogastrostomy with isolated loop in pancreaticoduodenal resection markedly reduces the post-operative incidence of alkaline reflux gastritis and DGE.
Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques, 2010
The greatest disadvantage of conservative surgical procedures in the management of hydatid cyst o... more The greatest disadvantage of conservative surgical procedures in the management of hydatid cyst of the liver is their association with high recurrence rates. Radical surgical procedures such as closed total pericystectomy avoids spillage thereby minimizing recurrences. The use of laparoscopy in performing these radical surgical procedures further reduces the morbidity associated with the open surgery. This study has been carried out to assess the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic pericystectomy in the management of hydatid cyst of liver. Small, peripherally located cysts lying away from major vessels are amenable to laparoscopic pericystectomy successfully whereas, cysts larger than 10 cm, posteriorly located cysts and those lying in close proximity to the major ducts and vessels required conversion owing to bleeding. Therefore, laparoscopic pericystectomy can be regarded as a gold standard for the management of hydatid cyst of the liver in selected patients.
The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of splenic artery embolization (SAE) in the m... more The objective of our study was to evaluate the role of splenic artery embolization (SAE) in the management of traumatic splenic injuries. From September 2008 to September 2010, a total of 67 patients underwent nonoperative management (NOM) for blunt splenic injuries. Twenty-two patients were excluded from the study because of associated significant other organ injuries. Twenty-five patients underwent SAE followed by NOM (group A) and 20 patients underwent standard NOM (group B). Improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters during hospital stay were compared between two groups using Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test. SAE was always technically feasible. The mean length of the total hospital stay was lower in the group A patients (5.4 vs. 6.6 day, [P = 0.050]). There was significant increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in group A patients after SAE, whereas in group B patients there was decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and...
Solid organ (spleen and liver) injuries are dreaded by both surgeons and anesthesiologists becaus... more Solid organ (spleen and liver) injuries are dreaded by both surgeons and anesthesiologists because of associated high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to describe our experience of critical care concerns in solid organ injury, which otherwise has been poorly addressed in the literature. Retrospective cohort of solid organ injury (spleen and liver) patients was done from January 2010 to December 2011 in tertiary level trauma Center. Out of 624 abdominal trauma patients, a total of 212 patients (70%) were admitted in intensive care unit (ICU). Their ages ranged from 6 to 74 years (median 24 years). Nearly 89% patients in liver trauma and 84% patients in splenic trauma were male. Mechanism of injury was blunt abdominal trauma in 96% patients and the most common associated injury was chest trauma. Average injury severity score, sequential organ failure assessment, lactate on admission was 16.84, 4.34 and 3.42 mmol/L and that of dying patient were 29.70, 7.73 and 5....
After the first report of laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair (LIVHR) in 1993, seve... more After the first report of laparoscopic incisional and ventral hernia repair (LIVHR) in 1993, several studies have proven its efficacy over open method. Among the technical issues, the technique of mesh fixation to the abdominal wall is still an area of debate. This prospective randomized study was done to compare two techniques of mesh fixation, i.e., tacker with four corner transfascial sutures versus transfascial sutures alone. 68 patients admitted for LIVHR repair (defect size less than 25 cm2) were randomized in two groups: group I, tacker fixation (36 patients) and group II, suture fixation (32 patients). Various intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were recorded and analyzed. The patients in the two groups were well matched in terms of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and hernia characteristics. Mean BMI was 29.0 kg/m2. Operative time was found to be significantly higher in group II (77.5 versus 52.6 min, p=0.000). Patients in group I were found to have significantly higher pain scores at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. At follow-up, incidence of seromas was higher in group II but the difference was not significant (7 versus 4, p=0.219). During long-term follow-up, patients in group II were satisfied cosmetically. Suture fixation is a cost-effective alternative to tacker fixation, for small and medium-sized defects in anatomically accessible areas. However, suture fixation requires significantly longer operation time, but patients have statistically significantly less postoperative pain.
Journal of Patient Safety & Infection Control, 2014
Background: Central line associated blood stream infections (CLA-BSIs) are a leading cause of hea... more Background: Central line associated blood stream infections (CLA-BSIs) are a leading cause of health care associated infections. There is paucity of data on the actual magnitude of CLA-BSIs in most hospitals of developing countries due to lack of surveillance. This study reports the impact of an intensive surveillance, training and feedback on the rates of CLA-BSIs at an Indian trauma center. Methods: The study was conducted at a level 1 trauma center from June 2010 to January 2013. The clinical details of all patients and microbiology culture reports who were admitted for more than 48 h were recorded in a pre-designed pro forma. These details were further entered in an automated software based upon CDC NHSN's definitions of device associated infections. The CLA-BSI rates in a previous pilot study in 2010 were found to be very high. Intensive surveillance, education and training drive was initiated along with better hand hygiene and device care as a part of hospital infection control measures. Results: During the study period, a total of 2969 patients were followed up for CLA-BSIs. These patients amounted to a total of 27,394 ICU days and 15,443 CVC days. A total of 93 episodes of CLA-BSI occurred during the study, amounting to a CLA-BSI rate of 6.02/1000 CVC days. Staphylococcus aureus (27; 27.5%) was the most common isolate. A total of 101 episodes of secondary BSIs were also observed during the study. Of these, 70 (69%) were secondary to VAP, 18 (18%) were secondary to wound infections and 13 (13%) were secondary to UTI. Of the 92 patients who accounted for the 93 episodes of CLA-BSIs, a total of 20 (21.7%) had a fatal outcome. Conclusions: Thus, with the help of the intensive surveillance, using this software, we have been able to monitor the impact of training, surveillance and interventions on the rates of
Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 2011
Non-operatif tedavinin dalak travmalı hastalar üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek üzere, I. Basamak... more Non-operatif tedavinin dalak travmalı hastalar üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek üzere, I. Basamak Travma Merkezimizde Ocak 2007 ile Haziran 2008 tarihleri arasında retrospektif bir çalışma yürütüldü. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM Hasta demografisi, dalak yaralanması biçimi, bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) evrelemesi, kan transfüzyon gereksinimi, cerrahi bulgular, hastanede kalış ve takip ile ilgili bilgiler toplandı. Splenik yaralanmanın kanıtı olarak ve yaralanmanın evresini belirlemek üzere, karın ultrasonografisi ve BT tarama sonuçları kullanıldı. Hastalar splenektomi ve non-operatif gruplarına ayrıldı. Bulgular non-parametrik Mann-Whitney U testiyle analiz edildi. BULGULAR Altmış yedi hasta çalışmaya alındı. Evre I yaralanması olan bütün hastalarla evre II yaralanması bulunan 13 hastanın 12'si non-operatif olarak tedavi edilirken, evre III 16 hastanın 9'u, evre IV 14 hastanın 12'si ve evre V bütün hastalar cerrahi yöntemle tedavi edildi. Bu nedenle, ne kadar yüksek yaralanma derecesi söz konusu ise o kadar çok operatif tedavi gerçekleşti. Operatif grubun ortalama Yaralanma Şiddet Skoru (20,12), non-operatif grubun Yaralanma Şiddet Skorundan (11,9) anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek bulundu (p=0,001). Operatif ve non-operatif gruplardaki ortalama hastane kalışları, sırasıyla 12,8 ve 8,3 gün idi. SONUÇ Dalak travmasının non-operatif tedavisi kabul edilebilir sonuçlarla uygulanabilmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Splenik travma; splenektomi; non-operatif tedavi. CONCLUSION Non-operative management of splenic trauma can be performed with an acceptable outcome.
We aimed to present the frequency of computed tomography (CT) signs of diaphragmatic rupture and ... more We aimed to present the frequency of computed tomography (CT) signs of diaphragmatic rupture and the differences between blunt and penetrating trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CT scans of 23 patients with surgically proven diaphragmatic tears (both blunt and penetrating) were retrospectively reviewed for previously described CT signs of diaphragmatic injuries. The overall frequency of CT signs was reported; frequency of signs in right-and left-sided injuries and blunt and penetrating trauma were separately tabulated and statistically compared. RESULTS The discontinuous diaphragm sign was the most common sign, observed in 95.7% of patients, followed by diaphragmatic thickening (69.6%). While the dependent viscera sign and collar sign were exclusively observed in blunt-trauma patients, organ herniation (P = 0.05) and dangling diaphragm (P = 0.0086) signs were observed significantly more often in blunt trauma than in penetrating trauma. Contiguous injury on either side of the diaphragm was observed more often in penetrating trauma (83.3%) than in blunt trauma (17.7%). CONCLUSION Knowledge of the mechanism of injury and familiarity with all CT signs of diaphragmatic injury are necessary to avoid a missed diagnosis because there is variability in the overall occurrence of these signs, with significant differences between blunt and penetrating trauma.
Chylothorax is known for its rarity, and its diagnosis following blunt chest trauma is exceptiona... more Chylothorax is known for its rarity, and its diagnosis following blunt chest trauma is exceptional. Only a small number of cases have been reported in the literature. Severe consequences, such as cardiopulmonary abnormalities and metabolic, nutritional, and immunologic disorders, can result from chylothorax. Management of chylothorax is challenging. It can either be managed nonoperatively or surgically. Surgical treatment is required in cases of persistent or high output fistulae. We report here in three cases of blunt trauma chest following road traffic crash associated with chylothorax. All of them were successfully managed nonoperatively with inter costal tube drainage and supportive treatment sans need of any operative intervention.
The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate prevalence of traumatic diaphragmatic injury (TD... more The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate prevalence of traumatic diaphragmatic injury (TDI), (2) identify the predictors of mortality, and (3) study the accuracy of investigations in survivors of TDI. Retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained database of TDI from January 2007 to December 2011. Emergency department (ED) records, operative details, and autopsy reports were reviewed to determine injury characteristics, treatment provided, and outcome. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS ver.15 software. TDI was identified in 75 individuals. Thirty-two of 75 (42.6 %) cases were brought dead to the hospital, and 43/75 (57.3 %) were survivors presented to emergency department, diagnosed to have TDI intraoperatively. Seven of 43 (16.3 %) died postoperatively. Mortality in TDI was significantly related to age (p =0.001), injury severity (p <0.001), site of TDI (p =0.002), and associated injuries (p =0.021, odds ratio of 9). Death increased with increase in the number of organ injured (p <0.001, odds ratio of 12). Multi-detector computer tomography (MDCT) detected TDI in 23/26 (88.5 %) cases preoperatively. Laparotomy (p <0.001, odds ratio of 22) and thoracotomy (p =0.021, with odds ratio of 9) were associated with survival benefit when compared to minimal invasive surgery in injured cases. The prevalence of TDI was 2.67 %, TDI's mark severity of injury. Mortality increases with increasing number of organ injured. Right-sided or bilateral injury of diaphragm is associated with increased mortality.
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Papers by Subodh Kumar