Concept

Among the many innovations that mark Frege's Begriffsschrift as a revolutionary work, perhaps the most important is its presentation of the first formal system of logic. Frege believed that the introduction of a new notation, especially for the expression of generality, was necessary if the logical relationships between contents were to be made apparent. This new notation made it possible, at least in an important range of cases, to establish that a given content could be inferred from certain other contents simply by examining the structure of the sentences that expressed those contents. 1 In this regard, Frege's great advance was that, in his system, the logical rules could be stated in purely formal terms, without any reference to the contents expressed by the sentences of his formal language, Begriffsschrift, the conceptual notation. But it is important to recognize that logic, according to Frege, is not 'formal' in any sense that would oppose form to content: The sentences of Begriffsschrift are not mere forms. Frege's goal was "not.. . to present an abstract logic in formulas, but to express a content through written symbols in a more precise and perspicuous way than is possible with words" (AimCN, pp. 90-1). Frege's formal system is intended to be one we can actually use in reasoning, that is, in inferring truths from other truths, which is to say that we can prove theorems in this system, where theorems are true contents. 2 If so, the sentences of Begriffsschrift must express those contents. The point of presenting proofs in a formal system is thus not to empty mathematics of content (FTA, esp. opp. 97ff.), 3

This paper is a preliminary study into the nature of popular belief in the witch's ... Until recently, historians have tended to assume that the ... English and Scottish familiar beliefs has still not been examined in ... ISSN 0015-587X print; 1469-8315 online/00/020283-23; ...

Les sciences de gestion s'interrogent de plus en plus sur leur rigueur et la capacité à construire une connaissance sur un modèle cumulatif. Le présent article examine la solidité conceptuelle d'un construit très utilisé en entrepreneuriat et en stratégie, l'orientation entrepreneuriale. Il analyse les étapes clés de la formation de la littérature sur le thème pour proposer in fine une évaluation critique de l'évolution du construit, préalable nécessaire à l'amélioration de son opérationalisation.

Motivated by neuropsychological investigations of category-specific impairments, many functional brain imaging studies have found distinct patterns of neural activity associated with different object categories. However, the extent to which these category-related activation patterns reflect differences in conceptual representation remains controversial. To investigate this issue, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to record changes in neural activity while subjects interpreted animated vignettes composed of simple geometric shapes in motion. Vignettes interpreted as conveying social interactions elicited a distinct and distributed pattern of neural activity, relative to vignettes interpreted as mechanical actions. This neural system included regions in posterior temporal cortex associated with identifying human faces and other biological objects. In contrast, vignettes interpreted as conveying mechanical actions resulted in activity in posterior temporal lobe sites associated with identifying manipulable objects such as tools. Moreover, social, but not mechanical, interpretations elicited activity in regions implicated in the perception and modulation of emotion (right amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex). Perceiving and understanding social and mechanical concepts depends, in part, on activity in distinct neural networks. Within the social domain, the network includes regions involved in processing and storing information about the form and motion of biological objects, and in perceiving, expressing, and regulating affective responses.

There are hereditary differences among human beings. Some of these differences have geographical correlates. Some genetic variants that produce physical or behavioral deficits occur significantly more often in some areas, or in some ethnic groups, than in others. However, none of these facts provides any intellectual support for the race concept, for racial classifications, or for social hierarchies based on ethnic-group membership. The geographical element of the race concept is important in theory but is widely ignored in practice since it does not conform well to the facts of current human phenotype distribution. Much of the literature on supposed racial differences involves such geographically meaningless exercises as studying differences among "races" by subdividing a sample of North Americans. If races are defined as geographically delimited conspecific populations characterized by distinctive regional phenotypes, then human races do not exist now and have not existed for centuries, [race, human variation, intelligence]

The distinctive contribution of sociological social psychology can be referred to as sociological miniaturism, a way of interpreting social processes and institutions that is microsociological more than it is psychological. We argue that social psychology of this variety permits the examination of large-scale social issues by means of investigation of small-scale social situations. The power of this approach to social life is that it permits recognition of the dense texture of everyday life, permits sociologists to understand more fully a substantive domain, and permits interpretive control. In the chapter we provide examples of this approach from two quite distinct theoretical orientations: symbolic interactionism and social exchange theory. We discuss the ways in which the study of two substantive topics, social power and collective identity, using these perspectives can be informed by closer collaboration between theorists within sociological social psychology. In the end it is o...

Cadre général et problématique Depuis les années soixante, et surtout depuis la signature en 1978 du Traité de coopération amazonienne (TCA), la politique des pays amazoniens a oscillé entre la coopération dans le cadre d'accords bi-ou multinationaux d'intégration frontalière et les exigences de souveraineté et de sécurité nationales (renforcement de l'État aux frontières). Ces deux attitudes divergentes soulignent les difficultés d'application d'une politique de développement conjuguant les idées d'intégration et de souveraineté. Les pays concernés hésitent en effet à s'engager ouvertement dans ce type de coopération au regard des fortes tensions qui subsistent encore entre États voisins. Dans un tel contexte, l'occupation des espaces frontaliers (concept de « frontières vivantes ») reste un impératif stratégique majeur pour tous ces pays [Rivière d'Arc, 1981]. Conçu à l'origine pour contrer les velléités d'internationalisation de l'Amazonie, le TCA vise en effet à renforcer le développement des régions frontalières en vue de leur intégration future au sein d'un « grand ensemble régional amazonien ». Sa mise à exécution a vu la création de plusieurs commissions mixtes de coopération interfrontalière entre le Pérou, la Colombie et le Brésil, pour en rester aux trois pays qui nous intéressent dans cette étude. La revue Allpanchis [1995] s'est fait l'écho des projets interfrontaliers entre le Pérou et le Brésil, pays qui partagent près de 3 000 kilomètres de frontière commune. De leur côté, la Colombie et le Pérou ont signé en 1988 un Plan binational pour le développement intégral du bassin du Putumayo, région relativement isolée d'environ 160 000 kilomètres carrés entre le Caquetá et l'Amazone. Tout récemment, le Pérou et l'Équateur viennent de mettre fin à un litige frontalier vieux de plus d'un demi-siècle. Malgré les violentes protestations des autorités régionales du Loreto accusant le gouvernement péruvien de « brader » les intérêts nationaux (relance de la thèse souverainiste), un accord de paix entre les deux pays a finalement pu être trouvé, octroyant notamment à l'Équateur un accès fluvial au bassin de l'Amazone. Dans le cadre de cet accord, un programme binational de développement frontalier est également prévu. Lorsqu'elles seront pleinement appliquées (si tant est qu'elles le

Generally, architecture can be termed as a field of art in building, a structure designed by human beings. Therefore, the grandeur and the height of a civilization is measured by the buildings it left behind which include religious buildings. This can be seen through Indian architecture that appeared as a result of the emergence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Between the main objectives of this study is to discuss the concept, goals and philosophy found in the architecture of India. In addition, the study also discusses the characteristics and elements of Indian architecture made up of Buddhist and Hindu architecture that has influenced some of the architecture of other buildings in the world. In this writing, the authors used qualitative methodology focusing on research on the analysis of documents and observations. The finding shows that the concept and philosophy of Indian architecture has been largely influenced by nation and world civilization. The study also identified the characters and elements. system along the western coast of India.

By now, the hoopla and hype of the end of the television series Seinfeld is a memory. The syndication of sitcoms ensures the availability of episodes of Seinfeld, daily, in many countries of the world for the foreseeable future. This is very good news for faculty members and students of organizational behavior or general management classes. Although the viewing of television shows is often thought to be contrary to the goals of higher education, Seinfeld is a showcase for two very important concepts in such classes. The first of these concepts is that of the "psychological contract." Kolb, Rubin, and Osland (1995) noted, When individuals join an organization, they form an unwritten, implicit, or (less frequently) explicit, psychological contract with the organization. This contract consists of the mutual expectation employees and employers have of each other. The psychological contract is based on the perception of both the employee and the employer that their contributions obligate the other party to reciprocate. (p. 5) Sherwood and Glidewell (1972) suggested that the ideal way of addressing these unstated expectations is to make them explicit by articulating them.

Frame analysis has been used to examine the ways in which movement groups articulate their goals, recruit participants, and respond to the counterframes of their opponents. But, with the notable exception of William Gamson's Talking Politics, theorists have not paid serious attention to the conversations of peer groups. This essay revisits some of Gamson's observations in an attempt to extend the scope of existing theory on frame analysis and peer group conversations. I begin with the premise that collective action frames are not only the product of shared, cultural narratives and personal experiences; they are also shaped by behavioral expectations, that are specific to the group, that regulate how the group "talks politics", and that delimit the boundaries of group-belonging. In exploring these group-specific dynamics, I draw attention to the relationship between "interaction frames", that are used to structure the dialogue of the group and "speaking positions", that are used to align new actiondemands and political ideas with the preexisting frames of the group. My intent, in introducing these concepts, is not to provide a finished methodology but to present a beginning framework for future research and discussion. As I suggest here, the most promising answer to the questions posed by this essay lies in expanding the dialogue between the Goffmanian undercurrents of frame analysis and aspects of systems theory. Frame analysis has been subjected to numerous interpretations by theorists working within the fields of cognitive psychology (Piaget 1954), social psychology (Goffman 1974), and, most recently, social movement studies (Morris and Mueller 1992). One of the central tenets of frame analysis, which has survived the transition from psychology to political sociology is the idea that frames are cognitive constructs that are used to organize interpretations of, and responses to, particular situations. Hank Johnston (1995, p. 217), for example, describes frames as "problem solving schemata, stored in memory, for the interpretive task of making sense of presenting situations." Frame analysis has been used to examine the ways in which movement groups articulate their goals, recruit participants, and respond to the counterframes of their opponents. Even so, frame analysis seems to promise both more and less than a methodological perspective for examining the micropolitics of building a movement. Frame analysis has challenged social movement theorists to reconsider the role of social psychology in the mobilization process. It has also provided an analytical framework for examining applications of

My discussion addresses the differences between analytic and continental philosophy concerning the use of logic and exact reasoning in philosophical practice. These differences are mainly examined in the light of the controversial dominance of Hegel's concept of logic (and theory of concept) in twentieth-century continental philosophy. The inquiry is developed in two parts. In the first (Sections 1-2), I indicate some aspects of the analytic-continental divide, pointing to the role that the topic 'logic and philosophy' plays in it. In the second part (Sections 3-6), I give a short account of the views of logic which are typical of the three main trends of continental philosophy (see Table 1). I also suggest how, with the aid of some typical analytical devices, some continental 'anti-logical' attitudes may be corrected, on their own terms.

Hominin evolutionary history is characterized by regular dispersals, cycles of colonization, and entry into novel environments. This article considers the relationship between such colonizing capacity and hominin biology. In general, colonizing strategy favors rapid rates of reproduction and generalized rather than specialized biology. Physiological viability across diverse environments favors a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, which buffers the genome from selective pressures. Colonizing also favors the capacity to access and process information about environmental variability. We propose that early hominin adaptive radiations were based upon the development of such capacities as adaptations to unstable Pliocene environments. These components came together, along with fundamental changes in morphology, behavior, and cognition in the genus Homo, who exploited them in subsequent wider dispersals. Middle Pleistocene hominins and modern humans also show development of further traits, which correspond with successful probing of, and dispersals into, stressful environments. These traits have their precursors in primate or ape biology, but have become more pronounced during hominin evolution.

There is an increased awareness of the needs of vulnerable individuals and populations in the discipline of nursing. In order to meet the healthcare needs of the vulnerable, nurses need to understand the multiple implications of vulnerability. The term “vulnerability” is widely used and embedded in the nursing vocabulary, yet it remains a difficult concept to define. The concept of vulnerability has developed over the last thirty-five years broadening to encompass aspects of risk and resiliency. Theories of vulnerability include personal and societal factors. The definition of vulnerability, grounded in the literature and prevalent theories of vulnerability, is used to describe the role of nursing in the care of the vulnerable. The nursing process is used to assess vulnerability and facilitate a resilient response at the individual and community levels.

Subscales of the Empowerment Scale (Rogers, E.S., Chamberlin, J., Ellison, M.L., Crean, T., 1997. A consumerconstructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services. Psychiatr. Serv. 48, 1042-1047 were examined to see whether they fit a model of consumer empowerment that distinguishes self-and community orientations. In addition, the relationship of these two superordinate factors to several psychosocial factors was examined. Thirty-five participants in a partial hospitalization program were administered the Empowerment Scale and measures of quality of life, social support, self-esteem, psychiatric symptoms, needs and resources, global functioning, and verbal intelligence. Analysis of the subscales of the Empowerment Scale yielded two factors consistent with self-and community orientations to empowerment. Correlational analyses revealed that the two superordinate factors were associated with different sets of psychosocial variables. A self-orientation to empowerment was significantly associated with quality of life, social support, self-esteem, and psychiatric symptoms. Community orientation was correlated with self-esteem, resources, verbal intelligence, and ethnicity. The implications of these findings for a model of consumer empowerment are discussed.

There have been so many controversies in the meaning of concept and particularly its place in the cognitive process of perception. The conceptualists, particularly, John McDowell, D. W. Hamlyn, Bill Brewer and Sonia Sedivy, argue that the content of perceptual experience is always in a kind of relation with propositional attitude such that beliefs, judgments, hopes and aspirations are instantaneously captured in perception. If this is granted, then, it becomes difficult to admit the possibility of non-conceptuality in perception. But, on a critical look at the conceptualists' arguments and deductions, we discover that the conceptualists conflate sensation with perception and concept formation. In view of this, this paper examines and does a critical analysis of the meaning of concept with the belief that if its place in the cognitive process of perception is determined and ascertained, the long standing problem about the nature and characterization of the content of human perceptual experience will automatically dissolve. Whilst distinguishing and separating sensation from perception, the paper establishes that concept-formation is not generic to perception and that there is a place for non-conceptuality in perception. This paper employs conceptual analytical tools to explain the place of concept, sensation and perceptual experience in the cognitive process of perception and thus establishes the truism of non-conceptuality in perception.

It is widely accepted that the ability of nurses to empathise with their patients is a desirable quality. There is however little discussion of the implications of this for nurse educators. This article reviews the nursing and counselling literature related to empathy. We begin with an exploration of different perspectives of empathy; from its behavioural and measurable characteristics to its less tangible, intuitive qualities. By drawing upon both policy and research, it is clear that patients want empathic and emotionally competent nurses. Nurse educators therefore have a responsibility to provide an education that engenders empathic understanding. We explore the implications of these findings for nurse education, identifying key areas for consideration in the preparation of emotionally skilled, empathic student nurses.

Pigeons successfully learned to discriminate color slides of paintings by Monet and Picasso. Following this training, they discriminated novel paintings by Monet and Picasso that had never been presented during the discrimination training. Furthermore, they showed generalization from Monet's to Cezanne's and Renoir's paintings or from Picasso's to Braque's and Matisse's paintings. These results suggest that pigeons' behavior can be controlled by complex visual stimuli in ways that suggest categorization. Upside-down images of Monet's paintings disrupted the discrimination, whereas inverted images of Picasso's did not. This result may indicate that the pigeons' behavior was controlled by objects depicted in impressionists' paintings but was not controlled by objects in cubists' paintings.

butions s'efforcent de montrer l'apport spécifique de chaque discipline à l'analyse de l'innovation et des dynamiques de changement, en s'appuyant sur L1ne bibliographie sélectionnée et/ou ses propres pratiques ue recherche. Le seconde partie traite des vicissitudes des transferts de l'innovation, Les sert contribution~, s'apruyant sur des études de cas, remettent en cause l'interprétation linéaire et déterministe des transferts de l'innovation (depuis la conception, la vulgarisation, la diffusion jusqu'à l'adortion de l'innovation). Elles montrent les limites de l'oprosition entre innovations provoquée et spontanée, exogène et endogène, et insistent sur la nécessité de prendre en compte la logique des acteurs ou des innovateurs, qui se réapproprient Jes propositions dïnnovation, en les adaptant il leur environnement, Les études de cas portent sur divers domaines-agricole, alimentaire, halieutique, foncier, institutionnel-dans des contextes géograrhiques variés-africains princiralement, mais aussi latino-américains et français-et font état de la diversité des logiques de lïnnovation. Ainsi, les contributions sont centrées sur J'analyse de la diversité des stratégies paysannes face aux projets de développement, s'interrogeant sur les succès ou les échecs des politiques volontaristes (Yung et Bosc, Affou, Gu Konu, Le Roy). Elles s'arrachent également à analyser les différents niveaux (local, national, voire international) des prises de décision, confrontent les groupes d'acteurs impliqués dans les projets (paysans, orérateurs du dévelorrement, rerrésent~lOts de l'administration et même chercheurs) et montrent la diversité de leurs systèmes de connaissance (Bouju, Charles-Dominique, Aubertin), Les six contributions de la troisième partie, intitulée «les temps et les enjeux cie l'innovation ", s'arpuient également sur des études de cas, mais analysées sur des ras de temps l'lus longs, L'accent est mis sur la nécessaire prise en compte de la durée et de la temporalité pour appréhender les processus ue changement. Lïnnovation est analysée à la lumière des évolutions passées, sur des échelles spatiales plus ou moins larges, Selon les disciplines et les contextes des recherches, les contributions privilégient un domaine ou un produit particulier: lïntensification en Afrique soudano-sahélienne (Milleville et Serpantié), l'hévéa en Indonésie (Levang et Goujon), l'arachide au Sénégal (Gastellu), l'eau dans les Andes équatoriennes (Ruf), les modèles alimentaires au Pérou (Delgado) ou, enfin, les rrocessus de recompositions familiales au Mexique et en Afrique de l'Ouest (Quesnel et Vimard), Ces contributions montrent que les processus de changement sont variables selon les contextes spatio-temporels et que les trajectoires d'innovation ne sont en rien linéaires, 1. Plusieurs thè:-;es. JI1icies t"t oll\'ra~es récents témoignent de <..:elle vOQue d~ns le militeu fr;n(orhone. Ainsi, f)armi <rautres. COl'n (1991). VE~~ETlEH (dir.. 1<)93). U"SC d al.

1. We conducted a statistical reassessment of data previously reported in the lake total phosphorus (TP) input/output literature (n ¼ 305) to determine which lake characteristics are most strongly associated with lake phosphorus concentration and retention. We tested five different hypotheses for predicting lake TP concentrations and phosphorus retention. 2. The Vollenweider phosphorus mass loading model can be expressed as: TP out ¼ TP in / (1 + rs w), where TP in is the flow-weighted input TP concentration, s w is the lake hydraulic retention time and r is a first-order rate constant for phosphorus loss. 3. The inflow-weighted TP input concentration is a moderately strong predictor (r 2 ¼ 0.71) of lake phosphorus concentrations when using log-log transformed data. Lake TP retention is negatively correlated with lake hydraulic retention time (r 2 ¼ 0.35). 4. Of the approaches tested, the best fit to observed data was obtained by estimating r as an inverse function of the lake's hydraulic retention time. Although this mass balance approach explained 84% of the variability in log-log transformed data, the prediction error for individual lakes was quite high. 5. Estimating r as the ratio of a putative particle settling velocity to the mean lake depth yielded poorer predictions of lake TP (r 2 ¼ 0.77) than the approach described above, and in fact did not improve model performance compared with simply assuming that r is a constant for all lakes. 6. Our results also demonstrate that changing the flow-weighted input concentration should always have a directly proportionate impact on lake phosphorus concentrations, provided the type of phosphorus loaded (e.g. dissolved or particulate) does not vary.

From a strict biological point of view, humans are just one species among other species, albeit one with very special capacities, characteristics, and skills. Among scientists, it is generally acknowledged that we share many features with other animal species, which are certainly relevant when the concepts of health and disease are discussed. The term 'One Health' is used in many different contexts and by people with varying backgrounds. However, there appears to be some confusion as to what the term really means, and it is used in a wide range of contexts, often including or bordering concepts such as infection biology, contagious diseases, zoonotic infections, evolutionary medicine, comparative medicine, and translational medicine. Without claiming to present the one and only true interpretation, we will argue for a wide approach using the 'umbrella' depiction developed by One Health Sweden. We argue that this one should, compared to other demarcations, be more useful to science. We will also analyze the concept of health on different levels: individual, population, and ecosystem health, and describe how these levels inherently influence each other for both humans and animals. Both these choices are normative and have practical consequences for research and education, a way of reasoning which we develop further in this paper. Finally, we conclude that the choice of term for the approach might be normative in deciding which disciplines or parts of disciplines that may be included.

The question of what makes a concept coherent (what makes its members form a comprehensible class) has received a variety of answers. In this article we review accounts based on similarity, feature correlations, and various theories of categorization. We find that each theory provides an inadequate account of conceptual coherence (or no account at all) because none provides enough constraints on possible concepts. We propose that concepts are coherent to the extent that they fit people's background knowledge or naive theories about the world. These theories help to relate the concepts in a domain and to structure the attributes that are internal to a concept. Evidence of the influence of theories on various conceptual tasks is presented, and the possible importance of theories in cognitive development is discussed.

Th e fi rst crop chosen to parameterize and test the new FAO AquaCrop model is maize (Zea mays L.). Working mainly with data sets from 6 yr of maize fi eld experiments at Davis, CA, plus another 4 yr of Davis maize canopy data, a set of conservative (nearly constant) parameters of AquaCrop, presumably applicable to widely diff erent conditions and not specifi c to a given crop cultivar, was evaluated by test simulations, and used to simulate the 6 yr of Davis data. Th e treatment variable was irrigation-withholding water aft er planting continuously, only up to tasseling, from tasseling onward, or intermittently, and with full irrigation (FI) as the control. From year to year, plant density (7-11.9 plants m −2 ), planting date (14 May-15 June), cultivar (a total of four), and atmospheric evaporative demand varied. Th e conservative parameters included: canopy growth and canopy decline coeffi cient (CDC); crop coeffi cient for transpiration (Tr) at full canopy; normalized water productivity for biomass (WP*); soil water depletion thresholds for the inhibition leaf growth and of stomatal conductance, and for the acceleration of canopy senescence; reference harvest index (HI o ); and coeffi cients for adjusting harvest index (HI) in relation to inhibition of leaf growth and of stomatal conductance. With all 19 parameters held constant, AquaCrop simulated the fi nal aboveground biomass within 10% of the measured value for at least 8 of the 13 treatments (6 yr of experiments) and also the grain yield for at least fi ve of the cases. In at least four of the cases, the simulated results were within 5% of the measured for biomass as well as for grain yield. Th e largest deviation between the simulated and measured values was 22% for biomass, and 24% for grain yield. Importantly, the simulated pattern of canopy progression and biomass accumulation over time were close to those measured, with Willmott's index of agreement (d) for 11 of the 13 cases being ≥0.98 for canopy cover (CC), and ≥0.97 for biomass. Accelerated senescence of canopy due to water stress, however, proved to be diffi cult to simulate accurately; of the six cases, the index of agreement for the worst one was 0.957 for canopy and 0.915 for biomass. Possible reasons for the discrepancies between the simulated and measured results include simplifi cations in the model and inaccuracies in measurements. Th e usefulness of AquaCrop with well-calibrated conservative parameters in assessing water use effi ciency (WUE) of a crops under diff erent conditions and in devising strategies to improve WUE is discussed. area index; p, fractional depletion of total available water in the root zone; PWP, permanent wilting point; SWC, soil water content; Tr, crop transpiration; WP, water productivity (for biomass); WP*, normalized (for evaporative demand and atmospheric CO 2 ) water productivity (for biomass); WUE, water use effi ciency.

It is very difficult to understand Adult Education in the last fifty years without considering the historical figure and works of Paulo Freire. In any sense it is very interesting because Freire is not an educator in a strict sense, maybe we can consider him more as a community and cultural worker very committed with literacy as a way to liberating people. This connection, between adult education and community work, as exemplified in Freire’s work makes him the most impressive representative of Radical Adult Education or Popular Adult Education: a kind of educational struggle for Social Justice.

des disciplines et intervention éducative Résumé : Cet article, d'exploration théorique, se focalise sur le concept de « réflexivité » en formation initiale d'enseignants. Ce concept nous amène à articuler dans nos dispositifs des pratiques discursives orales orientées vers la construction « intersubjective et objectivante » de savoirs professionnels et des pratiques d'écriture individuelle soutenant un processus de « subjectivation ». Dans notre perspective, les écrits réflexifs fonctionnent comme les traces de cheminements singuliers à travers lesquels les étudiants traduisent les références professionnelles co-construites et élaborent leur propre agir communicationnel. Nous tentons de montrer les enjeux de l'accompagnement et de l'évaluation du développement réflexif, entre des critères bien définis et un dialogue formatif et régulateur basé sur les écrits que chaque étudiant rassemble dans un portfolio .

The articles presented here grew out of a year-long discussion of the spatial dimensions of historical and cultural change in various parts of Asia during the early modern and modern periods. Each essay engages the ways in which geographies—here defined as visual and verbal discourses about space—perform political and cultural work. That is, we examine how geographies in Asia were deployed strategically, whether to map, narrate, frame, relocate, or dislocate particular places, regions, “homelands,” or nation-spaces. In recent centuries, these Asian geographies have necessarily coexisted with Western (principally European) geographies, whether in the colonial or postcolonial context. As these essays show, such coexistence has taken many forms, from conflict to emulation to apparent disinterest.

This paper presents the results of an experiment which investigated elementary school children's conceptual knowledge about the earth. First-, 3rd-, and 5thgrade children were asked a series of questions about the shape of the earth. Children's responses to these questions revealed considerable apparent inconsistency. For example, many children said that the earth is round but also stated that it has an end or edge from which people could fall. A great deal of this apparent inconsistency could be explained by assuming that the children used, in a consistent fashion, a mental model of the earth other than the spherical earth model. Five alternative mental models of the earth were identified: the rectangular earth, the disc earth, the dual earth, the hollow sphere, and the flattened sphere. It is argued that these models are constrained by certain presuppositions which children form based on interpretations of their everyday experience. Some of these models (the rectangular earth and the disc earth) seem to be initial models children construct before they are exposed to the culturally accepted information that the earth is a sphere. In the process of knowledge acquisition, children appear to modify their initial models to make them more consistent with the culturally accepted model by gradually reinterpreting their presuppositions. Synthetic models (such as the hollow sphere and the flattened sphere) are generated by children

Summary Is there really a single ancient religion designated by the catch-all term &#x27;Hinduism&#x27; or is the term merely a fairly recent social construction of Western origin? This paper examines the role played by Orientalist scholars in the construction of Western notions of Indian ...

In its simplest definition, a trait is a surrogate of organismal performance, and this meaning of the term has been used by evolutionists for a long time. Over the last three decades, developments in community and ecosystem ecology have forced the concept of trait beyond these original boundaries, and trait-based approaches are now widely used in studies ranging from the level of organisms to that of ecosystems. Despite some attempts to fix the terminology, especially in plant ecology, there is currently a high degree of confusion in the use, not only of the term ''trait'' itself, but also in the underlying concepts it refers to. We therefore give an unambiguous definition of plant trait, with a particular emphasis on functional trait. A hierarchical perspective is proposed, extending the ''performance paradigm'' to plant ecology. ''Functional traits'' are defined as morpho-physiophenological traits which impact fitness indirectly via their effects on growth, reproduction and survival, the three components of individual performance. We finally present an integrative framework explaining how changes in trait values due to environmental variations are translated into organismal performance, and how these changes may influence processes at higher organizational levels. We argue that this can be achieved by developing ''integration functions'' which can be grouped into functional response (community level) and effect (ecosystem level) algorithms.

The distribution of phytoplankton abundance, biomass and species composition coupled with environmental factors and metazooplankton was studied relatively intensively and over a period of four consecutive years in five ponds featuring a gradient of increasing salinity from near to that of sea water to a nine-fold concentration from 2000 to 2003. The results indicate that the physical characteristics of the water (temperature and salinity) were quite similar over the years. Nutrients, which were concentrated in pond A1, decreased with increases in salt concentration. The composition of the phytoplankton community showed strong seasonality. Diatoms dominated in the first ponds A1, A16 and C2-1, followed by dinoflagellates. Chlorophyceae dominated the phytoplankton community in the hypersaline ponds M2 and TS. Cyanobacteriae were relatively abundant in ponds M2 and TS. The highest phytoplankton density and biomass were found in the ponds with the highest salinity due to the proliferation of Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta: Volvocales). The inter-annual study of phytoplankton succession in the Sfax solar salterns showed slight differences among the years of study due to the stability of the environmental conditions. Phytoplankton communities were permanently primitive, stage 1 e structured as they failed to build complexity because of salt stress which operates for longer and above any other variables. This reduced frequency of disturbance to the existing course of regulation, allowed the community to "mature" from its "primitive" state, rather than experience frequent structural setbacks.

Each university or college provides degrees as bachelors and masters degrees. Each degree consists of courses or subjects that are taken in specific period (semester). Academic advising is process of selecting the courses that academic student will register in each semester to fulfill the degree requirement. The academic advisor suggests to the student which course to register. One of the important processes in student educational life is the advising process.

The term diet quality has recently gained considerable attention in nutritional research. Despite widespread use, it is often poorly defined and remains difficult to measure. Confusion surrounds the term, as there is no consensus on how to define quality of the diet or to pin down a framework for producing a standard indicator. The composite and cut-off selection of most diet quality indices depend on investigator choices in line with research objectives. In addition to the frequently used dietary compliance-based approach, innovative approaches have emerged to construct diet quality indices based on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profiles of diet. Different viewpoints and overlapping interests may yield different interpretations. Most of the unresolved issues are related directly or indirectly to the multidimensional and open-textured nature of the concept.

Evidence from functional neuroimaging of the human brain indicates that information about salient properties of an object-such as what it looks like, how it moves, and how it is used-is stored in sensory and motor systems active when that information was acquired. As a result, object concepts belonging to different categories like animals and tools are represented in partially distinct, sensory-and motor property-based neural networks. This suggests that object concepts are not explicitly represented, but rather emerge from weighted activity within property-based brain regions. However, some property-based regions seem to show a categorical organization, thus providing evidence consistent with category-based, domain-specific formulations as well.

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The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has raised the profile of children's participation in the United Kingdom. Hart's ‘ladder of participation’ has been the most influential model in this field. This paper offers an alternative model, based on five levels of participation: 1. Children are listened to. 2. Children are supported in expressing their views. 3. Children's views are taken into account. 4. Children are involved in decision-making processes. 5. Children share power and responsibility for decision-making. In addition, three stages of commitment are identified at each level: ‘openings’, ‘opportunities’ and ‘obligations’. The model thus provides a logical sequence of 15 questions as a tool for planning for participation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article investigates the concept of black food among the Lake Yessei Yakut in Siberia. With reference to two sources, archival records from the Russian Polar North Census of 1926-27 and contemporary fieldwork material, I investigate the local diet based on subsistence fishing and hunting and the food exchanges it entails. The article looks into changes that affected the food habits and concludes with an analysis of the social meaning of the concept of black food.

Despite the many accomplishments of public health, a greater attention to evidence-based approaches is warranted. This article reviews the concepts of evidence-based public health (EBPH), on which formal discourse originated about a decade ago. Key components of EBPH include making decisions on the basis of the best available scientific evidence, using data and information systems systematically, applying program-planning frameworks, engaging the community in decision making, conducting sound evaluation, and disseminating what is learned. Three types of evidence have been presented on the causes of diseases and the magnitude of risk factors, the relative impact of specific interventions, and how and under which contextual conditions interventions were implemented. Analytic tools (e.g., systematic reviews, economic evaluation) can be useful in accelerating the uptake of EBPH. Challenges and opportunities (e.g., political issues, training needs) for disseminating EBPH are reviewed. The concepts of EBPH outlined in this article hold promise to better bridge evidence and practice.