Dermatophytoses are known to cause considerable discomfort, cosmetic problems and financial loss ... more Dermatophytoses are known to cause considerable discomfort, cosmetic problems and financial loss that have been recognized as a significant health concern worldwide. Since currently available antifungal agents have limitations in their efficacy, new agents are being developed. This study was undertaken to optimize an in vivo model of experimental dermatophytosis for evaluation of the efficacy of antifungal compounds. Guinea pigs were infected with different inocula of T. mentagrophytes to establish dermatophytosis. The optimal conditions for dermatophytosis in guinea pigs were found to be an inoculum size of 1 x 10(7) fungal cells applied on abraded skin. After optimization, animals were treated with oral or topical formulations of terbinafine. The optimized guinea pig model was found to be highly reproducible, and useful in the primary screening and evaluation of the anti-dermatophytic efficacy of topical and oral formulations of antifungal agents.
The antimycotic effect of some disinfectants was comparatively studied under different pH gradien... more The antimycotic effect of some disinfectants was comparatively studied under different pH gradients. Reference strains of C.albicans, A.niger and T.mentagrophytes were used in the current study. Quantitative suspension test was used with an initial inoculum of 1.0x10 7 CFU/mL from each organism. After different exposure time (1; 2; 5; 10; 15; 30 and 60 min), 1.0 mL was taken and added to 9.0 mL of the neutralizer to give the required concentration and left for 10 min before spreading of 0.1mL on Sabouraud Dextrose agar medium. The CFU/mL was recorded for each time point and the reduction of the viable count was recorded as log 10 of the count. The obtained results revealed that glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, phenols and quaternary ammonium compounds are highly effective at alkaline pH. The acid pH gradient of these compounds either fails to give the required result or needs a longer time of exposure. On the other hand, sod. hypochlorite and standard phenol were showed high antimycotic efficiencies under acidic pH than alkaline ones. Using the alkalinizing and/or acidifying agents observed no direct toxic effect on the organism. This indicates that the pH may modify the disinfectant performance, which should be put in our mind during disinfection.
SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2022
A cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and identify Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia co... more A cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and identify Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli (STEC) from raw cow milk. A total of 267 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy cattle in 7 different dairy farms. Thirty-nine STEC isolate were identified out of 86-positive E. coli strains (56.98%). The prevalence of E. coli and STEC was 32.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated STEC was determined by disc diffusion method. A total of 16 antimicrobials of seven antimicrobial classes were used. Commercially available antibiotic disc namely aminoglycosides [Erythromycin (15 μg), Clindamycin (2μg, Kanamycin (30 μg, Amikacin (30 μg) , Gentamicin (10 μg), cephalosporins (Cefepime (30 μg, Cefotaxime (30μg), Cefazolin (30μg], Fluoroquinolones [Naladixic acid (30 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Levofloxacin (5μg)], penicillin (Ampicillin 10 μg),Tetracycline (tetracycline 30 μg), Sulphonamides (Sulphamethoxazol 30 μg, and Carbapenems [Meropenem 10 μg, Imipenem 10 μg] were used. E. coli strain ATCC25922 was used as a control strain in the experiment. Highest resistance was observed against erythromycin (100%) followed by cefepime (97.4%) and clindamycin (82.1%), Nalidixic acid (61.5%), sulphamethazon (48.7%), tetracycline (41.0), kanamycin (33.3%), and cefotaxime (33.3%). Carapenems were found to be the most effective antimicrobial group where the examined STEC isolates were susceptible to Imipinem at 97.4% (38/39), followed by Meropenem at 94.9% (37/39). Results showed that multidrug resistance STEC isolates were 81.25% of the tested antimicrobial (13/16). In conclusion, high prevalence of STEC in raw milk indicate insufficient hygienic measures adopted during milking and handling and verify that raw milk is potential source of these multidrug resistant strains.
Objectives Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical clinical event characterized by a reduction in... more Objectives Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical clinical event characterized by a reduction in the excretory function of the kidneys. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), N-acetylmethionine (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) are antioxidants with scanty known genetic mechanisms. We aimed to assess both kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and growth-arrested DNA damage-inducible gene-153 (GADD-153) genes expression in paracetamol (PA) induced AKI. Also, to recognize whether NAC, NAM and/or NAG have roles in altering the expression of these genes for ameliorating the AKI induced by PA. Methods The present preliminary study achieved the AKI model by oral administration of PA therapeutic dose for 15 days in experimental male rats. Serum urea, creatinine, and renal oxidative stress parameters were analyzed. Genetic expression of KIM-1 and GADD-153 were determined using real time-PCR. Results Significant elevations of serum urea, creatinine and nitric oxide in renal tissue after PA administration; ho...
The antimicrobial effect of tannic acid and raw material of Acacia nilotica fruits and leaves (ta... more The antimicrobial effect of tannic acid and raw material of Acacia nilotica fruits and leaves (tanninrich plant) on Clostridium perfringens were comparatively evaluated. Different concentrations) 10 mg to 10 μg/ml)of tannic acid; fruits, and leaves were tested on Cl. perfringens. The obtained results revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 156, 75 and 100 μg/ml for tannic acid, fruits and leaves, respectively. Concerning “in vivo” experiment, 30 rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups (5 in each) after acclimatization. Each animal of the first 5 groups received 1 ml of Cl. perfringens suspension per Os by stomach tube. In the next day each group was given drinking water with different tannin concentrations ad libitum through out the experiment. Faecal samples were collected to check the excretion rate of Cl. perfringens. The results revealed that, tannic acid leads to drastic reduction of Cl. perfringens count in the animal’s gut. The excretion rate of Cl. perfr...
A total of 450 samples of different meat products (luncheon chicken, luncheon meat, sausage, beef... more A total of 450 samples of different meat products (luncheon chicken, luncheon meat, sausage, beef burger, minced meat, and kofta) were examined. Fifty samples of each type of product were collected from different supermarkets in Assiut City. All of the samples were analysed by different microscopy techniques (light, fluorescence, histochemical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) for the detection of meat adulteration. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used for general histological examinations. Different histochemical techniques were used to stain paraffinised sections. The adulterated tissues detected were the nuchal ligament, large elastic blood vessels, muscular artery, elastic fibers, lung, cardiac muscle fibers, tendon, spongy bone, bone of immature animals, adipose tissue, cartilage (hyaline and white fibrocartilage), and smooth muscle of visceral organs. SEM detected contamination of the minced meat by bacteria and yeast. Fluorescence microscopy was used as...
Candida biofilms formed on indwelling medical devices are increasingly associated with severe inf... more Candida biofilms formed on indwelling medical devices are increasingly associated with severe infections. In this study, we used proteomics and Western and Northern blotting analyses to demonstrate that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is downregulated in Candida biofilms. Disruption of ADH1 significantly ( P = 0.0046) enhanced the ability of Candida albicans to form biofilm. Confocal scanning laser microscopy showed that the adh1 mutant formed thicker biofilm than the parent strain (210 μm and 140 μm, respectively). These observations were extended to an engineered human oral mucosa and an in vivo rat model of catheter-associated biofilm. Inhibition of Candida ADH enzyme using disulfiram and 4-methylpyrazole resulted in thicker biofilm ( P < 0.05). Moreover, biofilms formed by the adh1 mutant strain produced significantly smaller amounts of ethanol, but larger amounts of acetaldehyde, than biofilms formed by the parent and revertant strains ( P < 0.0001), demonstrating that the ef...
Catheter-related infections due to Candida albicans biofilms are a leading cause of fungal nosoco... more Catheter-related infections due to Candida albicans biofilms are a leading cause of fungal nosocomial bloodstream infection. In this paper, we describe the development of a model of catheter-associated infection with C. albicans biofilms and show that antifungal lock therapy with liposomal amphotericin B is an effective treatment strategy for these infections. Silicone catheters surgically placed in New Zealand White rabbits were infected with C. albicans, and the rabbits were randomized into three groups: (i) untreated controls, (ii) liposomal amphotericin B lock, and (iii) fluconazole lock. Upon completion of therapy, blood cultures were obtained and the catheters were removed for quantitative culture and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Quantitative cultures revealed that catheters treated with liposomal amphotericin B yielded 0 CFU, which was significant compared to the untreated controls (P < 0.001) and the fluconazole-treated group (P = 0.0079). Although fluconazole ...
SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2021
The microbiological quality of red meat produced from most of the food-processing plants in Egypt... more The microbiological quality of red meat produced from most of the food-processing plants in Egypt has always been questionable. This study aimed to examine the bacteriological quality of a restaurant in the Sohag University hospital environment (air, water; worker's hands, worker's clothes, and knives) beside the meat surfaces. Bacteriological examination was performed for air, water, worker's hands, worker's clothes, and knives, in addition to the meat surfaces. Mean total bacterial count; TBC, total coliform count; TCC, total fecal coliform count; TFCC, total Escherichia coli count, and total Staphylococcus aureus were carried out. The obtained results revealed that the TBC, TCC, TFCC, and total E. coli counts were higher than the recommended standard for sanitary practices. In addition, we observed that worker's clothes contain more bacterial count than the hands and knives. The knives' swabs contained less bacterial burden but still higher than the recommended guidelines. In addition, 9 bacterial isolates were consistently isolated during this study including; E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp, Citrobacter spp, and Serratia spp. with varying percentages of frequency across the sampling points. Whereas, none of Salmonella spp. were isolated. In conclusion, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in this study is of special concern and meat hygienists should be fortified to review the processes involved in the environment surrounding the meat as well as meat processing of university restaurants in Egypt.
Dermatophytoses are known to cause considerable discomfort, cosmetic problems and financial loss ... more Dermatophytoses are known to cause considerable discomfort, cosmetic problems and financial loss that have been recognized as a significant health concern worldwide. Since currently available antifungal agents have limitations in their efficacy, new agents are being developed. This study was undertaken to optimize an in vivo model of experimental dermatophytosis for evaluation of the efficacy of antifungal compounds. Guinea pigs were infected with different inocula of T. mentagrophytes to establish dermatophytosis. The optimal conditions for dermatophytosis in guinea pigs were found to be an inoculum size of 1 x 10(7) fungal cells applied on abraded skin. After optimization, animals were treated with oral or topical formulations of terbinafine. The optimized guinea pig model was found to be highly reproducible, and useful in the primary screening and evaluation of the anti-dermatophytic efficacy of topical and oral formulations of antifungal agents.
The antimycotic effect of some disinfectants was comparatively studied under different pH gradien... more The antimycotic effect of some disinfectants was comparatively studied under different pH gradients. Reference strains of C.albicans, A.niger and T.mentagrophytes were used in the current study. Quantitative suspension test was used with an initial inoculum of 1.0x10 7 CFU/mL from each organism. After different exposure time (1; 2; 5; 10; 15; 30 and 60 min), 1.0 mL was taken and added to 9.0 mL of the neutralizer to give the required concentration and left for 10 min before spreading of 0.1mL on Sabouraud Dextrose agar medium. The CFU/mL was recorded for each time point and the reduction of the viable count was recorded as log 10 of the count. The obtained results revealed that glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, phenols and quaternary ammonium compounds are highly effective at alkaline pH. The acid pH gradient of these compounds either fails to give the required result or needs a longer time of exposure. On the other hand, sod. hypochlorite and standard phenol were showed high antimycotic efficiencies under acidic pH than alkaline ones. Using the alkalinizing and/or acidifying agents observed no direct toxic effect on the organism. This indicates that the pH may modify the disinfectant performance, which should be put in our mind during disinfection.
SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2022
A cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and identify Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia co... more A cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and identify Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli (STEC) from raw cow milk. A total of 267 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy cattle in 7 different dairy farms. Thirty-nine STEC isolate were identified out of 86-positive E. coli strains (56.98%). The prevalence of E. coli and STEC was 32.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated STEC was determined by disc diffusion method. A total of 16 antimicrobials of seven antimicrobial classes were used. Commercially available antibiotic disc namely aminoglycosides [Erythromycin (15 μg), Clindamycin (2μg, Kanamycin (30 μg, Amikacin (30 μg) , Gentamicin (10 μg), cephalosporins (Cefepime (30 μg, Cefotaxime (30μg), Cefazolin (30μg], Fluoroquinolones [Naladixic acid (30 μg), Ciprofloxacin (5 μg), Levofloxacin (5μg)], penicillin (Ampicillin 10 μg),Tetracycline (tetracycline 30 μg), Sulphonamides (Sulphamethoxazol 30 μg, and Carbapenems [Meropenem 10 μg, Imipenem 10 μg] were used. E. coli strain ATCC25922 was used as a control strain in the experiment. Highest resistance was observed against erythromycin (100%) followed by cefepime (97.4%) and clindamycin (82.1%), Nalidixic acid (61.5%), sulphamethazon (48.7%), tetracycline (41.0), kanamycin (33.3%), and cefotaxime (33.3%). Carapenems were found to be the most effective antimicrobial group where the examined STEC isolates were susceptible to Imipinem at 97.4% (38/39), followed by Meropenem at 94.9% (37/39). Results showed that multidrug resistance STEC isolates were 81.25% of the tested antimicrobial (13/16). In conclusion, high prevalence of STEC in raw milk indicate insufficient hygienic measures adopted during milking and handling and verify that raw milk is potential source of these multidrug resistant strains.
Objectives Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical clinical event characterized by a reduction in... more Objectives Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical clinical event characterized by a reduction in the excretory function of the kidneys. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), N-acetylmethionine (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) are antioxidants with scanty known genetic mechanisms. We aimed to assess both kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and growth-arrested DNA damage-inducible gene-153 (GADD-153) genes expression in paracetamol (PA) induced AKI. Also, to recognize whether NAC, NAM and/or NAG have roles in altering the expression of these genes for ameliorating the AKI induced by PA. Methods The present preliminary study achieved the AKI model by oral administration of PA therapeutic dose for 15 days in experimental male rats. Serum urea, creatinine, and renal oxidative stress parameters were analyzed. Genetic expression of KIM-1 and GADD-153 were determined using real time-PCR. Results Significant elevations of serum urea, creatinine and nitric oxide in renal tissue after PA administration; ho...
The antimicrobial effect of tannic acid and raw material of Acacia nilotica fruits and leaves (ta... more The antimicrobial effect of tannic acid and raw material of Acacia nilotica fruits and leaves (tanninrich plant) on Clostridium perfringens were comparatively evaluated. Different concentrations) 10 mg to 10 μg/ml)of tannic acid; fruits, and leaves were tested on Cl. perfringens. The obtained results revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 156, 75 and 100 μg/ml for tannic acid, fruits and leaves, respectively. Concerning “in vivo” experiment, 30 rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups (5 in each) after acclimatization. Each animal of the first 5 groups received 1 ml of Cl. perfringens suspension per Os by stomach tube. In the next day each group was given drinking water with different tannin concentrations ad libitum through out the experiment. Faecal samples were collected to check the excretion rate of Cl. perfringens. The results revealed that, tannic acid leads to drastic reduction of Cl. perfringens count in the animal’s gut. The excretion rate of Cl. perfr...
A total of 450 samples of different meat products (luncheon chicken, luncheon meat, sausage, beef... more A total of 450 samples of different meat products (luncheon chicken, luncheon meat, sausage, beef burger, minced meat, and kofta) were examined. Fifty samples of each type of product were collected from different supermarkets in Assiut City. All of the samples were analysed by different microscopy techniques (light, fluorescence, histochemical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) for the detection of meat adulteration. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used for general histological examinations. Different histochemical techniques were used to stain paraffinised sections. The adulterated tissues detected were the nuchal ligament, large elastic blood vessels, muscular artery, elastic fibers, lung, cardiac muscle fibers, tendon, spongy bone, bone of immature animals, adipose tissue, cartilage (hyaline and white fibrocartilage), and smooth muscle of visceral organs. SEM detected contamination of the minced meat by bacteria and yeast. Fluorescence microscopy was used as...
Candida biofilms formed on indwelling medical devices are increasingly associated with severe inf... more Candida biofilms formed on indwelling medical devices are increasingly associated with severe infections. In this study, we used proteomics and Western and Northern blotting analyses to demonstrate that alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is downregulated in Candida biofilms. Disruption of ADH1 significantly ( P = 0.0046) enhanced the ability of Candida albicans to form biofilm. Confocal scanning laser microscopy showed that the adh1 mutant formed thicker biofilm than the parent strain (210 μm and 140 μm, respectively). These observations were extended to an engineered human oral mucosa and an in vivo rat model of catheter-associated biofilm. Inhibition of Candida ADH enzyme using disulfiram and 4-methylpyrazole resulted in thicker biofilm ( P < 0.05). Moreover, biofilms formed by the adh1 mutant strain produced significantly smaller amounts of ethanol, but larger amounts of acetaldehyde, than biofilms formed by the parent and revertant strains ( P < 0.0001), demonstrating that the ef...
Catheter-related infections due to Candida albicans biofilms are a leading cause of fungal nosoco... more Catheter-related infections due to Candida albicans biofilms are a leading cause of fungal nosocomial bloodstream infection. In this paper, we describe the development of a model of catheter-associated infection with C. albicans biofilms and show that antifungal lock therapy with liposomal amphotericin B is an effective treatment strategy for these infections. Silicone catheters surgically placed in New Zealand White rabbits were infected with C. albicans, and the rabbits were randomized into three groups: (i) untreated controls, (ii) liposomal amphotericin B lock, and (iii) fluconazole lock. Upon completion of therapy, blood cultures were obtained and the catheters were removed for quantitative culture and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Quantitative cultures revealed that catheters treated with liposomal amphotericin B yielded 0 CFU, which was significant compared to the untreated controls (P < 0.001) and the fluconazole-treated group (P = 0.0079). Although fluconazole ...
SVU-International Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2021
The microbiological quality of red meat produced from most of the food-processing plants in Egypt... more The microbiological quality of red meat produced from most of the food-processing plants in Egypt has always been questionable. This study aimed to examine the bacteriological quality of a restaurant in the Sohag University hospital environment (air, water; worker's hands, worker's clothes, and knives) beside the meat surfaces. Bacteriological examination was performed for air, water, worker's hands, worker's clothes, and knives, in addition to the meat surfaces. Mean total bacterial count; TBC, total coliform count; TCC, total fecal coliform count; TFCC, total Escherichia coli count, and total Staphylococcus aureus were carried out. The obtained results revealed that the TBC, TCC, TFCC, and total E. coli counts were higher than the recommended standard for sanitary practices. In addition, we observed that worker's clothes contain more bacterial count than the hands and knives. The knives' swabs contained less bacterial burden but still higher than the recommended guidelines. In addition, 9 bacterial isolates were consistently isolated during this study including; E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp, Citrobacter spp, and Serratia spp. with varying percentages of frequency across the sampling points. Whereas, none of Salmonella spp. were isolated. In conclusion, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in this study is of special concern and meat hygienists should be fortified to review the processes involved in the environment surrounding the meat as well as meat processing of university restaurants in Egypt.
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Papers by Sotohy Mohamed