Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire, Oct 1, 2009
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccin... more The objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine in protecting fetuses from infection with type 1 or type 2 Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) when pregnant heifers were challenged at approximately 170 d of gestation with noncytopathic field isolates. The 83 pregnant heifers had been bred naturally 4 wk after vaccination. Fetuses were collected 60 d after BVDV type 2 challenge, and newborn calves were collected before colostrum intake after BVDV type 1 challenge. Protection was determined by measuring the serum neutralizing (SN) antibody response in the fetus or calf and by virus isolation from thymus, lung, spleen, and kidney tissue samples. There was a measurable SN antibody response to BVDV in all the fetuses and calves of the control heifers, which had received a placebo vaccine. However, only 4 of 22 calves and 7 of the 28 fetuses of the MLV-vaccinated heifers demonstrated SN antibody after BVDV challenge. Type 1 BVDV was isolated from tissue samples of 5 of the 12 calves of control heifers and none of 22 calves of the MLV-vaccinated heifers challenged with type 1 BVDV. Type 2 BVDV was isolated from tissue samples of 17 of the 18 fetuses of the control heifers and 2 of the 28 fetuses of the MLV-vaccinated heifers challenged with type 2 BVDV. The results of this study demonstrate that the MLV vaccine reduces the fetal infection rate by at least 82% for BVDV type 1 and by 75% for BVDV type 2 when heifers are exposed to highly fetotrophic BVDV at 170 d of gestation.
Le but de cette recherche etait de verifier comment la relation statistique entre les infractions... more Le but de cette recherche etait de verifier comment la relation statistique entre les infractions au CSR (code de la securite routiere) et les accidents peut etre influencee par differentes variables differenciant les conducteurs de vehicules lourds (camions et autobus): caracteristiques personnelles, classe de permis pour vehicules lourds, type de vehicule conduit regulierement, caracteristiques de l'employeur (taille de l'entreprise, l'envronnement
Recent studies do not agree on the possible relationship between medical conditions and traffic s... more Recent studies do not agree on the possible relationship between medical conditions and traffic safety; most of them do not control for exposure factors. In this study, we estimate the effect of different medical conditions (namely diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary disease and monocular vision) on the distribution of accidents of truck drivers. Our data and our model permit the
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2008
Abstract Of a total of 561 isolates of Streptococcus suis recovered from various tissues of disea... more Abstract Of a total of 561 isolates of Streptococcus suis recovered from various tissues of diseased pigs, 464 were from veterinary laboratories in Quebec and 97 were from western Canada, particularly Alberta (84). Almost 83% of all these isolates belonged to the 23 known S. suis capsular ...
Presented here is a draft genome sequence for Staphylococcus agnetis CBMRN 20813338, isolated fro... more Presented here is a draft genome sequence for Staphylococcus agnetis CBMRN 20813338, isolated from a lactating dairy cow with subclinical mastitis. The genome is approximately 2,416 kb and has 35.79% G+C content. Analysis of the deduced open reading frame (ORF) set identified candidate virulence attributes in addition to potential molecular targets for species identification.
Cloacal swabs collected from 264 ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) at four sites near Montré... more Cloacal swabs collected from 264 ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) at four sites near Montréal, Canada were cultured for the presence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria spp. All birds were apparently healthy when captured or killed. Of all birds examined, 8.7%, 15.9% and 9.5%, respectively, were infected with Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Overall, 29.9% of gulls sampled harbored one or more of these bacteria. Gulls probably play only a minor role in the epizootiology of these bacteria.
Nineteen laboratories across Canada took part in a comparative study of the 'FDA' and 'USDA' meth... more Nineteen laboratories across Canada took part in a comparative study of the 'FDA' and 'USDA' methods for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods and environmental samples. The results show that the enrichment period of the FDA method can be shortened from 7 to 2 days without substantially reducing the number of positive samples. With a limited number of samples, the USDA method proved to be slightly more efficient in isolating L monocytogenes than the FDA method. Fraser broth, in principle, proved to be useful as a screening tool but is not very selective. Oxford agar and lithium chloride-phenylethanol-moxalactam medium were better than modified McBride's agar in isolating this microorganism.
A nation-wide survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other... more A nation-wide survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among Canadian commercial broiler flocks. Environmental (litter and/or water) samples from 226 of 294 (76.9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Litter samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than water samples (47.4 v. 12.3%). Fifty different salmonella serovars were isolated. The most prevalent serovars were S. hadar, S. infantis, and S. schwarzengrund; they were isolated from samples of 98/294 (33.3%), 26/294 (8.8%), and 21/294 (7.1%) flocks, respectively. Feed samples of 39/290 (13.4%) flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the environmental samples of 9/294 (3.1%) flocks. Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 8 was isolated from seven flocks, and PT 13a from two flocks.
The influence of inoculum preparation, inoculation level, and inoculation procedure on Escherichi... more The influence of inoculum preparation, inoculation level, and inoculation procedure on Escherichia coli O157:H7 inactivation during the manufacture of fermented sausage was evaluated in a model study. Prior growth in glucose-enriched tryptone soya broth, which provided exposure to mildly acidic conditions (pH 4.8), had no effect on the later survival of E. coli O157: H7 strains 5-1 and ATCC 43894 under extremely acidic conditions (pH 2), but the same strains became sensitive to acidity after 7 days of incubation on the surface of refrigerated beef (as per the normal contamination route from slaughter to further processing). In subsequent sausage production trials, the extent of destruction observed for E. coli O157:H7 strains F-90, 5-1, and ATCC 43894 inoculated directly into the meat batter was unchanged when the inoculation level was decreased from 7.3 to 4.7 log CFU/g, but the level of inactivation was ca. 1 log higher when the surfaces of beef cuts, rather than the batter, were inoculated 7 days prior to processing. Regardless of processing conditions (fermentation to a pH of < or = 5.0 at 24 or 37 degrees C, drying at 14 degrees C to a water activity [a(w)] value of 0.91 or 0.79), strains F-90, 5-1, and ATCC 43894 showed similar survival capacities during the manufacture of sausage. A approximately 2-log reduction in pathogen numbers was generally obtained after samples were dried to an a(w) of 0.91, irrespective of fermentation temperature. The addition of a 5-day predrying holding stage at the fermentation temperature significantly (P < 0.05) increased pathogen inactivation when fermentation was carried out at 37 degrees C (but not when it was carried out at 24 degrees C). However, significant pathogen reductions (4 to 5 log CFU/g) were achieved only for extensively dried products (a(w) = 0.79).
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire
A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the... more A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the proportion of nulliparous heifers with intramammary infection (IMI) during early lactation and improves milk production. Quarter milk samples were collected from 428 heifers, systematically allocated to treatment and control groups, 6 to 12 d before the expected calving date and 2 to 8 d after calving. At the prepartum visit, heifers in the treatment group (n = 219) received an infusion of pirlimycin hydrochloride in all 4 quarters; the control heifers (n = 209) received no infusions. Intramammary infection was detected in 69% of the heifers and 33% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of treated heifers with IMI was significantly lower than the proportion of control heifers (31% versus 45%). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 10% of the heifers and 3% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of IMIs due to S. aureus was significantly l...
To compare bacterial colonization after diluted iodine tincture or povidone iodine solution for p... more To compare bacterial colonization after diluted iodine tincture or povidone iodine solution for presurgical disinfection of the equine peripodal region. Complete block design. Five horses. Disinfection protocols using iodine tincture or povidone iodine solutions were tested on 5 pairs (n = 10) equine front feet. Iodine tincture was applied to the left feet and povidone iodine to the right feet. Fixed surfaces of the sole, frog, hoof wall, and peripodal skin were swabbed pre preparation (T0), after a standard pre-disinfection step (T1), after short disinfection with a 4-minute application of 0.5% iodine tincture or povidone iodine (T2), and after long disinfection with 12-hour soaking in 0.25% iodine tincture or povidone iodine (T3). Quantitative bacteriology was performed on each swab. The frog and sole were the most contaminated sites compared to hoof wall and skin at T0. Bacterial counts were significantly decreased at T2 for both solutions. Bacterial counts did not change significantly with iodine tincture at T3 but increased with povidone iodine compared to T2. Skin abrasions were detected on almost all feet but were subjectively more severe on iodine tincture-treated feet. Soaking for 12 hours with either iodine tincture or povidone iodine is not recommended as these solutions damaged the skin and bacterial recolonization was noted with povidone iodine. Four-minute disinfection using either iodine tincture or povidone iodine (0.5% available iodine) is appropriate for presurgical preparation of the equine peripodal region.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire, 2007
A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the... more A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the proportion of nulliparous heifers with intramammary infection (IMI) during early lactation and improves milk production. Quarter milk samples were collected from 428 heifers, systematically allocated to treatment and control groups, 6 to 12 d before the expected calving date and 2 to 8 d after calving. At the prepartum visit, heifers in the treatment group (n = 219) received an infusion of pirlimycin hydrochloride in all 4 quarters; the control heifers (n = 209) received no infusions. Intramammary infection was detected in 69% of the heifers and 33% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of treated heifers with IMI was significantly lower than the proportion of control heifers (31% versus 45%). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 10% of the heifers and 3% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of IMIs due to S. aureus was significantly l...
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2007
A clinical trial involving 122 cats with infected skin wounds or abscesses presented to 10 veteri... more A clinical trial involving 122 cats with infected skin wounds or abscesses presented to 10 veterinary clinics was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 2 oral amoxicillin drug products (a paste and a suspension). A 2nd objective of the study was to identify bacteria involved in such infections and verify their in vitro sensitivity to amoxicillin. Samples of wound exudate were harvested at the time of presentation and submitted for aerobic and anaerobic culture. The sensitivity to amoxicillin of isolates thought to be infecting agents was tested, using a standard minimum inhibitory concentration method. Pasteuralla multocida and obligate anaerobes of the genera Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Overall, their in vitro susceptibility to amoxicillin was very good. Both drug products were clinically efficacious with a global success rate of 95.1% for cats administered oral amoxicillin at 11-22 mg/kg bodyweight (mean 13.8 mg/kg body...
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire, Oct 1, 2009
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccin... more The objective of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine in protecting fetuses from infection with type 1 or type 2 Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) when pregnant heifers were challenged at approximately 170 d of gestation with noncytopathic field isolates. The 83 pregnant heifers had been bred naturally 4 wk after vaccination. Fetuses were collected 60 d after BVDV type 2 challenge, and newborn calves were collected before colostrum intake after BVDV type 1 challenge. Protection was determined by measuring the serum neutralizing (SN) antibody response in the fetus or calf and by virus isolation from thymus, lung, spleen, and kidney tissue samples. There was a measurable SN antibody response to BVDV in all the fetuses and calves of the control heifers, which had received a placebo vaccine. However, only 4 of 22 calves and 7 of the 28 fetuses of the MLV-vaccinated heifers demonstrated SN antibody after BVDV challenge. Type 1 BVDV was isolated from tissue samples of 5 of the 12 calves of control heifers and none of 22 calves of the MLV-vaccinated heifers challenged with type 1 BVDV. Type 2 BVDV was isolated from tissue samples of 17 of the 18 fetuses of the control heifers and 2 of the 28 fetuses of the MLV-vaccinated heifers challenged with type 2 BVDV. The results of this study demonstrate that the MLV vaccine reduces the fetal infection rate by at least 82% for BVDV type 1 and by 75% for BVDV type 2 when heifers are exposed to highly fetotrophic BVDV at 170 d of gestation.
Le but de cette recherche etait de verifier comment la relation statistique entre les infractions... more Le but de cette recherche etait de verifier comment la relation statistique entre les infractions au CSR (code de la securite routiere) et les accidents peut etre influencee par differentes variables differenciant les conducteurs de vehicules lourds (camions et autobus): caracteristiques personnelles, classe de permis pour vehicules lourds, type de vehicule conduit regulierement, caracteristiques de l'employeur (taille de l'entreprise, l'envronnement
Recent studies do not agree on the possible relationship between medical conditions and traffic s... more Recent studies do not agree on the possible relationship between medical conditions and traffic safety; most of them do not control for exposure factors. In this study, we estimate the effect of different medical conditions (namely diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary disease and monocular vision) on the distribution of accidents of truck drivers. Our data and our model permit the
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2008
Abstract Of a total of 561 isolates of Streptococcus suis recovered from various tissues of disea... more Abstract Of a total of 561 isolates of Streptococcus suis recovered from various tissues of diseased pigs, 464 were from veterinary laboratories in Quebec and 97 were from western Canada, particularly Alberta (84). Almost 83% of all these isolates belonged to the 23 known S. suis capsular ...
Presented here is a draft genome sequence for Staphylococcus agnetis CBMRN 20813338, isolated fro... more Presented here is a draft genome sequence for Staphylococcus agnetis CBMRN 20813338, isolated from a lactating dairy cow with subclinical mastitis. The genome is approximately 2,416 kb and has 35.79% G+C content. Analysis of the deduced open reading frame (ORF) set identified candidate virulence attributes in addition to potential molecular targets for species identification.
Cloacal swabs collected from 264 ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) at four sites near Montré... more Cloacal swabs collected from 264 ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) at four sites near Montréal, Canada were cultured for the presence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria spp. All birds were apparently healthy when captured or killed. Of all birds examined, 8.7%, 15.9% and 9.5%, respectively, were infected with Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. Overall, 29.9% of gulls sampled harbored one or more of these bacteria. Gulls probably play only a minor role in the epizootiology of these bacteria.
Nineteen laboratories across Canada took part in a comparative study of the 'FDA' and 'USDA' meth... more Nineteen laboratories across Canada took part in a comparative study of the 'FDA' and 'USDA' methods for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in foods and environmental samples. The results show that the enrichment period of the FDA method can be shortened from 7 to 2 days without substantially reducing the number of positive samples. With a limited number of samples, the USDA method proved to be slightly more efficient in isolating L monocytogenes than the FDA method. Fraser broth, in principle, proved to be useful as a screening tool but is not very selective. Oxford agar and lithium chloride-phenylethanol-moxalactam medium were better than modified McBride's agar in isolating this microorganism.
A nation-wide survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other... more A nation-wide survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella enteritidis and other salmonellas among Canadian commercial broiler flocks. Environmental (litter and/or water) samples from 226 of 294 (76.9%) randomly selected flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Litter samples were more often contaminated with salmonellas than water samples (47.4 v. 12.3%). Fifty different salmonella serovars were isolated. The most prevalent serovars were S. hadar, S. infantis, and S. schwarzengrund; they were isolated from samples of 98/294 (33.3%), 26/294 (8.8%), and 21/294 (7.1%) flocks, respectively. Feed samples of 39/290 (13.4%) flocks were contaminated with salmonellas. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the environmental samples of 9/294 (3.1%) flocks. Salmonella enteritidis phage type (PT) 8 was isolated from seven flocks, and PT 13a from two flocks.
The influence of inoculum preparation, inoculation level, and inoculation procedure on Escherichi... more The influence of inoculum preparation, inoculation level, and inoculation procedure on Escherichia coli O157:H7 inactivation during the manufacture of fermented sausage was evaluated in a model study. Prior growth in glucose-enriched tryptone soya broth, which provided exposure to mildly acidic conditions (pH 4.8), had no effect on the later survival of E. coli O157: H7 strains 5-1 and ATCC 43894 under extremely acidic conditions (pH 2), but the same strains became sensitive to acidity after 7 days of incubation on the surface of refrigerated beef (as per the normal contamination route from slaughter to further processing). In subsequent sausage production trials, the extent of destruction observed for E. coli O157:H7 strains F-90, 5-1, and ATCC 43894 inoculated directly into the meat batter was unchanged when the inoculation level was decreased from 7.3 to 4.7 log CFU/g, but the level of inactivation was ca. 1 log higher when the surfaces of beef cuts, rather than the batter, were inoculated 7 days prior to processing. Regardless of processing conditions (fermentation to a pH of < or = 5.0 at 24 or 37 degrees C, drying at 14 degrees C to a water activity [a(w)] value of 0.91 or 0.79), strains F-90, 5-1, and ATCC 43894 showed similar survival capacities during the manufacture of sausage. A approximately 2-log reduction in pathogen numbers was generally obtained after samples were dried to an a(w) of 0.91, irrespective of fermentation temperature. The addition of a 5-day predrying holding stage at the fermentation temperature significantly (P < 0.05) increased pathogen inactivation when fermentation was carried out at 37 degrees C (but not when it was carried out at 24 degrees C). However, significant pathogen reductions (4 to 5 log CFU/g) were achieved only for extensively dried products (a(w) = 0.79).
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire
A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the... more A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the proportion of nulliparous heifers with intramammary infection (IMI) during early lactation and improves milk production. Quarter milk samples were collected from 428 heifers, systematically allocated to treatment and control groups, 6 to 12 d before the expected calving date and 2 to 8 d after calving. At the prepartum visit, heifers in the treatment group (n = 219) received an infusion of pirlimycin hydrochloride in all 4 quarters; the control heifers (n = 209) received no infusions. Intramammary infection was detected in 69% of the heifers and 33% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of treated heifers with IMI was significantly lower than the proportion of control heifers (31% versus 45%). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 10% of the heifers and 3% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of IMIs due to S. aureus was significantly l...
To compare bacterial colonization after diluted iodine tincture or povidone iodine solution for p... more To compare bacterial colonization after diluted iodine tincture or povidone iodine solution for presurgical disinfection of the equine peripodal region. Complete block design. Five horses. Disinfection protocols using iodine tincture or povidone iodine solutions were tested on 5 pairs (n = 10) equine front feet. Iodine tincture was applied to the left feet and povidone iodine to the right feet. Fixed surfaces of the sole, frog, hoof wall, and peripodal skin were swabbed pre preparation (T0), after a standard pre-disinfection step (T1), after short disinfection with a 4-minute application of 0.5% iodine tincture or povidone iodine (T2), and after long disinfection with 12-hour soaking in 0.25% iodine tincture or povidone iodine (T3). Quantitative bacteriology was performed on each swab. The frog and sole were the most contaminated sites compared to hoof wall and skin at T0. Bacterial counts were significantly decreased at T2 for both solutions. Bacterial counts did not change significantly with iodine tincture at T3 but increased with povidone iodine compared to T2. Skin abrasions were detected on almost all feet but were subjectively more severe on iodine tincture-treated feet. Soaking for 12 hours with either iodine tincture or povidone iodine is not recommended as these solutions damaged the skin and bacterial recolonization was noted with povidone iodine. Four-minute disinfection using either iodine tincture or povidone iodine (0.5% available iodine) is appropriate for presurgical preparation of the equine peripodal region.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire, 2007
A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the... more A clinical trial was conducted to determine whether prepartum intramammary pirlimycin reduces the proportion of nulliparous heifers with intramammary infection (IMI) during early lactation and improves milk production. Quarter milk samples were collected from 428 heifers, systematically allocated to treatment and control groups, 6 to 12 d before the expected calving date and 2 to 8 d after calving. At the prepartum visit, heifers in the treatment group (n = 219) received an infusion of pirlimycin hydrochloride in all 4 quarters; the control heifers (n = 209) received no infusions. Intramammary infection was detected in 69% of the heifers and 33% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of treated heifers with IMI was significantly lower than the proportion of control heifers (31% versus 45%). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 10% of the heifers and 3% of the quarters before calving. After calving, the proportion of IMIs due to S. aureus was significantly l...
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne, 2007
A clinical trial involving 122 cats with infected skin wounds or abscesses presented to 10 veteri... more A clinical trial involving 122 cats with infected skin wounds or abscesses presented to 10 veterinary clinics was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 2 oral amoxicillin drug products (a paste and a suspension). A 2nd objective of the study was to identify bacteria involved in such infections and verify their in vitro sensitivity to amoxicillin. Samples of wound exudate were harvested at the time of presentation and submitted for aerobic and anaerobic culture. The sensitivity to amoxicillin of isolates thought to be infecting agents was tested, using a standard minimum inhibitory concentration method. Pasteuralla multocida and obligate anaerobes of the genera Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Overall, their in vitro susceptibility to amoxicillin was very good. Both drug products were clinically efficacious with a global success rate of 95.1% for cats administered oral amoxicillin at 11-22 mg/kg bodyweight (mean 13.8 mg/kg body...
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