Volume 1: Issue 1 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental ... more The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental damages and low productivity of various aquatic organisms including fish, which seriously need for increased using of dietary probiotics in aquaculture practices. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the graded levels of a newly dietary probiotic Hydroyeast Aquaculture® on morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads of both sexes of adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus for 8 weeks. A total of 240 fish (120 males and 120 females) were separately distributed into eight homogeneous treatments as 0 (T 1 , as a control), 5 (T 2), 10 (T 3), and 15 g Hydro yeast Aquaculture ® Kg 1 diet (T 4) for males and the same levels of tested probiotic (T 5 as a control, T 6 , T 7 , and T 8) are being for females. The obtained results revealed that both fish sexes fed the different levels of tested probiotic achieved the positively effects on the gonads morphological, anatomical and histological forms compared to fish fed diet free probiotic. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded the valuable addition of 15 g Kg 1 diet (T 4) and 10 g Kg 1 diet (T 7) of Hydroyeast Aquaculture ® for adult O. niloticus males and females, respectively to enhance the morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads, which consequently lead to realize the sustainability and increase the profitability in the fish hatcheries.
The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental ... more The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental damages and low productivity of various aquatic organisms including fish, which seriously need for increased using of dietary probiotics in aquaculture practices. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the graded levels of a newly dietary probiotic Hydroyeast Aquaculture® on morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads of both sexes of adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus for 8 weeks. A total of 240 fish (120 males and 120 females) were separately distributed into eight homogeneous treatments as 0 (T 1 , as a control), 5 (T 2), 10 (T 3), and 15 g Hydro yeast Aquaculture ® Kg 1 diet (T 4) for males and the same levels of tested probiotic (T 5 as a control, T 6 , T 7 , and T 8) are being for females. The obtained results revealed that both fish sexes fed the different levels of tested probiotic achieved the positively effects on the gonads morphological, anatomical and histological forms compared to fish fed diet free probiotic. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded the valuable addition of 15 g Kg 1 diet (T 4) and 10 g Kg 1 diet (T 7) of Hydroyeast Aquaculture ® for adult O. niloticus males and females, respectively to enhance the morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads, which consequently lead to realize the sustainability and increase the profitability in the fish hatcheries.
The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental ... more The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental damages and low productivity of various aquatic organisms including fish, which seriously need for increased using of dietary probiotics in aquaculture practices. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the graded levels of a newly dietary probiotic Hydroyeast Aquaculture® on morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads of both sexes of adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus for 8 weeks. A total of 240 fish (120 males and 120 females) were separately distributed into eight homogeneous treatments as 0 (T 1 , as a control), 5 (T 2), 10 (T 3), and 15 g Hydro yeast Aquaculture ® Kg 1 diet (T 4) for males and the same levels of tested probiotic (T 5 as a control, T 6 , T 7 , and T 8) are being for females. The obtained results revealed that both fish sexes fed the different levels of tested probiotic achieved the positively effects on the gonads morphological, anatomical and histological forms compared to fish fed diet free probiotic. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded the valuable addition of 15 g Kg 1 diet (T 4) and 10 g Kg 1 diet (T 7) of Hydroyeast Aquaculture ® for adult O. niloticus males and females, respectively to enhance the morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads, which consequently lead to realize the sustainability and increase the profitability in the fish hatcheries.
The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental ... more The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental damages and low productivity of various aquatic organisms including fish, which seriously need for increased using of dietary probiotics in aquaculture practices. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the graded levels of a newly dietary probiotic Hydroyeast Aquaculture® on morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads of both sexes of adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus for 8 weeks. A total of 240 fish (120 males and 120 females) were separately distributed into eight homogeneous treatments as 0 (T 1 , as a control), 5 (T 2), 10 (T 3), and 15 g Hydro yeast Aquaculture ® Kg 1 diet (T 4) for males and the same levels of tested probiotic (T 5 as a control, T 6 , T 7 , and T 8) are being for females. The obtained results revealed that both fish sexes fed the different levels of tested probiotic achieved the positively effects on the gonads morphological, anatomical and histological forms compared to fish fed diet free probiotic. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded the valuable addition of 15 g Kg 1 diet (T 4) and 10 g Kg 1 diet (T 7) of Hydroyeast Aquaculture ® for adult O. niloticus males and females, respectively to enhance the morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads, which consequently lead to realize the sustainability and increase the profitability in the fish hatcheries.
The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental ... more The accelerated growth of aquaculture industry in the past decades has resulted in environmental damages and low productivity of various aquatic organisms including fish, which seriously need for increased using of dietary probiotics in aquaculture practices. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the graded levels of a newly dietary probiotic Hydroyeast Aquaculture® on morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads of both sexes of adult Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus for 8 weeks. A total of 240 fish (120 males and 120 females) were separately distributed into eight homogeneous treatments as 0 (T 1 , as a control), 5 (T 2), 10 (T 3), and 15 g Hydro yeast Aquaculture ® Kg 1 diet (T 4) for males and the same levels of tested probiotic (T 5 as a control, T 6 , T 7 , and T 8) are being for females. The obtained results revealed that both fish sexes fed the different levels of tested probiotic achieved the positively effects on the gonads morphological, anatomical and histological forms compared to fish fed diet free probiotic. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded the valuable addition of 15 g Kg 1 diet (T 4) and 10 g Kg 1 diet (T 7) of Hydroyeast Aquaculture ® for adult O. niloticus males and females, respectively to enhance the morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads, which consequently lead to realize the sustainability and increase the profitability in the fish hatcheries.
SciDoc Publishers, 2015
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections have widely been adopted for more than a... more Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections have widely been adopted for more than a century as the standard method for morphological study, particularly in the field of diagnostic pathology, most of the criteria for pathological diagnosis are established by the observation of FFPE tissue sections. With remarkable achievements in morphologic research field during the past one more century, FFPE tissue samples have been accumulated worldwide that are accompanied with complete clinical data including follow-up results of treatment, or, experimental data collected previously, resulted in an invaluable resource of research. Three more decades ago, immunohistochemistry (IHC) started to show its power and beauty in the field of histopathology, however, at the early stage it was largely limited on frozen tissue sections only
The study investigated the effect of cannabis sativa smoking on some hematological characteristic... more The study investigated the effect of cannabis sativa smoking on some hematological characteristics on the male students consumers. Blood samples were collected in triplicates from twenty (10) randomly selected male voluntary marijuana smokers (test) and ten (10) voluntary male non-smokers (control) in Choba Community, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The parametersconsidered were body temperature, pulse rate, Red blood cells (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and hemoglobin estimation (Hb). The research study revealed significant
(p ≤ 0.05) differences in the hematological parameters between the smokers (Test) and non-smoker (control) subjects. Faster pulse rate and lower body temperatures were seen among test subjects as compared to control. The values observed for total white blood cell (TWBC), ESR and RBC were lower in test subject (smokers) than the control (non-smokers), while the values observed for ESR, Hb, and RBC were relatively close. The mean values observed for PCV, TWBC and Hb were markedly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in test subject than in control and could be indicative of reduced percentage of blood in the cell,
porous immune system and decreased iron group of heme.
Volume 2: Issue 1 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
This paper analyzed anatomical similarities and differences of the acetabulum between patients wi... more This paper analyzed anatomical similarities and differences of the acetabulum between patients with hip OA, compared to patients without OA. Review of AP pelvic radiographs in patients with femoral neck fractures (patients with OA were excluded) and patients with
OA of the hip scheduled for THA. No significant difference exists in AI or CE angle between the 2 groups, but patients without OA had a significantly higher DW ratio. Depth: Width CE angle ratio increased significantly with age in both the entire sample, and in the female-only
subgroup. The study provides radiographic means to measure normal values which can serve as a possible reference point for proper prosthesis placement in total hip arthroplasty procedures and in hip fracture repair.
Introduction: Craniometric indices show the percentage relationship between different dimensions.... more Introduction: Craniometric indices show the percentage relationship between different dimensions. It is an important parameter for classification of race and sex of individuals of unknown identity. This study was undertaken to determine the craniometric indices of gnathic, palatal, orbital, cranial and nasal indices of Nigerian skulls. Materials and Methods: One hundred adult dry skulls, (78 males, and 22 females) free from damage and deformities from eleven Departments of Anatomy in Nigerian Universities were used. Automatic digital and spreading callipers were used for the measurement. Data was analyzed with Graph Pad Prism 5.03. The mean, coefficient of variation, correlation, linear
regression, percentiles, sexual dimorphism ratio were calculated.
Results: The male/female ratios for the mean measurements were greater than unity. The mean value of all cranial parameters
showed high level of sexual dimorphism. The male gnathic, palatal, orbital, cranial and nasal indices were found to be 99.50, 79.22, 89.59, 76.03, 53.67 respectively while female gnathic, palatal, orbital, cranial and nasal indices were 98.78, 87.66, 87.04, 76.12, 59.11 respectively. Male basion-nasion versus basion-prosthion length had positive correlation and the fit line sloped upward. There was no correlation between female basion-nasion versus basion-prosthion and the fit line was straight. Percentiles of indices showed a progressive increase from 10th - 90th. Conclusion: The findings from this study will be handy tools in anatomical modelling, in addition to providing information for both cosmetic surgery and medico-legal guide in forensic science.
Volume 2: Issue 2 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
The biochemical characteristics of immature coconut water (ICW) have presented it as a therapeuti... more The biochemical characteristics of immature coconut water (ICW) have presented it as a therapeutic agent that can be used for preventive, management and curative purposes. Development of a more efficient and cost effective means of prevention and management of kidney disorders through antioxidant activities were the objectives for embarking on the current experiment. This experiment is aimed at investigating the protective effect of ICW against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced renal toxicity. Twenty(20) rats were fed on standard diet and divided into four groups. Rats in group 1 and group 2 were injected intraperitoneally (i.p) with olive oil. Group 1 received tap water only, while group 2 received ICW (100ml/kg body weight/day) only. Rats in Group 3 and Group 4 were injected i.p with CCl4 (5ml/kg body weight). Group 3 received tap water, while group 4 received ICW (100ml/kg body weight/day) only. At the end of the experiment (1 week), blood was collected for biochemical analysis. The present findings revealed that, CCl4 decreased theserum level of kidney markers and increased the serum levels of some electrolytes; but these effects were prevented by the prior administration ICW on rats. The present study concluded that ICW administration played a protective role against CCl4- induced kidney damages in Wister rats. These protective effects were in the form of improving of kidney markers and electrolyte activities, in CCl4
-intoxicated rats. In the future, a dose dependent protective effect, and in vitro and in vivo regenerative effect of ICW on the kidney could be investigated.
The shoulder is a complex mechanical system. Alterations in the position and/or orientation of it... more The shoulder is a complex mechanical system. Alterations in the position and/or orientation of its joints may interfere with optimal shoulder coordination. Scapular dyskinesis (SDK) is defined as mal-positioning or mal-movement of the scapula along the thoracic wall. It is not well established the role of scapular dyskinesis as the cause or the effect of shoulder pathologies. The Upper-Quarter Y-Balance test (UQYBT) has been suggested as a return-to-play tool for athletes with upper extremity injuries. The objective of this study was to quantify the relation between the UQYBT and SDK. Six males and five females participated in the study, age 18-30 years old. All participants’ shoulders were evaluated by a certified athletic trainer using Kibler Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT) as having dyskinesis or not. Each participant performed three of the SDT and three of the UQYBT. The outcomes of the UQYBT were the highest score for each direction SuperiorLateral
Reach (SLR), Inferior-Lateral Reach (ILR), and Medial Reach (MR) and the Composite score. An independent t-test with unequal variances was performed to determine statistical differences between normal and SDK shoulders during the UQYBT. Results indicate significant differences between the normal and SDK shoulders in the Composite score (p=.048). No significance was found during the ILR, SLR, and MR. In conclusions, when the SDK shoulder was stabilizing during
the UQYBT higher scores were seen in every direction compared to the normal shoulder. These suggest that SDK may affect the scores of UQYBT.
Volume 2: Issue 3 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Background: Somatotyping is a method for describing the human physique in terms of a number of tr... more Background: Somatotyping is a method for describing the human physique in terms of a number of traits that relate to body shape and composition. Somatotypes of athletes in selected sports are quite different from one another. It is also used to describe changes in physique during growth, ageing and training as well as in relation to physical performance. Somatotyping gives more information than some typical measures of body composition such as body fat percentage and body mass index that is useful in determining what type of sports will be suitable for an individual.
Objective: School is a place where any type of intervention can bring about a substantial change in the physique of an individual and it is also a place where children are involved in various types of sports. The objective of the study is to somatotype school children and to find any sex difference if present.
Methodology: Somatotyping consists of numerical ratings for adiposity (endomorphy), musculo-skeletal development (mesomorphy), and slenderness (ectomorphy). The anthropometric somatotype can be calculated from a set of 10 measurements: height, weight, four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and medial calf), two biepicondylar breadths (humerus and femur) and two girths (upper arm flexed and tensed, and calf). The anthropometric measurements and somatotyping
was done, based on Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotyping.
Results: We have somatotyped children of a residential rural school in Pondicherry. We observed that somatotype of girls and boys were significantly different. Endomorph physique was more in girls, while mesomorph and ectomorph physique was dominant in boys.
Conclusion: Somatotyping children in school will help us to identify specific physique deficiency and to help them in choosing the sports of their choice.
Volume 2: Issue 4 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Either from congenital or ischemic problems, difficulties in aortic bypass surgery are usually ca... more Either from congenital or ischemic problems, difficulties in aortic bypass surgery are usually caused by the unrecognized variation of aortic arch anatomy.
Objective: To investigate the frequency and anatomical basis of the aortic arch branching pattern from the world largest hospital.
Materials and Methods: Thirty eight adult human preserved cadavers, and one thousand fifty three aortic arches analyzed from images of computerized tomography and aortic angiography were used. Occurrence among gender, branching pattern of the aortic arch was studied; number of branches and distance from their origin to the mid-vertebrae line were measured.
Results: In 81.3% of the cases, the main most common brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian artery originate independently. From the remaining variants of the aortic arch: 13.2% have two branches, an independent left subclavian artery and a common trunk for the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid. 4.8% has four branches with the left vertebral artery; 0.4% having the left common carotid artery originating from a common trunk. Any other variation
falls within 0.1%. However, a strong significant positive correlation was found between the diameters of left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.
Conclusion: The results in this study provide accurate information on aortic arch variations considered vital for academic purpose, and clinical vascular surgery and a primary data among the Chinese.
Objective: Evaluation of diagnostic efficacy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in differential d... more Objective: Evaluation of diagnostic efficacy of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in differential diagnosis of pelvic masses and correlation between histopathologic and FNA diagnoses.
Methods: In this prospective study fifty pelvic masses submitted for pathologic examination, were aspirated by fine needle and analyzed for cytological findings. Cytological findings were categorized as benign, malignant, indeterminate and non- diagnostic. Histological classification was assigned using the guidelines established by the World Health Organization (WHO). A single pathologist evaluated cytological examinations and was blinded to the histological findings of each mass. The same lesions were examined histologically and cytohistological correlation was carried out.
Results: Fifty masses from 47 women constituted the study material. The average age of women was 45.7±14.7 years. In Cytological study 32 samples (64%) reported as benign and 9 of them (18%) diagnosed as malignant. Six cases (12%) were non- diagnostic and 3 FNA samples (6%) reported as indeterminate. Histological examination of the masses revealed 30 (60%) benign and 20 malignant lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA cytological study of pelvic masses were 50% and 96%, respectively. The false-positive rate for pelvic masses was 11.1% and the false-negative rate was 25%.
Conclusion: Cytological examination of aspirated pelvic masses could not accurately predict pelvic masses histological diagnosis in our university hospital. Since the sensitivity of the technique is not high enough therefore one should not rely on aspiration cytology alone.
Volume 2: Issue 5 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Background: The gallbladder is a surgically important organ, most often subjected to cholecystect... more Background: The gallbladder is a surgically important organ, most often subjected to cholecystectomy for treating cholelithiasis. The presence of gallstones may precipitate the development of cholecystitis which may even lead to gallbladder malignancy, if not treated in time.
Aim: The aims were to study the diverse morphological, histopathological and histochemical features of gallbladder specimens
obtained at cholecystectomy done for various benign diseases of the GB.
Material and methods: Included are 132 specimens of the gallbladder obtained at cholecystectomy done for benign diseases at Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The specimens thus obtained were studied for the morphological and histopathological changes. Each specimen was subjected to Sudan Black B, Methyl Green-Pyronin Y and Periodic acid-Schiff staining to confirm presence of lipid, plasma cells and glycogen, respectively in
GB tissue samples.
Results and Conclusion: Cholelithiasis was predominantly a female disease. The size of the GB varied from < 7 cm (shrunken) to > 10 cm (distended). Cholelithiasis was present in 97.73% of the cases studied. Of these, 89.14 % had mixed stones and 10.85%, cholesterol stones. Of the cases studied, 8.33% had acute cholecystitis alone. It was associated with mucocoele or empyema of the GB in 3.79% and 5.30% cases, respectively. Histopathological changes consistent with chronic
cholecystitis and cholesterolosis, respectively were seen in 76.52% and 6.06% cases. In the former patients, the presence of theplasma cells in the GB tissues was confirmed using MGPY staining. The presence of lipids in the GB tissue samples of the latter was confirmed using Sudan Black B staining. Cases of chronic cholecystitis with ectopic pancreatic tissue, colonic metaplasia and xanthogranuloma were also seen. Mixed atrophic-hyperplastic mucosa, being the commonest mucosal change was seen in 63.64% cases. Other mucosal changes included atrophic mucosa (in 21.21 % cases) and hyperplasia (in 15.15% cases). The GB tissue samples in 7.5% cases showed PAS-positive mucinous metaplasia. The tissue samples obtained at cholecystectomy performed for various benign gallbladder diseases showed varieties of
histomorphological changes, including metaplasia and precursor changes suggesting the high risk for gallbladder malignancy.
This underscores the need for routine histopathological examination of appropriate tissue samples of the gallbladder obtained at cholecystectomy.
Volume 2: Editorial 1 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Gallbladder diseases are a relatively common disorder in most part of the world. The overall prev... more Gallbladder diseases are a relatively common disorder in most part of the world. The overall prevalence of the gallstone disease in the United States and much of the Western Europe is between 10 and 20 percent. In either sex, the prevalence increases with age. Throughout the world, gallbladder diseases are predominantly a female disease.
Volume 2: Issue 6 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Background: Coronary arteries play an important role in perfusion of the heart tissues. Variation... more Background: Coronary arteries play an important role in perfusion of the heart tissues. Variations or anomalies in coronary arteries may be asymptomatic while some can be symptomatic and even cause sudden death. Knowledge of coronary artery variations is important in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Aim: To describe coronary artery anomalies and their incidence in autopsy cases.
Materials and Methods: We dissected and grossly examined a total of 127 human hearts during autopsy to describe coronary artery variations in origin and course.
Results: The incidence of coronary artery anomalies was found to be 4.72% (6/127; 1 female and 5 males). Among the coronary artery anomalies were: Absent left main coronary artery (LMCA) in 0.8% (1/127), origin of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common ostium located in the left aortic sinus in 0.8% (1/127), origin of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common trunk whose ostium was located in the right aortic sinus in 0.8% (1/127), origin
of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common ostium located in the tubular part of the ascending aorta just above the right aortic sinus (RAS) in 0.8% (1/127), origin of the left coronary artery from a separate ostium in the RAS in 0.8% (1/127), origin of the right coronary artery from the sinutubular junction of the LAS in 0.8% (1/127) of the hearts.
Conclusion: The incidence of coronary artery anomalies in autopsied hearts was found to be 4.72%. Knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of coronary arteries is indispensable and imperative both in diagnosis, treatment and implementation of interventional measures.
Adolescence is a time of initiation of various physical and psychological maturation for young wo... more Adolescence is a time of initiation of various physical and psychological maturation for young women when endocrinological, metabolic, somatic and psychological changes occur ingirls. During this phase, maturation of the endocrinological system involved in hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary axis occur. Normal reproductive function indicate the health of components of the axis. Serious gynecological disease is rare in this age group, but menstrual disturbances are not uncommon. The most common menstrual abnormalities are polymenorrhea, oligomenorrhea
and dysmenorrhea. Menstrual disorders are more frequent in younger girls, becoming less common during 3–5 years after menarche. Premenstrual symptoms (PMS) are one of the frequent problems in adolescent girls. Various epidemiologic studies have indicated that premenstrual disorders begin during the teenage years. At least 20 % of adolescents experience moderate-to-severe premenstrual symptoms associated with functional impairment. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) consists of physical and/or psychological premenstrual symptoms that
interfere with usual life performance. Symptoms increase by ovulation and reduce within the first few days of menses. In adolescents, the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, a severe form of PMS accompanied by affective symptoms, is likely equal to or higher than in adults. Current treatment recommendations includes lifestyle change, exercise and various drugs or supplements that suppress the rise and fall of ovarian steroids or augment serotonin. Some drugs can cause acute or chronic side effects.
Volume 3: Issue 1 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Several attributes are only found in primates, some of these are even more unique and noticeable ... more Several attributes are only found in primates, some of these are even more unique and noticeable in humans. These may not be limited to; energy-saving bipedal posture and locomotion, stable supine posture, complex manual skills and tool making abilities, hierarchical social structure and cultural organisation, augmented cranial capacity, a more developed frontal lobe, and language proficiency. From a Darwinian point of view, an erect posture and locomotion have evolved to free the hands
for the purpose of tool-making. However, more recent theories suggested that bipedal locomotion was related to environmental
factors which led to the advent of distinctive and remarkable anatomical features for a form of locomotion that is more energy-economic than quadrupedal locomotion in non-human primates and other members of the animal kingdom. These anatomic features and adaptations include; adjustments to the general body architectural plan, in addition to cranial
and postcranial modifications. Postcranial modifications are debated to be the most critical for a stable and fuel-efficient upright walking, other anatomic adaptation were complimentary. The most significant of these anatomical changes took place post-cranially particularly at the level of the pelvis. These changes can be traced back to Australopithecus afarensis dating to at least 3.6 million years ago. The overall level-of-evidence of this article is estimated to be of level-2b, which is well-positioned within the pyramidal hierarchy of level-of-evidence.
Volume 3: Issue 2 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
There has been numerous attempts by anthropologists and aleoanthropologist to study the social st... more There has been numerous attempts by anthropologists and aleoanthropologist to study the social structure of early hominins, many of these were based on three main modalities of research; non-human primate models, behavioural ecology, and phylogenetic models. Non-human primate models are considered as the archetypal analytic approach of social structure. On the other hand, behavioural ecology emphasises on the shared behavioural patterns in between our specie, the early hominin species, and the species of African apes. The 3rd approach, the phylogenetic modelling, is considered to be the most novel method; It relies on the analysis of phylogenetic constraints in a particular ecosystem; which seems to enforce a specific type of social structure; it represents a responsive interaction between the; environment, evolutionary biology, and ultimately the social fabric.
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Volume 1: Issue 1 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
(p ≤ 0.05) differences in the hematological parameters between the smokers (Test) and non-smoker (control) subjects. Faster pulse rate and lower body temperatures were seen among test subjects as compared to control. The values observed for total white blood cell (TWBC), ESR and RBC were lower in test subject (smokers) than the control (non-smokers), while the values observed for ESR, Hb, and RBC were relatively close. The mean values observed for PCV, TWBC and Hb were markedly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in test subject than in control and could be indicative of reduced percentage of blood in the cell,
porous immune system and decreased iron group of heme.
Volume 2: Issue 1 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
OA of the hip scheduled for THA. No significant difference exists in AI or CE angle between the 2 groups, but patients without OA had a significantly higher DW ratio. Depth: Width CE angle ratio increased significantly with age in both the entire sample, and in the female-only
subgroup. The study provides radiographic means to measure normal values which can serve as a possible reference point for proper prosthesis placement in total hip arthroplasty procedures and in hip fracture repair.
regression, percentiles, sexual dimorphism ratio were calculated.
Results: The male/female ratios for the mean measurements were greater than unity. The mean value of all cranial parameters
showed high level of sexual dimorphism. The male gnathic, palatal, orbital, cranial and nasal indices were found to be 99.50, 79.22, 89.59, 76.03, 53.67 respectively while female gnathic, palatal, orbital, cranial and nasal indices were 98.78, 87.66, 87.04, 76.12, 59.11 respectively. Male basion-nasion versus basion-prosthion length had positive correlation and the fit line sloped upward. There was no correlation between female basion-nasion versus basion-prosthion and the fit line was straight. Percentiles of indices showed a progressive increase from 10th - 90th. Conclusion: The findings from this study will be handy tools in anatomical modelling, in addition to providing information for both cosmetic surgery and medico-legal guide in forensic science.
Volume 2: Issue 2 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
-intoxicated rats. In the future, a dose dependent protective effect, and in vitro and in vivo regenerative effect of ICW on the kidney could be investigated.
Reach (SLR), Inferior-Lateral Reach (ILR), and Medial Reach (MR) and the Composite score. An independent t-test with unequal variances was performed to determine statistical differences between normal and SDK shoulders during the UQYBT. Results indicate significant differences between the normal and SDK shoulders in the Composite score (p=.048). No significance was found during the ILR, SLR, and MR. In conclusions, when the SDK shoulder was stabilizing during
the UQYBT higher scores were seen in every direction compared to the normal shoulder. These suggest that SDK may affect the scores of UQYBT.
Volume 2: Issue 3 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Objective: School is a place where any type of intervention can bring about a substantial change in the physique of an individual and it is also a place where children are involved in various types of sports. The objective of the study is to somatotype school children and to find any sex difference if present.
Methodology: Somatotyping consists of numerical ratings for adiposity (endomorphy), musculo-skeletal development (mesomorphy), and slenderness (ectomorphy). The anthropometric somatotype can be calculated from a set of 10 measurements: height, weight, four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and medial calf), two biepicondylar breadths (humerus and femur) and two girths (upper arm flexed and tensed, and calf). The anthropometric measurements and somatotyping
was done, based on Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotyping.
Results: We have somatotyped children of a residential rural school in Pondicherry. We observed that somatotype of girls and boys were significantly different. Endomorph physique was more in girls, while mesomorph and ectomorph physique was dominant in boys.
Conclusion: Somatotyping children in school will help us to identify specific physique deficiency and to help them in choosing the sports of their choice.
Volume 2: Issue 4 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Objective: To investigate the frequency and anatomical basis of the aortic arch branching pattern from the world largest hospital.
Materials and Methods: Thirty eight adult human preserved cadavers, and one thousand fifty three aortic arches analyzed from images of computerized tomography and aortic angiography were used. Occurrence among gender, branching pattern of the aortic arch was studied; number of branches and distance from their origin to the mid-vertebrae line were measured.
Results: In 81.3% of the cases, the main most common brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian artery originate independently. From the remaining variants of the aortic arch: 13.2% have two branches, an independent left subclavian artery and a common trunk for the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid. 4.8% has four branches with the left vertebral artery; 0.4% having the left common carotid artery originating from a common trunk. Any other variation
falls within 0.1%. However, a strong significant positive correlation was found between the diameters of left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.
Conclusion: The results in this study provide accurate information on aortic arch variations considered vital for academic purpose, and clinical vascular surgery and a primary data among the Chinese.
Methods: In this prospective study fifty pelvic masses submitted for pathologic examination, were aspirated by fine needle and analyzed for cytological findings. Cytological findings were categorized as benign, malignant, indeterminate and non- diagnostic. Histological classification was assigned using the guidelines established by the World Health Organization (WHO). A single pathologist evaluated cytological examinations and was blinded to the histological findings of each mass. The same lesions were examined histologically and cytohistological correlation was carried out.
Results: Fifty masses from 47 women constituted the study material. The average age of women was 45.7±14.7 years. In Cytological study 32 samples (64%) reported as benign and 9 of them (18%) diagnosed as malignant. Six cases (12%) were non- diagnostic and 3 FNA samples (6%) reported as indeterminate. Histological examination of the masses revealed 30 (60%) benign and 20 malignant lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA cytological study of pelvic masses were 50% and 96%, respectively. The false-positive rate for pelvic masses was 11.1% and the false-negative rate was 25%.
Conclusion: Cytological examination of aspirated pelvic masses could not accurately predict pelvic masses histological diagnosis in our university hospital. Since the sensitivity of the technique is not high enough therefore one should not rely on aspiration cytology alone.
Volume 2: Issue 5 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Aim: The aims were to study the diverse morphological, histopathological and histochemical features of gallbladder specimens
obtained at cholecystectomy done for various benign diseases of the GB.
Material and methods: Included are 132 specimens of the gallbladder obtained at cholecystectomy done for benign diseases at Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The specimens thus obtained were studied for the morphological and histopathological changes. Each specimen was subjected to Sudan Black B, Methyl Green-Pyronin Y and Periodic acid-Schiff staining to confirm presence of lipid, plasma cells and glycogen, respectively in
GB tissue samples.
Results and Conclusion: Cholelithiasis was predominantly a female disease. The size of the GB varied from < 7 cm (shrunken) to > 10 cm (distended). Cholelithiasis was present in 97.73% of the cases studied. Of these, 89.14 % had mixed stones and 10.85%, cholesterol stones. Of the cases studied, 8.33% had acute cholecystitis alone. It was associated with mucocoele or empyema of the GB in 3.79% and 5.30% cases, respectively. Histopathological changes consistent with chronic
cholecystitis and cholesterolosis, respectively were seen in 76.52% and 6.06% cases. In the former patients, the presence of theplasma cells in the GB tissues was confirmed using MGPY staining. The presence of lipids in the GB tissue samples of the latter was confirmed using Sudan Black B staining. Cases of chronic cholecystitis with ectopic pancreatic tissue, colonic metaplasia and xanthogranuloma were also seen. Mixed atrophic-hyperplastic mucosa, being the commonest mucosal change was seen in 63.64% cases. Other mucosal changes included atrophic mucosa (in 21.21 % cases) and hyperplasia (in 15.15% cases). The GB tissue samples in 7.5% cases showed PAS-positive mucinous metaplasia. The tissue samples obtained at cholecystectomy performed for various benign gallbladder diseases showed varieties of
histomorphological changes, including metaplasia and precursor changes suggesting the high risk for gallbladder malignancy.
This underscores the need for routine histopathological examination of appropriate tissue samples of the gallbladder obtained at cholecystectomy.
Volume 2: Editorial 1 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Volume 2: Issue 6 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
Aim: To describe coronary artery anomalies and their incidence in autopsy cases.
Materials and Methods: We dissected and grossly examined a total of 127 human hearts during autopsy to describe coronary artery variations in origin and course.
Results: The incidence of coronary artery anomalies was found to be 4.72% (6/127; 1 female and 5 males). Among the coronary artery anomalies were: Absent left main coronary artery (LMCA) in 0.8% (1/127), origin of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common ostium located in the left aortic sinus in 0.8% (1/127), origin of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common trunk whose ostium was located in the right aortic sinus in 0.8% (1/127), origin
of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common ostium located in the tubular part of the ascending aorta just above the right aortic sinus (RAS) in 0.8% (1/127), origin of the left coronary artery from a separate ostium in the RAS in 0.8% (1/127), origin of the right coronary artery from the sinutubular junction of the LAS in 0.8% (1/127) of the hearts.
Conclusion: The incidence of coronary artery anomalies in autopsied hearts was found to be 4.72%. Knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of coronary arteries is indispensable and imperative both in diagnosis, treatment and implementation of interventional measures.
and dysmenorrhea. Menstrual disorders are more frequent in younger girls, becoming less common during 3–5 years after menarche. Premenstrual symptoms (PMS) are one of the frequent problems in adolescent girls. Various epidemiologic studies have indicated that premenstrual disorders begin during the teenage years. At least 20 % of adolescents experience moderate-to-severe premenstrual symptoms associated with functional impairment. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) consists of physical and/or psychological premenstrual symptoms that
interfere with usual life performance. Symptoms increase by ovulation and reduce within the first few days of menses. In adolescents, the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, a severe form of PMS accompanied by affective symptoms, is likely equal to or higher than in adults. Current treatment recommendations includes lifestyle change, exercise and various drugs or supplements that suppress the rise and fall of ovarian steroids or augment serotonin. Some drugs can cause acute or chronic side effects.
Volume 3: Issue 1 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
for the purpose of tool-making. However, more recent theories suggested that bipedal locomotion was related to environmental
factors which led to the advent of distinctive and remarkable anatomical features for a form of locomotion that is more energy-economic than quadrupedal locomotion in non-human primates and other members of the animal kingdom. These anatomic features and adaptations include; adjustments to the general body architectural plan, in addition to cranial
and postcranial modifications. Postcranial modifications are debated to be the most critical for a stable and fuel-efficient upright walking, other anatomic adaptation were complimentary. The most significant of these anatomical changes took place post-cranially particularly at the level of the pelvis. These changes can be traced back to Australopithecus afarensis dating to at least 3.6 million years ago. The overall level-of-evidence of this article is estimated to be of level-2b, which is well-positioned within the pyramidal hierarchy of level-of-evidence.
Volume 3: Issue 2 by International Journal of Anatomy and Applied Physiology (IJAAP) SciDoc Publishers
(p ≤ 0.05) differences in the hematological parameters between the smokers (Test) and non-smoker (control) subjects. Faster pulse rate and lower body temperatures were seen among test subjects as compared to control. The values observed for total white blood cell (TWBC), ESR and RBC were lower in test subject (smokers) than the control (non-smokers), while the values observed for ESR, Hb, and RBC were relatively close. The mean values observed for PCV, TWBC and Hb were markedly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in test subject than in control and could be indicative of reduced percentage of blood in the cell,
porous immune system and decreased iron group of heme.
OA of the hip scheduled for THA. No significant difference exists in AI or CE angle between the 2 groups, but patients without OA had a significantly higher DW ratio. Depth: Width CE angle ratio increased significantly with age in both the entire sample, and in the female-only
subgroup. The study provides radiographic means to measure normal values which can serve as a possible reference point for proper prosthesis placement in total hip arthroplasty procedures and in hip fracture repair.
regression, percentiles, sexual dimorphism ratio were calculated.
Results: The male/female ratios for the mean measurements were greater than unity. The mean value of all cranial parameters
showed high level of sexual dimorphism. The male gnathic, palatal, orbital, cranial and nasal indices were found to be 99.50, 79.22, 89.59, 76.03, 53.67 respectively while female gnathic, palatal, orbital, cranial and nasal indices were 98.78, 87.66, 87.04, 76.12, 59.11 respectively. Male basion-nasion versus basion-prosthion length had positive correlation and the fit line sloped upward. There was no correlation between female basion-nasion versus basion-prosthion and the fit line was straight. Percentiles of indices showed a progressive increase from 10th - 90th. Conclusion: The findings from this study will be handy tools in anatomical modelling, in addition to providing information for both cosmetic surgery and medico-legal guide in forensic science.
-intoxicated rats. In the future, a dose dependent protective effect, and in vitro and in vivo regenerative effect of ICW on the kidney could be investigated.
Reach (SLR), Inferior-Lateral Reach (ILR), and Medial Reach (MR) and the Composite score. An independent t-test with unequal variances was performed to determine statistical differences between normal and SDK shoulders during the UQYBT. Results indicate significant differences between the normal and SDK shoulders in the Composite score (p=.048). No significance was found during the ILR, SLR, and MR. In conclusions, when the SDK shoulder was stabilizing during
the UQYBT higher scores were seen in every direction compared to the normal shoulder. These suggest that SDK may affect the scores of UQYBT.
Objective: School is a place where any type of intervention can bring about a substantial change in the physique of an individual and it is also a place where children are involved in various types of sports. The objective of the study is to somatotype school children and to find any sex difference if present.
Methodology: Somatotyping consists of numerical ratings for adiposity (endomorphy), musculo-skeletal development (mesomorphy), and slenderness (ectomorphy). The anthropometric somatotype can be calculated from a set of 10 measurements: height, weight, four skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and medial calf), two biepicondylar breadths (humerus and femur) and two girths (upper arm flexed and tensed, and calf). The anthropometric measurements and somatotyping
was done, based on Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotyping.
Results: We have somatotyped children of a residential rural school in Pondicherry. We observed that somatotype of girls and boys were significantly different. Endomorph physique was more in girls, while mesomorph and ectomorph physique was dominant in boys.
Conclusion: Somatotyping children in school will help us to identify specific physique deficiency and to help them in choosing the sports of their choice.
Objective: To investigate the frequency and anatomical basis of the aortic arch branching pattern from the world largest hospital.
Materials and Methods: Thirty eight adult human preserved cadavers, and one thousand fifty three aortic arches analyzed from images of computerized tomography and aortic angiography were used. Occurrence among gender, branching pattern of the aortic arch was studied; number of branches and distance from their origin to the mid-vertebrae line were measured.
Results: In 81.3% of the cases, the main most common brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian artery originate independently. From the remaining variants of the aortic arch: 13.2% have two branches, an independent left subclavian artery and a common trunk for the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid. 4.8% has four branches with the left vertebral artery; 0.4% having the left common carotid artery originating from a common trunk. Any other variation
falls within 0.1%. However, a strong significant positive correlation was found between the diameters of left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.
Conclusion: The results in this study provide accurate information on aortic arch variations considered vital for academic purpose, and clinical vascular surgery and a primary data among the Chinese.
Methods: In this prospective study fifty pelvic masses submitted for pathologic examination, were aspirated by fine needle and analyzed for cytological findings. Cytological findings were categorized as benign, malignant, indeterminate and non- diagnostic. Histological classification was assigned using the guidelines established by the World Health Organization (WHO). A single pathologist evaluated cytological examinations and was blinded to the histological findings of each mass. The same lesions were examined histologically and cytohistological correlation was carried out.
Results: Fifty masses from 47 women constituted the study material. The average age of women was 45.7±14.7 years. In Cytological study 32 samples (64%) reported as benign and 9 of them (18%) diagnosed as malignant. Six cases (12%) were non- diagnostic and 3 FNA samples (6%) reported as indeterminate. Histological examination of the masses revealed 30 (60%) benign and 20 malignant lesions. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA cytological study of pelvic masses were 50% and 96%, respectively. The false-positive rate for pelvic masses was 11.1% and the false-negative rate was 25%.
Conclusion: Cytological examination of aspirated pelvic masses could not accurately predict pelvic masses histological diagnosis in our university hospital. Since the sensitivity of the technique is not high enough therefore one should not rely on aspiration cytology alone.
Aim: The aims were to study the diverse morphological, histopathological and histochemical features of gallbladder specimens
obtained at cholecystectomy done for various benign diseases of the GB.
Material and methods: Included are 132 specimens of the gallbladder obtained at cholecystectomy done for benign diseases at Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The specimens thus obtained were studied for the morphological and histopathological changes. Each specimen was subjected to Sudan Black B, Methyl Green-Pyronin Y and Periodic acid-Schiff staining to confirm presence of lipid, plasma cells and glycogen, respectively in
GB tissue samples.
Results and Conclusion: Cholelithiasis was predominantly a female disease. The size of the GB varied from < 7 cm (shrunken) to > 10 cm (distended). Cholelithiasis was present in 97.73% of the cases studied. Of these, 89.14 % had mixed stones and 10.85%, cholesterol stones. Of the cases studied, 8.33% had acute cholecystitis alone. It was associated with mucocoele or empyema of the GB in 3.79% and 5.30% cases, respectively. Histopathological changes consistent with chronic
cholecystitis and cholesterolosis, respectively were seen in 76.52% and 6.06% cases. In the former patients, the presence of theplasma cells in the GB tissues was confirmed using MGPY staining. The presence of lipids in the GB tissue samples of the latter was confirmed using Sudan Black B staining. Cases of chronic cholecystitis with ectopic pancreatic tissue, colonic metaplasia and xanthogranuloma were also seen. Mixed atrophic-hyperplastic mucosa, being the commonest mucosal change was seen in 63.64% cases. Other mucosal changes included atrophic mucosa (in 21.21 % cases) and hyperplasia (in 15.15% cases). The GB tissue samples in 7.5% cases showed PAS-positive mucinous metaplasia. The tissue samples obtained at cholecystectomy performed for various benign gallbladder diseases showed varieties of
histomorphological changes, including metaplasia and precursor changes suggesting the high risk for gallbladder malignancy.
This underscores the need for routine histopathological examination of appropriate tissue samples of the gallbladder obtained at cholecystectomy.
Aim: To describe coronary artery anomalies and their incidence in autopsy cases.
Materials and Methods: We dissected and grossly examined a total of 127 human hearts during autopsy to describe coronary artery variations in origin and course.
Results: The incidence of coronary artery anomalies was found to be 4.72% (6/127; 1 female and 5 males). Among the coronary artery anomalies were: Absent left main coronary artery (LMCA) in 0.8% (1/127), origin of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common ostium located in the left aortic sinus in 0.8% (1/127), origin of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common trunk whose ostium was located in the right aortic sinus in 0.8% (1/127), origin
of both the left and right coronary arteries from a common ostium located in the tubular part of the ascending aorta just above the right aortic sinus (RAS) in 0.8% (1/127), origin of the left coronary artery from a separate ostium in the RAS in 0.8% (1/127), origin of the right coronary artery from the sinutubular junction of the LAS in 0.8% (1/127) of the hearts.
Conclusion: The incidence of coronary artery anomalies in autopsied hearts was found to be 4.72%. Knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of coronary arteries is indispensable and imperative both in diagnosis, treatment and implementation of interventional measures.
and dysmenorrhea. Menstrual disorders are more frequent in younger girls, becoming less common during 3–5 years after menarche. Premenstrual symptoms (PMS) are one of the frequent problems in adolescent girls. Various epidemiologic studies have indicated that premenstrual disorders begin during the teenage years. At least 20 % of adolescents experience moderate-to-severe premenstrual symptoms associated with functional impairment. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) consists of physical and/or psychological premenstrual symptoms that
interfere with usual life performance. Symptoms increase by ovulation and reduce within the first few days of menses. In adolescents, the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, a severe form of PMS accompanied by affective symptoms, is likely equal to or higher than in adults. Current treatment recommendations includes lifestyle change, exercise and various drugs or supplements that suppress the rise and fall of ovarian steroids or augment serotonin. Some drugs can cause acute or chronic side effects.
for the purpose of tool-making. However, more recent theories suggested that bipedal locomotion was related to environmental
factors which led to the advent of distinctive and remarkable anatomical features for a form of locomotion that is more energy-economic than quadrupedal locomotion in non-human primates and other members of the animal kingdom. These anatomic features and adaptations include; adjustments to the general body architectural plan, in addition to cranial
and postcranial modifications. Postcranial modifications are debated to be the most critical for a stable and fuel-efficient upright walking, other anatomic adaptation were complimentary. The most significant of these anatomical changes took place post-cranially particularly at the level of the pelvis. These changes can be traced back to Australopithecus afarensis dating to at least 3.6 million years ago. The overall level-of-evidence of this article is estimated to be of level-2b, which is well-positioned within the pyramidal hierarchy of level-of-evidence.
Aim: To study the course and division of sciatic nerve.
Methodology: The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences over a period of 5 years. 70 lower extremities of 35 cadavers of both sexes were studied to see the variations in sciatic nerve bifurcation. Beaton and Anson classification has been followed for the classification of division of Sciatic nerve.
Results: In our study on 70 lower extremities of 35 cadavers, we observed 6 (8.6%) high division of SN. Among these, 2 (2.9%) lower extremities showed high division in the back of thigh and 4 (5.7%) showed within the pelvis. The remaining 64 (91.4%) lower extremities showed the division outside the pelvis.
Conclusion: Knowledge regarding the variation in the level of division of the sciatic nerve and its pelvic exit is of utmost importance in order to prevent inadvertent injury to the nerve during various surgical interventions in the gluteal region.
Aim and Objectives: This study investigates the practical usability of palatal rugae in establishing sex and identity in a premortem state and evaluating its usefulness for post-mortem identification.
Materials and Methods: A total of 359 subjects, 165 males and 194 females between ages 20-60 years were selected from among volunteer subjects in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Maxillary dental cast were formed by alginate impressions, the palatal rugae were traced using a high precision graphite HB pencil and then analyzed for their various patterns (using Thomas and Kotze, and Kapali’s classifications). The observed rugae were assigned the following codes; from anterior to posterior -
Wavy (W), Curved (Cr), Straight (S), Circular (Ci), Converge (Cv), Diverging (Dv) for both sides of the palate.
Results: Statistical analysis using the Z-test for proportionality difference (males vs females) showed no significant difference in the distribution of the rugae shapes (P=0.877), Chi-square analysis of association showed insignificant distributive relationship with respect to sides (P>0.05); while sex and the distribution of all rugae types (by length) was significant (P<0.05). From the coding, the most common configuration was “WWWW” without duplicity of the pattern in any two individual; while in combination with other patterns, the straight was most frequent.
Conclusion: This research emphasizes the importance of the rugae configuration; as it is very difficult for sex differentiation but reliable for establishing the identity of an individual in both post- and pre-mortem state.
Materials and Method: 47 adult fully ossified dry tibias and 37 fibulae were taken for the study. Various measurements of fibular incisura of tibiae and width of distal end of fibulae were measured using vernier caliper.
Results: The total (right + left) mean values of the width and depth of the incisura fibularis of tibia was 2.33 and 1.08cm. The total mean values of the length of anterior and posterior facet of incisura fibularis of tibia was 1.34 and 1.28cm. The total mean width of distal end of fibula was 2.44cm.
Conclusion: The results of this study will be useful for biomedical peoples who make implants of lower end of tibia and fibula for orthopaedic surgeons during ankle reconstruction surgeries.
therapists, athletic trainers, and strength and conditioning coaches,
as well as fitness enthusiasts to relieve tight muscles and/or to
break down scar tissue. The foam roller’s popularity has increased
in recent years and can be found in variety of settings, such as
gyms, clinics, and stores. It is believed to yield benefits similar to
manual therapy/massage therapy, although it is not as specific as
one on one massage therapy session. Foam rolling targets groups
of muscles whereas, manual therapy can target specific muscle.
It is the most cost-effective method to have in a group-training
setting, which are common in the fields fitness and strength
and conditioning. The foam roller has a cylindrical shape and
is available in different sizes, textures, and foam densities. The
different types of foam rollers assist in controlling the intensity
of the intervention. Foam rollers are used frequently during warm
up and cool down, as well as during practices, games, or exercise
routines. Several studies investigated the influence of the foam
roller on range of motion (ROM), delayed onset muscle soreness
(DOMS), and even force and power output.
Material and Methods: 40 bisected halves of the formalin fixed adult human head and neck specimens were procured from the Department of Anatomy. Retrospectively, we procured 20 CT films both in coronal and axial views of paranasal sinus from the Department of Radiology. Anatomical variations and mucosal abnormalities are analysed.
Results: In the present study of the position of nasal septum in 20 PNS CTs, 6 (30%) CTs showed centralized nasal septum, 5 (25%) showed left side deviation and 9 (45%) had right side deviation of the nasal septum. Bulla measuring 10x3 mm to 12x6 mm were present in 19(47.5%) specimens, 13x4 to 16x6 mm present in 12 (30%) and 18x4 to 21x9 mm seen in 9 (22.5%) cases. CT evaluation of Mucosal thickening was observed in maxillary sinus 27 (67.5%) cases, followed by
ethmoidal sinus 13 (32.5%).
Conclusion: The CT scan should not be used exclusively to diagnose chronic sinusitis or to determine the need for surgery. Rather, it should be used to provide supplementary clinical data to the history and endoscopic exam and assist in directing surgical treatment to the affected areas.
Aim: To study morphometry and histological changes in placentae of women with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and to observe the perinatal outcome of such pregnancies.
Materials: Total number of 50 placentae were used for the present study, out of which 25 placentae were obtained from women with PIH and 25 placentae from women who were normal having uncomplicated full-term deliveries.
Results: The mean weight of the placenta was 470.04g in control group and 385.70g in PIH group. Histopathological examination of the placentain PIH showed increase in number of syncytial knots and areas of fibrinoid necrosis.
Conclusion: PIH has remarkable influence on morphology and histology of the placenta, and there by affects the growth of fetus. The changes caused by placental insufficiency has an adverse affect on the neonatal birth weight due to compromised utero-placental blood flow.
is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. In data collected and published by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in the United States it was shown that between Hispanic subgroups including Central or South American, Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican, the Puerto Rican adults were more likely to have two or more chronic conditions like hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, failing kidneys and others. Hypertensive heart disease comprises a constellation of abnormalities that include left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and their clinical manifestations including arrhythmias and symptomatic heart failure
useful in the understanding of the renal dysfunctions found in diabetic nephropathy.
) for males and the same levels of tested probiotic (T5 as a control, T6
, T7, and T8) arebeing for females. The obtained results revealed that both fish sexes fed the different levels of tested probiotic achieved the
positively effects on the gonads morphological, anatomical and histological forms compared to fish fed diet free probiotic. Based on the obtained results, it could be concluded the valuable addition of 15 g Kg1
diet (T4) and 10 g Kg1 diet (T7) of Hydroyeast Aquaculture® for adult O. niloticus males and females, respectively to enhance the morphological, anatomical of sexual maturation and histological characteristics of the gonads, which consequently lead to realize the sustainability and increase the profitability in the fish hatcheries.
kinematic and kinetic data were collected while ascending and descending the stairs at self-selected walking speeds. A repeated measures ANOVA identified significant differences between the obese and normal mass groups. Normal mass group had a significant higher range of motion (ROM) at hip and knee flexion/extension ROM (p < 0.05), and at ankle inversion/eversion ROM (p < 0.001) during stair descending, and higher knee flexion/extension ROM (p < 0.05) during stair ascending.The normal mass group had a higher peak hip adduction and peak knee abduction moments (p < 0.05) during stair descending. On the other hand, the obese group had a higher peak hip adduction moment and peak knee anterior shear force (p < 0.05) during stair ascending. No further differences where observed between the groups. The findings indicate that obese individuals adopt a different kinematic and kinetic stair ascending and descending strategies. The strategies adopted
by the obese group may be an attempt to better dissipate the larger ground reaction forces due to their increased weight.
the human corpus based on a 17th century model of parts and levers. A new emphasis is required to integrate current models and theories that substantiate fascia as the connected, unifying, continuous universal singularity that permeates the entire soma. Such models and theories are complex, however, with increased cross talk between experts and professionals in fields of specialty, within scientific disciplines, a new paradigm is emerging. This new unified systems approach to human anatomy and physiology has the potential to impact global healthcare. A unified systems model of human anatomy (with a special focus on the architecture of fascia) is one that is predicated upon a specific ‘nature inspired’ tensegrity architecture utilizing soft matter as the building material during embryonic self-construction. Self-construction leads to emerging transformations that are driven by both genetic and epigenetic stresses [i.e., biochemical and biophysicalcues] embracing collective behaviour with emerging small world networks that utilize non-linear dynamics. Time is a key component as self-organization occurs
in a hierarchical time-dependent/temporal sequalae. This short paper focuses on the essential architectural characteristics of cells and multi-cellular organisms that supports a living unified system. While the human body is a true reflection of infinity and continuity it also possesses virtual boarders, boundaries and compartmentalization’s. Such virtual borders and boundaries are self-constructed connections, disconnections and compartments necessary for physiology, metabolism and autoimmune responses reflecting evolutionary contingency.
whence we came. Embryologists and anatomists can agree that whatever ‘dust’ is used in human creation it is the embryo that grows itself. No surgical intervention is required to attach limb buds or implant an organ. Embryo’s themselves grow the necessary structures to support life and motion. To appreciate the singularity that is fascia this paper provides observations made during dissections, supported by embryological, and tensegrity based principles shaping our inner cosmos. Embryology provides evidence of continuity through the singularity that is fascia, a liquid crystal matrix. All liquid crystals operate on a spectrum of hardness to softness, without straying from their fundamental category of soft matter. All liquid in the human body (with the exception of urine) is bound. That is, as variations on the liquid crystal theme, as volumes. Even bone begins as a cartilaginous placeholder and “crystalises” in to harder cases, containing soft matter within their more crystalline arrangements. Biotensegrity is a model that begins to explain the living architecture of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Tensegrity based architecture facilitates forces required for nutrition and cellular diversity [i.e. mechanotransduction] leading to connective tissue specialisation [e.g. blood, lymph, fascia, bone] as a resulting combination of genetic and epigenetic expression. Fascia distributes tensional and compressional energy necessary to provoke physiology, metabolism, motion and biochemical responsiveness. Based on a synergy of genetics and epigenetics, nature’s creativity results in complex shapes, patterns and processes. DNA and RNA are orphan’s doomed to inactivity without the non-linear, force specific, oscillatory waves provided by epigenetic mechanisms emerging as a consequence of their pre-stressed cellular environment.
all the hearts. Hyaluronic acid was found in the cleavage planes between the myocardial bundles. Endo-epicardial mapping demonstrated an electrical activation sequence consistent with the mechanism of ventricular twist. The finding of the fulcrum provides support to the spiral myocardial muscle. The hyaluronic acid would act as a lubricant. Electrophysiological studies explain the ventricular twist and the active suction mechanism.
anatomy of ‘parts,’ without due attention to continuity, can compound a student’s belief that the human body has discontinuous ‘parts’ therefore lackingthe “wholistic” continuity implicit in the tensegrity model of biologic form. Classically, anatomy has long been taught in continuity with embryology, physiology and histology, providing a robust academic foundation in the adjacency of form and function. This illustrates an existing recognition that the human body works as a wholistic entity and
that any re-arrange mentor change can affect the global health of an individual. Medical anatomy teachers should, therefore, possess the pedagogical knowledge to support an accurate vision of a wholistic, unified body