Multiphase slug flows offers unique environment for chemical synthesis at micron scale. The dispe... more Multiphase slug flows offers unique environment for chemical synthesis at micron scale. The dispersed phase provides controlled environment for chemical reactions with minimal contamination and dispersion effects while intensifying mass transfer due to internal circulations. The influence of parameters such as flow rate, viscosity and geometry on mixing inside the dispersed phase has not been extensively studied and is not well understood. In this work, we study mixing inside dispersed phase in a T junction microfluidic device through extensive 3D numerical simulations. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used to study the hydrodynamics of water drop / slug formation in perfluorodecaline (PFD). The numerical model is validated with the previous experimental measurements [Tice, J.D. et al., Langmuir 2003, 19, 9127 - 9133] and found to be in good agreement. We analyze the effect of flow conditions, channel geometry and various other process parameters (fluid properties and composition...
Chemical dispersants are widely used to counter the adverse effects of oil spills on the environm... more Chemical dispersants are widely used to counter the adverse effects of oil spills on the environment. Surfactants are the active ingredients in dispersants which cause reduction in interfacial tension resulting in the production of smaller oil droplets. Surfactant distributes between the bulk phase (water) and the interface to achieve equilibrium between the two phases. In this study we present a numerical model which captures the effect of surfactant on the dynamics of the hydrocarbon droplets. In the preliminary results we show how the variation in concentration of surfactant affects the terminal settling velocities of Carbon tetrachloride droplets in water. The system under consideration consists of 0.02 ml (dp = 3.4 mm) CCl4droplets, containing 0. 2M of acetic acid, settling in an extraction column of internal diameter 3cm and length 70cm, containing water with surfactant TritonX-100. Numerical simulations are carried out at different concentrations of surfactant in the bulk pha...
ABSTRACT The formation of polymer slugs inside loop reactors has long been a troubling issue for ... more ABSTRACT The formation of polymer slugs inside loop reactors has long been a troubling issue for the polyolefin industry using slurry–phase process. The mechanism of solid phase segregation occurring in the slurry flow has been reported as one of the root causes of the formation of large polymer slugs. However, the mechanism of solid phase dispersion, which counters the solid phase segregation and retards slug formation, has not been fully understood yet especially from the aspect of fluid dynamics. Therefore, in this study we apply computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to provide insight details about these two competing mechanisms inside an 8–leg loop reactor of industrial scale. The simulations adopt transient Eulerian–Eulerian two fluid model incorporated with the kinetic theory of granular flow to describe the slurry flow consisting of propylene in liquid state and solid polypropylene particles. The solid particles of averaged diameter as 2.5 millimeter are found to segregate from the slurry mixture due to the centrifugal force induced by the bend geometry, forming thick particulate ropes close to the outer pipe wall. These particulate ropes are dispersed inside vertical legs by the secondary flow, which exhibits the flow structure as a single vortex on the cross sections. The competition between the segregation and dispersion mechanisms results in numerous slurry clusters of varying solid contents. While they are circulated by the axial flow pump, the loop reactor shows fluctuating profiles of solid volume fractions and liquid velocity as well as the pump pressure output with respect to time. The simulation results reveal that the variations of pump pressure output, which is equivalent to the pump power consumption, are resulted from the varying friction exerted by the slurry clusters. In addition, our simulation results suggest that operating loop reactors with small particle sizes can suppress the solid segregation mechanism as well as improve the uniformity of particle distributions, which consequently retards the formation of large slugs.
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2014
ABSTRACT In this study we have investigated the effect of surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS... more ABSTRACT In this study we have investigated the effect of surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the dynamics of a single crude oil droplet, rising in a quiescent water column. Experiments were conducted in a tank, in which an oil droplet was released into a stagnant water column through a nozzle. The droplets ranging from 0.3 to 0.85 cm were produced from three different sized nozzles. The shape adopted by the emanating droplets varied from spherical to oblate. SDS concentrations were varied from 0 to 750 ppm in water. The adsorption of surfactant reduced the interfacial tension at oil-water interface which resulted in generation of smaller sized droplets at the nozzle and caused the droplet to flatten. Consequently, the rise velocities of droplets decreased.A numerical model based on finite volume method was developed using commercial CFD package ANSYS Fluent®. The model employed volume of fluid method , suggested by Hirt and Nichols (Journal of Computational Physics 1981, 39, 201), with an interface reconstruction technique based on piecewise linear representation for tracking the oil-water interface. The influence of surface tension on the droplet dynamics was captured by including Continuum Surface force (CSF) approach suggested by Brackbill, Kothe, and Zemach (Journal of Computational Physics 1992, 100, 335). The shape and rise velocities predicted from model were in good agreement with experimental data. The results from simulations were used to analyze the wake structure and pressure distribution around the droplet. It was found that the smaller droplets which ascended in rectilinear path were associated with an axisymmetric wakes whereas larger and intermediate sized droplets in high SDS concentration wobbled as they ascended because of asymmetric wakes.
Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to study the effect of unsteady mass tra... more Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to study the effect of unsteady mass transfer on the dynamics of an organic droplet released in quiescent water. The situation is important and relevant to deep sea oil spill scenario. The droplet contains two components, one is heavier (immiscible) than water and other is lighter (miscible). When released, with an initial mixture density (890-975 kg/m 3 ) lower than that of surrounding water, droplet rises in the column. The mass transfer of lighter solute component into water causes the droplet density to increase and droplet sinks when the density exceeds that of water. A mass-transfer correlation accounting for the loss of the solute, based on Reynolds, Grashoff, and Schmidt numbers was developed. A two-dimensional axisymmetric Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model accounting for species transport was developed to emulate the experimental observations. The study also helped in identifying dominant mass-transfer mechanisms during different stages of droplet motion. V C 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 00: 000-000, 2014
International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2010
In the present study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed on single and a swarm of p... more In the present study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed on single and a swarm of particles settling under the action of gravity. The simulations have been carried out in the creeping flow range of Reynolds number from 0.01 to 1 for understanding the hindrance effect, of the other particles, on the settling velocity and drag coefficient. The DNS code
ABSTRACT Wet oxidation of aniline over a 5% Ru/SiO2 catalyst in the temperature range of 175−220 ... more ABSTRACT Wet oxidation of aniline over a 5% Ru/SiO2 catalyst in the temperature range of 175−220 °C, oxygen partial pressure range of 0.34−1.38 MPa, and catalyst loading of 0.066−1.33 kg m-3 was studied. This heterogeneous catalyst was found to be very effective in the complete degradation of aniline and also to be active in the conversion of the −NH2 group in aniline into N2 gas. The optimum temperature for the formation of more N2 gas was between 200 and 210 °C; below this temperature range, more NH4+ ions were formed, and above this range, more NO3- ions were found. The highest conversion of −NH2 to N2 was 78%. The kinetic data were modeled using the power law rate expression in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and also in terms of total organic carbon (TOC). The experimental data could be best correlated by the Langmuir−Hinshelwood type reaction model involving a single-site dissociative adsorption of O2. The addition of the free radical promoter, hydroquinone, during wet oxidation of aniline resulted in increased conversion of −NH2 to N2. On the other hand, the free radical scavenger, gallic acid, resulted in decreased conversion of −NH2 to N2.
ABSTRACT Particle image velocimetry measurements have been performed in a solid–liquid fluidized ... more ABSTRACT Particle image velocimetry measurements have been performed in a solid–liquid fluidized bed in the Reynolds number range 51–759. To do this, the refractive indexes of the solid and liquid phases were matched at approximately 1.47 using 3 mm diameter borosilicate glass beads and a solution of turpentine and tetra-hydronaphthalene. Paraffin oil was added in varying quantities to vary the dynamic viscosity between 0.0012 and 0.010 Pa s without changing the refractive index of the solution. From the PIV measurements, at sampling rates of 2 Hz, the fluctuating velocity components were found to be quite uniform in both the axial and radial directions. Moreover, the computed turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates were also found to be relatively constant throughout the bed, thus highlighting the homogenous nature of the turbulence within the system.Following from Reddy et al. (2010b), direct numerical simulations were undertaken at particle Reynolds numbers up to 200 for assemblages of 1, 9, 27, 100, 180 and 245 particles, which corresponded to a liquid volume fraction range of 0.687<∈L<0.998. The effect of surrounding particles on the settling velocity (hindrance effect) and the wake dynamics was investigated. It was found that the average settling velocity decreased with an increasing number of particles, with the quantitative results being in good agreement with the well established empirical correlation of Richardson and Zaki (1954). The local energy dissipation rate was also computed, and for a particle Reynolds number of 51, it was found to be 5.5 m2 s−3. This value was approximately 18 times the average energy dissipation rate of 0.30 m2 s−3; and compared favourably with the 0.36 m2 s−3obtained by a volume-averaged energy balance of the experimental system.
... velocity, V S∞ is the terminal settling velocity of particle, epsilon (Porson) L is the volum... more ... velocity, V S∞ is the terminal settling velocity of particle, epsilon (Porson) L is the volume fraction of fluid and 'n' is an empirical parameter and can be estimated using the procedure of Richardson and Zaki (1954). ... Asif (1998) extended the serial model proposed by Epstein et al. ...
In the present paper, numerical simulations of the wake generated by a freely falling sphere, und... more In the present paper, numerical simulations of the wake generated by a freely falling sphere, under the action of gravity, are performed. Simulations have been carried out in the range of Reynolds numbers from 1 to 210 for understanding the formation, growth and breakup of the axisymmetric wake. The in-house code used is based on a non-Lagrange multiplier fictitious-domain method, which has been developed and validated by . The onset of instability in the wake and its growth along with the dynamic behavior of a settling sphere is examined at Reynolds number (Re) of 210. It is found that at the onset of instability the sphere starts to rotate and gives rise to a lift force due to the break of the axisymmetry in the wake which in turns triggers a lateral migration of the sphere. The lift coefficient of a freely falling sphere is 1.8 times that of a fixed sphere at a given sphere density of 4000 kg m À 3 and sphere to fluid density ratio of 4. This is attributed to the Robin's force which arises due to the rotation of the sphere. At this Reynolds number (Re= 210) a double threaded wake is observed, which resembles the experimental observations of .
ABSTRACT Liquid phase residence time distribution (RTD) studies have been performed in convention... more ABSTRACT Liquid phase residence time distribution (RTD) studies have been performed in conventional solid–liquid fluidized bed (SLFB) and solid–liquid circulating multistage fluidized bed (SLCMFB). The riser column was made up of 50 mm i.d. and 2 m long glass pipe while the multistage down comer column (glass) consisted of seven stages of 100 mm i.d. and 100 mm long sections each having perforated plate as a distributor (having 480 holes of 2 mm diameter). RTD experiments for SLFB were carried out in the column having the same diameter as the downcomer of SLCMFB. RTD has been estimated for both the riser column and the multistage column of SLCMFB. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of SLFB and riser section of SLCMFB have been performed to predict the RTD. In all the above cases good agreement was found between the CFD predictions and the experimental measurements. Ion exchange resins and glass beads were used as a solid phase and water as a fluidizing medium. The dispersion characteristics of SLFB and SLCMFB have been investigated for resin particles with size range of 0.36–0.72 mm and glass beads with size range of 0.1–0.7 mm. It was observed that the liquid phase axial dispersion coefficient depends strongly on superficial liquid velocity, particle size and particle density. Based on the experimental data, empirical correlations have been proposed for liquid phase axial dispersion coefficient and have been found to be applicable to all the available data in the published literature.
Experimental isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the binary system of water + triethylene ... more Experimental isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the binary system of water + triethylene glycol
were obtained at sub-atmospheric pressures of 53.33, 66.66, 79.99 kPa and local atmospheric pressure
of 95.99 kPa over the entire composition range using a modified Sweitoslawsky-type ebulliometer. The
experimental data was correlated using Wilson and NRTL models. Wilson model was found to better represent the calculation results. The measured densities and refractive indices over the entire composition
range of water + triethylene glycol are reported from 293.15 to 313.15 K at local atmospheric pressure
of 95.99 kPa. Excess molar volume, partial molar volume and deviations in molar refractivity were evaluated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. Excess molar volumes were found to be negative at all
temperatures and the deviation from ideality decreased with increase in temperature. Different mixing
rules were also investigated for predicting the refractive indices of the binary mixture and are reported
in terms of their average percentage deviation.
Multiphase slug flows offers unique environment for chemical synthesis at micron scale. The dispe... more Multiphase slug flows offers unique environment for chemical synthesis at micron scale. The dispersed phase provides controlled environment for chemical reactions with minimal contamination and dispersion effects while intensifying mass transfer due to internal circulations. The influence of parameters such as flow rate, viscosity and geometry on mixing inside the dispersed phase has not been extensively studied and is not well understood. In this work, we study mixing inside dispersed phase in a T junction microfluidic device through extensive 3D numerical simulations. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is used to study the hydrodynamics of water drop / slug formation in perfluorodecaline (PFD). The numerical model is validated with the previous experimental measurements [Tice, J.D. et al., Langmuir 2003, 19, 9127 - 9133] and found to be in good agreement. We analyze the effect of flow conditions, channel geometry and various other process parameters (fluid properties and composition...
Chemical dispersants are widely used to counter the adverse effects of oil spills on the environm... more Chemical dispersants are widely used to counter the adverse effects of oil spills on the environment. Surfactants are the active ingredients in dispersants which cause reduction in interfacial tension resulting in the production of smaller oil droplets. Surfactant distributes between the bulk phase (water) and the interface to achieve equilibrium between the two phases. In this study we present a numerical model which captures the effect of surfactant on the dynamics of the hydrocarbon droplets. In the preliminary results we show how the variation in concentration of surfactant affects the terminal settling velocities of Carbon tetrachloride droplets in water. The system under consideration consists of 0.02 ml (dp = 3.4 mm) CCl4droplets, containing 0. 2M of acetic acid, settling in an extraction column of internal diameter 3cm and length 70cm, containing water with surfactant TritonX-100. Numerical simulations are carried out at different concentrations of surfactant in the bulk pha...
ABSTRACT The formation of polymer slugs inside loop reactors has long been a troubling issue for ... more ABSTRACT The formation of polymer slugs inside loop reactors has long been a troubling issue for the polyolefin industry using slurry–phase process. The mechanism of solid phase segregation occurring in the slurry flow has been reported as one of the root causes of the formation of large polymer slugs. However, the mechanism of solid phase dispersion, which counters the solid phase segregation and retards slug formation, has not been fully understood yet especially from the aspect of fluid dynamics. Therefore, in this study we apply computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations to provide insight details about these two competing mechanisms inside an 8–leg loop reactor of industrial scale. The simulations adopt transient Eulerian–Eulerian two fluid model incorporated with the kinetic theory of granular flow to describe the slurry flow consisting of propylene in liquid state and solid polypropylene particles. The solid particles of averaged diameter as 2.5 millimeter are found to segregate from the slurry mixture due to the centrifugal force induced by the bend geometry, forming thick particulate ropes close to the outer pipe wall. These particulate ropes are dispersed inside vertical legs by the secondary flow, which exhibits the flow structure as a single vortex on the cross sections. The competition between the segregation and dispersion mechanisms results in numerous slurry clusters of varying solid contents. While they are circulated by the axial flow pump, the loop reactor shows fluctuating profiles of solid volume fractions and liquid velocity as well as the pump pressure output with respect to time. The simulation results reveal that the variations of pump pressure output, which is equivalent to the pump power consumption, are resulted from the varying friction exerted by the slurry clusters. In addition, our simulation results suggest that operating loop reactors with small particle sizes can suppress the solid segregation mechanism as well as improve the uniformity of particle distributions, which consequently retards the formation of large slugs.
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2014
ABSTRACT In this study we have investigated the effect of surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS... more ABSTRACT In this study we have investigated the effect of surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), on the dynamics of a single crude oil droplet, rising in a quiescent water column. Experiments were conducted in a tank, in which an oil droplet was released into a stagnant water column through a nozzle. The droplets ranging from 0.3 to 0.85 cm were produced from three different sized nozzles. The shape adopted by the emanating droplets varied from spherical to oblate. SDS concentrations were varied from 0 to 750 ppm in water. The adsorption of surfactant reduced the interfacial tension at oil-water interface which resulted in generation of smaller sized droplets at the nozzle and caused the droplet to flatten. Consequently, the rise velocities of droplets decreased.A numerical model based on finite volume method was developed using commercial CFD package ANSYS Fluent®. The model employed volume of fluid method , suggested by Hirt and Nichols (Journal of Computational Physics 1981, 39, 201), with an interface reconstruction technique based on piecewise linear representation for tracking the oil-water interface. The influence of surface tension on the droplet dynamics was captured by including Continuum Surface force (CSF) approach suggested by Brackbill, Kothe, and Zemach (Journal of Computational Physics 1992, 100, 335). The shape and rise velocities predicted from model were in good agreement with experimental data. The results from simulations were used to analyze the wake structure and pressure distribution around the droplet. It was found that the smaller droplets which ascended in rectilinear path were associated with an axisymmetric wakes whereas larger and intermediate sized droplets in high SDS concentration wobbled as they ascended because of asymmetric wakes.
Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to study the effect of unsteady mass tra... more Experimental and numerical investigations were conducted to study the effect of unsteady mass transfer on the dynamics of an organic droplet released in quiescent water. The situation is important and relevant to deep sea oil spill scenario. The droplet contains two components, one is heavier (immiscible) than water and other is lighter (miscible). When released, with an initial mixture density (890-975 kg/m 3 ) lower than that of surrounding water, droplet rises in the column. The mass transfer of lighter solute component into water causes the droplet density to increase and droplet sinks when the density exceeds that of water. A mass-transfer correlation accounting for the loss of the solute, based on Reynolds, Grashoff, and Schmidt numbers was developed. A two-dimensional axisymmetric Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model accounting for species transport was developed to emulate the experimental observations. The study also helped in identifying dominant mass-transfer mechanisms during different stages of droplet motion. V C 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 00: 000-000, 2014
International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 2010
In the present study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed on single and a swarm of p... more In the present study, direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed on single and a swarm of particles settling under the action of gravity. The simulations have been carried out in the creeping flow range of Reynolds number from 0.01 to 1 for understanding the hindrance effect, of the other particles, on the settling velocity and drag coefficient. The DNS code
ABSTRACT Wet oxidation of aniline over a 5% Ru/SiO2 catalyst in the temperature range of 175−220 ... more ABSTRACT Wet oxidation of aniline over a 5% Ru/SiO2 catalyst in the temperature range of 175−220 °C, oxygen partial pressure range of 0.34−1.38 MPa, and catalyst loading of 0.066−1.33 kg m-3 was studied. This heterogeneous catalyst was found to be very effective in the complete degradation of aniline and also to be active in the conversion of the −NH2 group in aniline into N2 gas. The optimum temperature for the formation of more N2 gas was between 200 and 210 °C; below this temperature range, more NH4+ ions were formed, and above this range, more NO3- ions were found. The highest conversion of −NH2 to N2 was 78%. The kinetic data were modeled using the power law rate expression in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and also in terms of total organic carbon (TOC). The experimental data could be best correlated by the Langmuir−Hinshelwood type reaction model involving a single-site dissociative adsorption of O2. The addition of the free radical promoter, hydroquinone, during wet oxidation of aniline resulted in increased conversion of −NH2 to N2. On the other hand, the free radical scavenger, gallic acid, resulted in decreased conversion of −NH2 to N2.
ABSTRACT Particle image velocimetry measurements have been performed in a solid–liquid fluidized ... more ABSTRACT Particle image velocimetry measurements have been performed in a solid–liquid fluidized bed in the Reynolds number range 51–759. To do this, the refractive indexes of the solid and liquid phases were matched at approximately 1.47 using 3 mm diameter borosilicate glass beads and a solution of turpentine and tetra-hydronaphthalene. Paraffin oil was added in varying quantities to vary the dynamic viscosity between 0.0012 and 0.010 Pa s without changing the refractive index of the solution. From the PIV measurements, at sampling rates of 2 Hz, the fluctuating velocity components were found to be quite uniform in both the axial and radial directions. Moreover, the computed turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates were also found to be relatively constant throughout the bed, thus highlighting the homogenous nature of the turbulence within the system.Following from Reddy et al. (2010b), direct numerical simulations were undertaken at particle Reynolds numbers up to 200 for assemblages of 1, 9, 27, 100, 180 and 245 particles, which corresponded to a liquid volume fraction range of 0.687<∈L<0.998. The effect of surrounding particles on the settling velocity (hindrance effect) and the wake dynamics was investigated. It was found that the average settling velocity decreased with an increasing number of particles, with the quantitative results being in good agreement with the well established empirical correlation of Richardson and Zaki (1954). The local energy dissipation rate was also computed, and for a particle Reynolds number of 51, it was found to be 5.5 m2 s−3. This value was approximately 18 times the average energy dissipation rate of 0.30 m2 s−3; and compared favourably with the 0.36 m2 s−3obtained by a volume-averaged energy balance of the experimental system.
... velocity, V S∞ is the terminal settling velocity of particle, epsilon (Porson) L is the volum... more ... velocity, V S∞ is the terminal settling velocity of particle, epsilon (Porson) L is the volume fraction of fluid and 'n' is an empirical parameter and can be estimated using the procedure of Richardson and Zaki (1954). ... Asif (1998) extended the serial model proposed by Epstein et al. ...
In the present paper, numerical simulations of the wake generated by a freely falling sphere, und... more In the present paper, numerical simulations of the wake generated by a freely falling sphere, under the action of gravity, are performed. Simulations have been carried out in the range of Reynolds numbers from 1 to 210 for understanding the formation, growth and breakup of the axisymmetric wake. The in-house code used is based on a non-Lagrange multiplier fictitious-domain method, which has been developed and validated by . The onset of instability in the wake and its growth along with the dynamic behavior of a settling sphere is examined at Reynolds number (Re) of 210. It is found that at the onset of instability the sphere starts to rotate and gives rise to a lift force due to the break of the axisymmetry in the wake which in turns triggers a lateral migration of the sphere. The lift coefficient of a freely falling sphere is 1.8 times that of a fixed sphere at a given sphere density of 4000 kg m À 3 and sphere to fluid density ratio of 4. This is attributed to the Robin's force which arises due to the rotation of the sphere. At this Reynolds number (Re= 210) a double threaded wake is observed, which resembles the experimental observations of .
ABSTRACT Liquid phase residence time distribution (RTD) studies have been performed in convention... more ABSTRACT Liquid phase residence time distribution (RTD) studies have been performed in conventional solid–liquid fluidized bed (SLFB) and solid–liquid circulating multistage fluidized bed (SLCMFB). The riser column was made up of 50 mm i.d. and 2 m long glass pipe while the multistage down comer column (glass) consisted of seven stages of 100 mm i.d. and 100 mm long sections each having perforated plate as a distributor (having 480 holes of 2 mm diameter). RTD experiments for SLFB were carried out in the column having the same diameter as the downcomer of SLCMFB. RTD has been estimated for both the riser column and the multistage column of SLCMFB. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of SLFB and riser section of SLCMFB have been performed to predict the RTD. In all the above cases good agreement was found between the CFD predictions and the experimental measurements. Ion exchange resins and glass beads were used as a solid phase and water as a fluidizing medium. The dispersion characteristics of SLFB and SLCMFB have been investigated for resin particles with size range of 0.36–0.72 mm and glass beads with size range of 0.1–0.7 mm. It was observed that the liquid phase axial dispersion coefficient depends strongly on superficial liquid velocity, particle size and particle density. Based on the experimental data, empirical correlations have been proposed for liquid phase axial dispersion coefficient and have been found to be applicable to all the available data in the published literature.
Experimental isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the binary system of water + triethylene ... more Experimental isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the binary system of water + triethylene glycol
were obtained at sub-atmospheric pressures of 53.33, 66.66, 79.99 kPa and local atmospheric pressure
of 95.99 kPa over the entire composition range using a modified Sweitoslawsky-type ebulliometer. The
experimental data was correlated using Wilson and NRTL models. Wilson model was found to better represent the calculation results. The measured densities and refractive indices over the entire composition
range of water + triethylene glycol are reported from 293.15 to 313.15 K at local atmospheric pressure
of 95.99 kPa. Excess molar volume, partial molar volume and deviations in molar refractivity were evaluated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. Excess molar volumes were found to be negative at all
temperatures and the deviation from ideality decreased with increase in temperature. Different mixing
rules were also investigated for predicting the refractive indices of the binary mixture and are reported
in terms of their average percentage deviation.
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Papers by Rupesh Reddy
were obtained at sub-atmospheric pressures of 53.33, 66.66, 79.99 kPa and local atmospheric pressure
of 95.99 kPa over the entire composition range using a modified Sweitoslawsky-type ebulliometer. The
experimental data was correlated using Wilson and NRTL models. Wilson model was found to better represent the calculation results. The measured densities and refractive indices over the entire composition
range of water + triethylene glycol are reported from 293.15 to 313.15 K at local atmospheric pressure
of 95.99 kPa. Excess molar volume, partial molar volume and deviations in molar refractivity were evaluated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. Excess molar volumes were found to be negative at all
temperatures and the deviation from ideality decreased with increase in temperature. Different mixing
rules were also investigated for predicting the refractive indices of the binary mixture and are reported
in terms of their average percentage deviation.
were obtained at sub-atmospheric pressures of 53.33, 66.66, 79.99 kPa and local atmospheric pressure
of 95.99 kPa over the entire composition range using a modified Sweitoslawsky-type ebulliometer. The
experimental data was correlated using Wilson and NRTL models. Wilson model was found to better represent the calculation results. The measured densities and refractive indices over the entire composition
range of water + triethylene glycol are reported from 293.15 to 313.15 K at local atmospheric pressure
of 95.99 kPa. Excess molar volume, partial molar volume and deviations in molar refractivity were evaluated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. Excess molar volumes were found to be negative at all
temperatures and the deviation from ideality decreased with increase in temperature. Different mixing
rules were also investigated for predicting the refractive indices of the binary mixture and are reported
in terms of their average percentage deviation.