Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, May 14, 2019
Introduction: Military design thinking, goal-management and operations planning A previous issue ... more Introduction: Military design thinking, goal-management and operations planning A previous issue of the Journal of Military and Strategic Studies (JMSS, 2017), named Reflexive Military Practitioners: Design Thinking and Beyond, describes the first "collective publication" of an alternative approach to military operations planning called Military Design Thinking. 3 A reason for developing Design relates to lessons
Abstract Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations plan... more Abstract Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations planning directive (COPD), and parts of the operation-level planning process should be revised since they suffer from methodological inconsistency. This claim is defended by discussing contradicting methodological properties and heuristics applied when framing and managing a military problem in accordance with the COPD. The methodological inconsistency within the COPD; in other words, simultaneously applying contradictory methodological properties, implies one theoretical and three practical implications. The theoretical implication is summarised in a meta-theoretical framework and explained by discussing five methodological properties: non-linearity, emergence, independently changeable generalisations, invariance and boundaries. The three practical implications of methodology imply that methodology is guiding: the problem-frame, conceptual development and action. To improve military planners’ understanding and management of these four identified implications, NATO is recommended to develop a “handbook of methodology.” The purpose of such a handbook should be to emphasise the utility of methodology when planning military operations.
The scope of this report has been to assess the fire safety, with focus on evacuation, of levels ... more The scope of this report has been to assess the fire safety, with focus on evacuation, of levels four and five of Arkaden in Malmö. The levels contain offices with a parking garage. An evaluation of the fire safety concerning fire development, smoke layer height and evacuation times has been performed. Different fire scenarios were studied and simulated in CFAST and FDS to estimate the time to critical conditions. The evacuation times were simulated with Simulex and compared with values from CFAST. The main conclusion of this report is that people are evacuated before critical conditions occur. Följande rapport är framtagen i undervisningen. Det huvudsakliga syftet har varit träning i problemlösning och metodik. Rapportens slutsatser och beräkningsresultat har inte kvalitetsgranskats i den omfattning som krävs för kvalitetssäkring. Rapporten måste därför användas med stor försiktighet. Den som åberopar resultaten från rapporten i något sammanhang bär själv ansvaret.
Many decision-making situations today affect the safety of individuals and the environment,for in... more Many decision-making situations today affect the safety of individuals and the environment,for instance hazardous waste management. In practice, many of these decisions are madewithout an overall view and with the focus on either the environment or safety. Now and then the areas of regulation are in conflict, i.e. the best alternative according to environmental considerations is not always the safest way and vice versa.A tool for taking an overall view within the areas of safety and environment would simplify matters and provide authorities and industry with a better basis for their work. This thesis forms part of a project which aims to develop a framework tool giving this overall view and supporting decision-making in which the issues (areas) of environment, safety, ethics and costs are all integrated. By developing a framework tool, different areas of interest could be taken into consideration more easily when a decision is to be made and could also help develop legislation and policy locally (at an industry or company), nationally and internationally. The project also aims to provide knowledge about different destruction/decommission methods, their good and bad points and their consequences, in order to provide different actors with a better basis for decision-making. This thesis focuses on development of the framework. The scope of the studies was restricted to environment, ethics and personnel safety due to the extent of the work and time limitations. In the next part of the project, the areas of costs and evaluation will be studied and a first draft of the framework tool will be presented. In order to develop the framework tool, two case studies were carried out here: an environmental analysis involving a life cycle assessment and an ethical analysis. With the help of these analyses, three different methods of destruction of ammunition were compared: Open detonation, modelled both with and without recovery and recycling of metals; incineration in a static kiln with air pollution control combined with recycling of metals, modelled with two different levels of air emissions; and a combination of incineration with air pollution control, open burning, recovery of some energetic material and recycling of metals, giving a total of five options. Every method of destruction of energetic material, i.e. explosive waste or ammunition, results in environmental impacts in both the short and long term. These environmental impacts have direct or indirect impacts on safety, quality of life, the economy, etc., now and in the future, locally and globally. Life cycle assessment revealed two factors of importance for reducing the environmental impacts: Recycling the metals and air pollution control. As a consequence of controlling these potential negative environmental impacts, safety problems might also be controlled. Ethical analysis revealed that future generations and people in foreign countries will be affected by the destruction of ammunition. When choosing a method for destruction of ammunition, this group (the general public) should thus be given special attention.
RISKERA-a part of systematic risk management in a municipality? Varför RISKERA-en del av det komm... more RISKERA-a part of systematic risk management in a municipality? Varför RISKERA-en del av det kommunala systematiska säkerhetsarbetet?
U.S. doctrines have introduced a third approach within Operational art, called the design approac... more U.S. doctrines have introduced a third approach within Operational art, called the design approach, which have evoked military professional and academic debate as well as influenced NATO doctrines. Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational-level Planning (AJP 5) states that a Force Commander should choose one out of three approaches when performing Operational art and conducting operational planning: a traditional (causalist), a systemic or a design approach. The difference between the causalist and the systemic approach concerns the clash between reductionism and holism, but difference between the design and the systemic approach is methodologically vague. Hence the following question concerning methodology and Operational art arises: What methodological implications could constitute an argument for choosing the design approach when performing Operational art within a battlespace? Neither NATO doctrine, planning framework nor previous research offer any explicit methodological argument for choosing, or preferring, the design over the systemic approach. This article concludes that one possible argument for preferring a design approach is adherence to value-focused thinking, but this requires that the Force Commander can and is willing to focus on stakeholders' values within the battlespace. This conclusion is implied by two methodological implications identified and discussed in this article. If the design approach is to be a relevant option, then further conceptual development, experimentation and education is required. To conclude, NATO should review the description of their approaches within Operational art since the argument for preferring one approach over another is lacking and this could hamper the Force Commander's management of the battlespace.
This thesis discusses military operations planning and methodology by reviewing two of NATO's pla... more This thesis discusses military operations planning and methodology by reviewing two of NATO's planning documents, i.e. the 'Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational-Level Planning' (AJP 5) and the 'Comprehensive Operations Planning Directive' (COPD), and defends the following claim. The revision should focus on the planning heuristics contributing to the methodological contradiction and NATO should consider the following suggestion. NATO should develop a "handbook of methodology" to better explain and describe the methodological challenge of conducting military operations planning and hence further describe important parts of the "how to" of military problem-solving as well as the military decision-making process.
U.S. doctrines have introduced a third approach within Operational Art, called the design approac... more U.S. doctrines have introduced a third approach within Operational Art, called the design approach, which has evoked military professional and academic debate as well as influenced NATO doctrines. ...
Abstract Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations plan... more Abstract Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations planning directive (COPD), and parts of the operation-level planning process should be revised since they suffer from methodological inconsistency. This claim is defended by discussing contradicting methodological properties and heuristics applied when framing and managing a military problem in accordance with the COPD. The methodological inconsistency within the COPD; in other words, simultaneously applying contradictory methodological properties, implies one theoretical and three practical implications. The theoretical implication is summarised in a meta-theoretical framework and explained by discussing five methodological properties: non-linearity, emergence, independently changeable generalisations, invariance and boundaries. The three practical implications of methodology imply that methodology is guiding: the problem-frame, conceptual development and action. To improve military planners’ understanding and management of these four identified implications, NATO is recommended to develop a “handbook of methodology.” The purpose of such a handbook should be to emphasise the utility of methodology when planning military operations.
Many decision-making situations today affect the safety of individuals and the environment,for in... more Many decision-making situations today affect the safety of individuals and the environment,for instance hazardous waste management. In practice, many of these decisions are madewithout an overall view and with the focus on either the environment or safety. Now and then the areas of regulation are in conflict, i.e. the best alternative according to environmental considerations is not always the safest way and vice versa.A tool for taking an overall view within the areas of safety and environment would simplify matters and provide authorities and industry with a better basis for their work. This thesis forms part of a project which aims to develop a framework tool giving this overall view and supporting decision-making in which the issues (areas) of environment, safety, ethics and costs are all integrated. By developing a framework tool, different areas of interest could be taken into consideration more easily when a decision is to be made and could also help develop legislation and policy locally (at an industry or company), nationally and internationally. The project also aims to provide knowledge about different destruction/decommission methods, their good and bad points and their consequences, in order to provide different actors with a better basis for decision-making. This thesis focuses on development of the framework. The scope of the studies was restricted to environment, ethics and personnel safety due to the extent of the work and time limitations. In the next part of the project, the areas of costs and evaluation will be studied and a first draft of the framework tool will be presented. In order to develop the framework tool, two case studies were carried out here: an environmental analysis involving a life cycle assessment and an ethical analysis. With the help of these analyses, three different methods of destruction of ammunition were compared: Open detonation, modelled both with and without recovery and recycling of metals; incineration in a static kiln with air pollution control combined with recycling of metals, modelled with two different levels of air emissions; and a combination of incineration with air pollution control, open burning, recovery of some energetic material and recycling of metals, giving a total of five options. Every method of destruction of energetic material, i.e. explosive waste or ammunition, results in environmental impacts in both the short and long term. These environmental impacts have direct or indirect impacts on safety, quality of life, the economy, etc., now and in the future, locally and globally. Life cycle assessment revealed two factors of importance for reducing the environmental impacts: Recycling the metals and air pollution control. As a consequence of controlling these potential negative environmental impacts, safety problems might also be controlled. Ethical analysis revealed that future generations and people in foreign countries will be affected by the destruction of ammunition. When choosing a method for destruction of ammunition, this group (the general public) should thus be given special attention.
The scope of this report has been to assess the fire safety, with focus on evacuation, of levels ... more The scope of this report has been to assess the fire safety, with focus on evacuation, of levels four and five of Arkaden in Malmö. The levels contain offices with a parking garage. An evaluation of the fire safety concerning fire development, smoke layer height and evacuation times has been performed. Different fire scenarios were studied and simulated in CFAST and FDS to estimate the time to critical conditions. The evacuation times were simulated with Simulex and compared with values from CFAST. The main conclusion of this report is that people are evacuated before critical conditions occur. Följande rapport är framtagen i undervisningen. Det huvudsakliga syftet har varit träning i problemlösning och metodik. Rapportens slutsatser och beräkningsresultat har inte kvalitetsgranskats i den omfattning som krävs för kvalitetssäkring. Rapporten måste därför användas med stor försiktighet. Den som åberopar resultaten från rapporten i något sammanhang bär själv ansvaret.
This thesis discusses military operations planning and methodology by reviewing two of NATO’s pla... more This thesis discusses military operations planning and methodology by reviewing two of NATO’s planning documents, i.e. the ‘Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational-Level Planning’ (AJP 5) and the ‘Comprehensive Operations Planning Directive’ (COPD), and defends the following claim.Parts of the description of NATO’s Operational-Level Planning Process (OLPP), as described in the AJP 5 and the COPD, is methodologically inconsistent (contradictory), due to epistemic and practical implications of methodology.As such, the thesis discusses three topics: approaches to Operational Art, planning heuristics and implications of methodology. The thesis also intertwines military operations planning, methodology and military problem-solving.This thesis consists of two published papers and an introduction. The introduction explains and further discusses operations planning as well as terms and concepts stated within the two papers.Paper I focuses on the AJP 5 and discusses the methodological distinct...
This paper discusses and reviews some previous research concerning what we denote as ‘goal-manage... more This paper discusses and reviews some previous research concerning what we denote as ‘goal-management’, in other words how to set, apply and evaluate goals when conducting military operations planning. We aim to explain and answer the following question:In what way could a review of previous philosophical thoughts on goal-management, decision theory and ethics improve contemporary military operations planning concerning goal-management?We suggest a guideline (a planning tool) for how to conduct goal-management when planning military operations and exemplify our guideline with two fictive examples concerning the development of an Operational advice and Appreciation of Rules of Engagement. The paper concludes that the application of decision theory and ethics, i.e. important parts of philosophy, can contribute to military operations planning by focusing on three perspectives: an axiomatic, an ethical and a deliberative perspective.
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
The current debate on intelligence ethics is internally inconsistent and suffers from at least th... more The current debate on intelligence ethics is internally inconsistent and suffers from at least three problematic issues. First, there is no academic consensus regarding the definition of intelligence-for instance, on whether covert operations should be included in the description of intelligence, which is Robert Frisk (n e Erdeniz) is a Ph.D. candidate in philosophy at the Royal Institute of Technology as well as at The Swedish Defense University in Stockholm, Sweden. His research combines aspects of decision theory and philosophy of science on military operations planning and intelligence. Frisk
Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, May 14, 2019
Introduction: Military design thinking, goal-management and operations planning A previous issue ... more Introduction: Military design thinking, goal-management and operations planning A previous issue of the Journal of Military and Strategic Studies (JMSS, 2017), named Reflexive Military Practitioners: Design Thinking and Beyond, describes the first "collective publication" of an alternative approach to military operations planning called Military Design Thinking. 3 A reason for developing Design relates to lessons
Abstract Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations plan... more Abstract Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations planning directive (COPD), and parts of the operation-level planning process should be revised since they suffer from methodological inconsistency. This claim is defended by discussing contradicting methodological properties and heuristics applied when framing and managing a military problem in accordance with the COPD. The methodological inconsistency within the COPD; in other words, simultaneously applying contradictory methodological properties, implies one theoretical and three practical implications. The theoretical implication is summarised in a meta-theoretical framework and explained by discussing five methodological properties: non-linearity, emergence, independently changeable generalisations, invariance and boundaries. The three practical implications of methodology imply that methodology is guiding: the problem-frame, conceptual development and action. To improve military planners’ understanding and management of these four identified implications, NATO is recommended to develop a “handbook of methodology.” The purpose of such a handbook should be to emphasise the utility of methodology when planning military operations.
The scope of this report has been to assess the fire safety, with focus on evacuation, of levels ... more The scope of this report has been to assess the fire safety, with focus on evacuation, of levels four and five of Arkaden in Malmö. The levels contain offices with a parking garage. An evaluation of the fire safety concerning fire development, smoke layer height and evacuation times has been performed. Different fire scenarios were studied and simulated in CFAST and FDS to estimate the time to critical conditions. The evacuation times were simulated with Simulex and compared with values from CFAST. The main conclusion of this report is that people are evacuated before critical conditions occur. Följande rapport är framtagen i undervisningen. Det huvudsakliga syftet har varit träning i problemlösning och metodik. Rapportens slutsatser och beräkningsresultat har inte kvalitetsgranskats i den omfattning som krävs för kvalitetssäkring. Rapporten måste därför användas med stor försiktighet. Den som åberopar resultaten från rapporten i något sammanhang bär själv ansvaret.
Many decision-making situations today affect the safety of individuals and the environment,for in... more Many decision-making situations today affect the safety of individuals and the environment,for instance hazardous waste management. In practice, many of these decisions are madewithout an overall view and with the focus on either the environment or safety. Now and then the areas of regulation are in conflict, i.e. the best alternative according to environmental considerations is not always the safest way and vice versa.A tool for taking an overall view within the areas of safety and environment would simplify matters and provide authorities and industry with a better basis for their work. This thesis forms part of a project which aims to develop a framework tool giving this overall view and supporting decision-making in which the issues (areas) of environment, safety, ethics and costs are all integrated. By developing a framework tool, different areas of interest could be taken into consideration more easily when a decision is to be made and could also help develop legislation and policy locally (at an industry or company), nationally and internationally. The project also aims to provide knowledge about different destruction/decommission methods, their good and bad points and their consequences, in order to provide different actors with a better basis for decision-making. This thesis focuses on development of the framework. The scope of the studies was restricted to environment, ethics and personnel safety due to the extent of the work and time limitations. In the next part of the project, the areas of costs and evaluation will be studied and a first draft of the framework tool will be presented. In order to develop the framework tool, two case studies were carried out here: an environmental analysis involving a life cycle assessment and an ethical analysis. With the help of these analyses, three different methods of destruction of ammunition were compared: Open detonation, modelled both with and without recovery and recycling of metals; incineration in a static kiln with air pollution control combined with recycling of metals, modelled with two different levels of air emissions; and a combination of incineration with air pollution control, open burning, recovery of some energetic material and recycling of metals, giving a total of five options. Every method of destruction of energetic material, i.e. explosive waste or ammunition, results in environmental impacts in both the short and long term. These environmental impacts have direct or indirect impacts on safety, quality of life, the economy, etc., now and in the future, locally and globally. Life cycle assessment revealed two factors of importance for reducing the environmental impacts: Recycling the metals and air pollution control. As a consequence of controlling these potential negative environmental impacts, safety problems might also be controlled. Ethical analysis revealed that future generations and people in foreign countries will be affected by the destruction of ammunition. When choosing a method for destruction of ammunition, this group (the general public) should thus be given special attention.
RISKERA-a part of systematic risk management in a municipality? Varför RISKERA-en del av det komm... more RISKERA-a part of systematic risk management in a municipality? Varför RISKERA-en del av det kommunala systematiska säkerhetsarbetet?
U.S. doctrines have introduced a third approach within Operational art, called the design approac... more U.S. doctrines have introduced a third approach within Operational art, called the design approach, which have evoked military professional and academic debate as well as influenced NATO doctrines. Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational-level Planning (AJP 5) states that a Force Commander should choose one out of three approaches when performing Operational art and conducting operational planning: a traditional (causalist), a systemic or a design approach. The difference between the causalist and the systemic approach concerns the clash between reductionism and holism, but difference between the design and the systemic approach is methodologically vague. Hence the following question concerning methodology and Operational art arises: What methodological implications could constitute an argument for choosing the design approach when performing Operational art within a battlespace? Neither NATO doctrine, planning framework nor previous research offer any explicit methodological argument for choosing, or preferring, the design over the systemic approach. This article concludes that one possible argument for preferring a design approach is adherence to value-focused thinking, but this requires that the Force Commander can and is willing to focus on stakeholders' values within the battlespace. This conclusion is implied by two methodological implications identified and discussed in this article. If the design approach is to be a relevant option, then further conceptual development, experimentation and education is required. To conclude, NATO should review the description of their approaches within Operational art since the argument for preferring one approach over another is lacking and this could hamper the Force Commander's management of the battlespace.
This thesis discusses military operations planning and methodology by reviewing two of NATO's pla... more This thesis discusses military operations planning and methodology by reviewing two of NATO's planning documents, i.e. the 'Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational-Level Planning' (AJP 5) and the 'Comprehensive Operations Planning Directive' (COPD), and defends the following claim. The revision should focus on the planning heuristics contributing to the methodological contradiction and NATO should consider the following suggestion. NATO should develop a "handbook of methodology" to better explain and describe the methodological challenge of conducting military operations planning and hence further describe important parts of the "how to" of military problem-solving as well as the military decision-making process.
U.S. doctrines have introduced a third approach within Operational Art, called the design approac... more U.S. doctrines have introduced a third approach within Operational Art, called the design approach, which has evoked military professional and academic debate as well as influenced NATO doctrines. ...
Abstract Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations plan... more Abstract Parts of NATO’s contemporary planning framework called the comprehensive operations planning directive (COPD), and parts of the operation-level planning process should be revised since they suffer from methodological inconsistency. This claim is defended by discussing contradicting methodological properties and heuristics applied when framing and managing a military problem in accordance with the COPD. The methodological inconsistency within the COPD; in other words, simultaneously applying contradictory methodological properties, implies one theoretical and three practical implications. The theoretical implication is summarised in a meta-theoretical framework and explained by discussing five methodological properties: non-linearity, emergence, independently changeable generalisations, invariance and boundaries. The three practical implications of methodology imply that methodology is guiding: the problem-frame, conceptual development and action. To improve military planners’ understanding and management of these four identified implications, NATO is recommended to develop a “handbook of methodology.” The purpose of such a handbook should be to emphasise the utility of methodology when planning military operations.
Many decision-making situations today affect the safety of individuals and the environment,for in... more Many decision-making situations today affect the safety of individuals and the environment,for instance hazardous waste management. In practice, many of these decisions are madewithout an overall view and with the focus on either the environment or safety. Now and then the areas of regulation are in conflict, i.e. the best alternative according to environmental considerations is not always the safest way and vice versa.A tool for taking an overall view within the areas of safety and environment would simplify matters and provide authorities and industry with a better basis for their work. This thesis forms part of a project which aims to develop a framework tool giving this overall view and supporting decision-making in which the issues (areas) of environment, safety, ethics and costs are all integrated. By developing a framework tool, different areas of interest could be taken into consideration more easily when a decision is to be made and could also help develop legislation and policy locally (at an industry or company), nationally and internationally. The project also aims to provide knowledge about different destruction/decommission methods, their good and bad points and their consequences, in order to provide different actors with a better basis for decision-making. This thesis focuses on development of the framework. The scope of the studies was restricted to environment, ethics and personnel safety due to the extent of the work and time limitations. In the next part of the project, the areas of costs and evaluation will be studied and a first draft of the framework tool will be presented. In order to develop the framework tool, two case studies were carried out here: an environmental analysis involving a life cycle assessment and an ethical analysis. With the help of these analyses, three different methods of destruction of ammunition were compared: Open detonation, modelled both with and without recovery and recycling of metals; incineration in a static kiln with air pollution control combined with recycling of metals, modelled with two different levels of air emissions; and a combination of incineration with air pollution control, open burning, recovery of some energetic material and recycling of metals, giving a total of five options. Every method of destruction of energetic material, i.e. explosive waste or ammunition, results in environmental impacts in both the short and long term. These environmental impacts have direct or indirect impacts on safety, quality of life, the economy, etc., now and in the future, locally and globally. Life cycle assessment revealed two factors of importance for reducing the environmental impacts: Recycling the metals and air pollution control. As a consequence of controlling these potential negative environmental impacts, safety problems might also be controlled. Ethical analysis revealed that future generations and people in foreign countries will be affected by the destruction of ammunition. When choosing a method for destruction of ammunition, this group (the general public) should thus be given special attention.
The scope of this report has been to assess the fire safety, with focus on evacuation, of levels ... more The scope of this report has been to assess the fire safety, with focus on evacuation, of levels four and five of Arkaden in Malmö. The levels contain offices with a parking garage. An evaluation of the fire safety concerning fire development, smoke layer height and evacuation times has been performed. Different fire scenarios were studied and simulated in CFAST and FDS to estimate the time to critical conditions. The evacuation times were simulated with Simulex and compared with values from CFAST. The main conclusion of this report is that people are evacuated before critical conditions occur. Följande rapport är framtagen i undervisningen. Det huvudsakliga syftet har varit träning i problemlösning och metodik. Rapportens slutsatser och beräkningsresultat har inte kvalitetsgranskats i den omfattning som krävs för kvalitetssäkring. Rapporten måste därför användas med stor försiktighet. Den som åberopar resultaten från rapporten i något sammanhang bär själv ansvaret.
This thesis discusses military operations planning and methodology by reviewing two of NATO’s pla... more This thesis discusses military operations planning and methodology by reviewing two of NATO’s planning documents, i.e. the ‘Allied Joint Doctrine for Operational-Level Planning’ (AJP 5) and the ‘Comprehensive Operations Planning Directive’ (COPD), and defends the following claim.Parts of the description of NATO’s Operational-Level Planning Process (OLPP), as described in the AJP 5 and the COPD, is methodologically inconsistent (contradictory), due to epistemic and practical implications of methodology.As such, the thesis discusses three topics: approaches to Operational Art, planning heuristics and implications of methodology. The thesis also intertwines military operations planning, methodology and military problem-solving.This thesis consists of two published papers and an introduction. The introduction explains and further discusses operations planning as well as terms and concepts stated within the two papers.Paper I focuses on the AJP 5 and discusses the methodological distinct...
This paper discusses and reviews some previous research concerning what we denote as ‘goal-manage... more This paper discusses and reviews some previous research concerning what we denote as ‘goal-management’, in other words how to set, apply and evaluate goals when conducting military operations planning. We aim to explain and answer the following question:In what way could a review of previous philosophical thoughts on goal-management, decision theory and ethics improve contemporary military operations planning concerning goal-management?We suggest a guideline (a planning tool) for how to conduct goal-management when planning military operations and exemplify our guideline with two fictive examples concerning the development of an Operational advice and Appreciation of Rules of Engagement. The paper concludes that the application of decision theory and ethics, i.e. important parts of philosophy, can contribute to military operations planning by focusing on three perspectives: an axiomatic, an ethical and a deliberative perspective.
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
The current debate on intelligence ethics is internally inconsistent and suffers from at least th... more The current debate on intelligence ethics is internally inconsistent and suffers from at least three problematic issues. First, there is no academic consensus regarding the definition of intelligence-for instance, on whether covert operations should be included in the description of intelligence, which is Robert Frisk (n e Erdeniz) is a Ph.D. candidate in philosophy at the Royal Institute of Technology as well as at The Swedish Defense University in Stockholm, Sweden. His research combines aspects of decision theory and philosophy of science on military operations planning and intelligence. Frisk
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