A case is being reported in which the basilar artery was formed only by the left vertebral artery... more A case is being reported in which the basilar artery was formed only by the left vertebral artery. This was detected incidentally in a female on a non contrast magnetic resonance angiogram. The right vertebral artery arose as a direct branch of the right subclavian artery but terminated blindly at the level of second cervical vertebra. The left vertebral artery which contributed to the formation of basilar artery continued as left posterior cerebral artery while right posterior cerebral artery was seen as a continuation of right posterior communicating artery. The knowledge of variations of the vertebrobasilar arterial complex is important to Clinicians, Radiologists and Surgeons operating on the great vessels and its branches, particularly vascular surgeons dealing with vertebral artery in order to prevent a vascular catastrophe.
Successful caudal epidural block (CEB) for various gynaecological and orthopaedic procedures requ... more Successful caudal epidural block (CEB) for various gynaecological and orthopaedic procedures requires an elaborate knowledge of anatomical profile of sacral hiatus. Varied morphology of sacral hiatus is likely to influence the success rate of CEB. Scanty literature is available on the morphometry of sacral hiatus in North Indian subjects. Therefore, sacral hiatus of 60 North Indian human sacra were evaluated using Vernier calipers. Sexing of the sacra was done by calculating the sacral index. Following parameters of sacral hiatus were observed and recorded: a) Shape, b) Level of apex, c) Maximum distance between the sacral cornua, d) Length of the sacral hiatus i.e. from its apex to midpoint of its base, e) Antero-Posterior diameter at the apex of sacral hiatus. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS software (version 18). Various shapes of sacral hiatus were observed. It was irregularly shaped in both the sexes though inverted U shaped sacral hiatus was also seen frequently in f...
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2017
BACKGROUND Injury of knee is very common in athletes and Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is the ... more BACKGROUND Injury of knee is very common in athletes and Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is the most ruptured ligament. It has been proposed that a narrow intercondylar notch increases risk of ACL injury, but the data are conflicting. This study aimed to analyse morphometry of femoral condyles and intercondylar notch as the literature is sparse in North Indian population and its clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation was conducted using 100 dry femora. The dimensions studied were condylar width and depth, intercondylar notch width and depth. The shape of notch was also examined. The results were tabulated. RESULTS The shape of intercondylar notch was inverted U shape in 75 (75%) cases and inverted V shape in 25 (25%) cases. The mean condylar width and depth, intercondylar notch width and intercondylar notch depth 64 ± 6.34, 58.16 ± 4.54, 21.12 ± 2.83 and 26.8 ± 2.88 mm respectively. The notch width index and notch depth index were determined as 0.29 and 0.46 respectively. Statistical Analysis-The morphometric data of the present study was represented as mean ± SD and then analysed by unpaired 't' test by using SPSS software (version 19). Measurements were compared statistically with respect to left and right sides and were tabulated. CONCLUSION Morphometric data contributed by this study will assist orthopaedicians in averting ACL injuries and administer appropriate treatment in knee problems.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2017
Duplex collecting system is presence of two pelvicalyceal system which is associated with single ... more Duplex collecting system is presence of two pelvicalyceal system which is associated with single or double ureter. Bifid ureter is one of the variations related to congenital anomalies of urinary system which are many times an incidental finding. A bifid ureter may be found in association with other congenital anomalies and defects. In the present case report, we present a case of bifid ureter with duplex collecting system and with no other associated congenital anomaly. The embryological and clinical correlations of duplex collecting system are discussed in present paper.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2016
Background: The cervical vertebrae are smallest of all the vertebrae present in the vertebral col... more Background: The cervical vertebrae are smallest of all the vertebrae present in the vertebral column. It is characterized by a foramen in each transverse process. The foramen transversarium (FT) of 6 th to 1 st cervical vertebrae transmits vertebral vessels and sympathetic nerves. Presence of another foramen apart from FT in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae is called accessory FT. Anatomical knowledge of these variations are helpful for conducting cervical spinal surgeries by the surgeons in order to prevent injury to vertebral vessels and sympathetic nerves. Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of anatomy, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India. A total number of 241 dried cervical vertebrae were collected from the bone bank of the Department of Anatomy. Presence of any variation from the normal anatomy of the cervical vertebrae were noted and photographed. Results: Out of 241 cervical vertebrae (typical and atypical), the accessory FT was noted in typical cervical vertebrae only. Accessory FT was seen in 37 (27.6%) vertebrae, out of 134 typical cervical vertebrae. These accessory FT were either bilateral complete in 4 (2.9%) or incomplete 9 (6.7%) or unilateral complete 6 (4.5%) and unilateral incomplete 12 (8.9%) were observed. Six (4.5%) typical cervical vertebrae showed presence of complete accessory FT on one side and incomplete accessory FT on the other side in the same vertebra. Conclusions: Knowledge of variations of the presence of accessory FT in the typical cervical vertebrae is not only important to anatomist but also to radiologist in identifying the presence of duplicate vertebral artery and hence helping the neuro surgeons in preventing accidental bleeding from the vertebral artery while performing surgery on the cervical spine.
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2017
With the advent of laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomies, it becomes mandatory for... more With the advent of laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomies, it becomes mandatory for the surgeons to understand the abnormality or variations in the renal vasculature. During routine dissection of the abdominal region for undergraduate medical teaching we observed an unusual variation in the vascular supply of the kidney on the right side of an elderly female cadaver. Main renal artery was arising from abdominal aorta at the level of lower border of L1 and immediately gave off a branch namely right inferior phrenic artery. Approximately 3-4 cm beyond giving this branch main renal artery gave another branch to superior pole of right kidney. The inferior pole of the right kidney was being supplied by another branch which was directly arising from aorta just distal to the first renal artery. No variations were observed in the branching pattern of the left renal artery. This case report discusses the variation of right renal artery observed, which has never been documented. Possible embryological explanation of the variation observed and its clinical implications have been discussed in this article.
The laminae of fifth and sometimes fourth sacral vertebrae fail to fuse posteriorly in the sagitt... more The laminae of fifth and sometimes fourth sacral vertebrae fail to fuse posteriorly in the sagittal plane leading to formation of a deficiency in the posterior wall of the sacral canal commonly known as sacral hiatus. During osteology demonstration class of MBBS students of the Department of Anatomy, U.C.M.S and G.T.B Hospital, Delhi, we noticed a sacrum in which sacral hiatus was extending to a level just inferior to the spinous process of second sacral vertebra. Review of literature suggested that the extent of sacral hiatus could be variable. To our knowledge, extension of sacral hiatus just inferior to spinous process of second sacral vertebra has not been described in the past. Familiarity with such kind of variation may help in administration of caudal epidural anaesthesia.
Dentists and Anaesthetists anaesthetize greater palatine nerve at greater palatine foramen, to pe... more Dentists and Anaesthetists anaesthetize greater palatine nerve at greater palatine foramen, to perform various surgeries on hard palate. But even standard textbooks of Anatomy mention the position of greater palatine foramen in a very general way. Considering the paucity of literature on exact location of greater palatine foramen in North Indians and its variable description in standard textbooks of anatomy and anaesthesiology, following study was felt necessary to be conducted. Various parameters in relation to greater palatine foramen were noted in one hundred adult human skulls of North Indian origin. The dentition was complete with full eruption of third molar teeth. Greater palatine foramen was medial to third molar in most of the skulls seen (47.5%). Greater palatine canal opened vertically downwards in majority of the skulls examined (93.5%). Generally, the palatal vault was “U” shaped. Posterior margin of the foramen was raised in more than 63% skulls.
During a routine dissection of the back of forearm and dorsum of hand of 62-year-old formalin fix... more During a routine dissection of the back of forearm and dorsum of hand of 62-year-old formalin fixed female cadaver at University College Of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Delhi, an atypical presentation of extensor indicis was observed in both the hands. In the left hand [Table/Fig-1], an additional fusiform shaped muscle belly of extensor indicis was observed to be arising from dorsal carpal ligament.
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2017
Background: The common, internal and external carotid arteries are the major source of blood supp... more Background: The common, internal and external carotid arteries are the major source of blood supply to the region of head and neck. The anatomy of the carotid arteries is of special interest to surgeons involved in the management of head and neck pathology. The presence of any anomalous origin and or course of these vessels is usually discovered as an incidental finding when imaging studies are performed during investigations of relevant clinical conditions. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of anatomy, University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Delhi, India. Twenty six formalin fixed head and neck regions belonging to either sex were dissected on both the sides. The level of common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation and any variation from the normal in the branching pattern of external carotid artery (ECA) were noted and photographed. Results: Out of twenty six head and neck regions studied (52 sides), variations in the level of bifurcation of CCA and branches of ECA were observed. In the present study, in 9 hemi sections of head and neck (Right=5: Left=4), CCA bifurcated above the normal level near to the angle of mandible. On the left side, in 7 specimens lingual and facial artery arose as a common trunk i.e linguo-facial trunk from ECA. In 3 specimens on the left side, superior thyroid artery (STA) arose from the CCA. Superior thyroid artery arose at the level of carotid bifurcation (CB) in 14 specimens (right = 8, left = 6). Conclusion: The present study reports high bifurcation of CCA and variations in the origin of some of the branches of ECA. These findings may be utilised by vascular surgeons operating in the region of head and neck for preventing accidental injury to these vessels.
Variations in the morphology of pancreas are not very common. We observed a rare variant of the u... more Variations in the morphology of pancreas are not very common. We observed a rare variant of the uncinate process of the pancreas that extended in the mesentery of the small intestine. After its origin from the lower part of the head of the pancreas, the mesenteric process (MP) passed over the third part of the duodenum to enter the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum and extended up to the level of the pelvic brim. The branches of the superior mesenteric vessels were embedded in the extended MP of the pancreas. This aberrant extension of the pancreas was drained by a narrow duct, which joined the main pancreatic duct inside the head. We did not observe a separate uncinate process arising from the head. On histology normal acini and endocrine cells were observed in the extension. This variant is important as symptoms of pancreatic disease from such extensions may be confused with other commonly encountered acute or chronic abdominal conditions.
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2016
Background: The nerve of Kuntz is an inconstant intra thoracic ramus arises from the 2 nd thoraci... more Background: The nerve of Kuntz is an inconstant intra thoracic ramus arises from the 2 nd thoracic nerve and it carries the sympathetic fibres joined with either 1 st thoracic or 1 st intercostal nerve or stellate ganglion to contribute the sympathetic innervations to the upper limb. The intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz is one of the causes for surgical failures and recurrence of symptoms after sympathectomy. Knowledge of anatomy of the sympathetic innervation to the upper limb is of great importance for neurosurgeons during surgical sympathectomy procedures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 12 formalin fixed cadavers (24 sides) in the Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute. After reflection of the anterior wall and eviscerated of the thorax, the intrathoracic organs were removed to expose the posterior mediastinum. The incidence of any connection between the 2 nd to 1 st thoracic or 1 st intercostal nerve or stellate ganglion were noted and photographed. The variations observed were classified as per Zaidi and Ashraf (2010) classification of intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz. Observations: In the present study, Out of 12 cadavers (24 sides) dissected, the nerve of Kuntz was present in 9 Specimens (37.6%). As per Zaidi and Ashraf (2010) classification, Type A was seen in 12.5%, Type B in 4.3%, Type C in 8.3% and of Type D in 12.5% Conclusion: The data regarding the study on variations of intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz is helpful to the surgeons to successfully perform upper limb sympathectomy.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Background: Nutrient foramen of long bones defines the extent of bone vascularisation. Informatio... more Background: Nutrient foramen of long bones defines the extent of bone vascularisation. Information regarding nutrient foramen is necessary to conserve circulation during orthopaedic and surgical procedures. The present study was conducted to examine the position, number and calibre of nutrient foramina in 100 dry femora belonging to North Indian population.Methods: The total length (TL) of each femur was measured by taking the measurement between the most proximal aspect of the head of the femur and the most distal aspect of the medial condyle. Number of nutrient foramina was determined by using a magnifying lens. Distance of nutrient foramen from upper end was measured. Direction and obliquity of nutrient foramina were noted. Position of nutrient foramina was determined in relation to length of femur and linea aspera. Caliber of nutrient foramen was measured using 18, 20, 22 and 24-gauge needles.Results: Length of femur on right side was 435.2 mm (Range 393-523 mm). Length of femur...
Palmaris longus muscle is gaining popularity for its role in reconstructive, plastic and cosmetic... more Palmaris longus muscle is gaining popularity for its role in reconstructive, plastic and cosmetic surgeries. Lip augmentation and repair of congenital ptosis, collapsed lunate, acute thenar muscle injury and tendoachillis loss have been successfully dealt using palmaris longus graft in one form or the other. Therefore, all possible variations in the innervation of such an important muscle should be well known. In the present case median nerve innervated palmaris longus at the level of elbow (a usual site of innervation) and at the level of distal third of forearm. The latter branch innervated the distal part of the tendon of palmaris longus and its aponeurosis. Clinical importance of the knowledge of such kind of variation has been discussed in this paper.
In the recent years measurements on the cadaveric hip joints have not been carried out. As the en... more In the recent years measurements on the cadaveric hip joints have not been carried out. As the environment plays an important role in the development of human being it was thought that the change in the environment might have led to some kind of change in the parameters of the bony component of the hip jont. Therefore, 54 cadaveric hip joints with soft tissue in situ were studied. Dimensions of acetabulum and femoral head were obtained with Vernier scale. It was observed that these dimensions were greater in males when compared with that of females but the difference was statistically insignificant. On the left side the parameters measured were greater than those of the right side in both the sexes but of no statistical significance. Acetabular diameter was greater than the diameter of femoral head in both the genders. Clinically, this knowledge plays an important role in understanding the rarity of occurence of primary osteoarthrosis in Indians. The present study is of value to the...
A case is being reported in which the basilar artery was formed only by the left vertebral artery... more A case is being reported in which the basilar artery was formed only by the left vertebral artery. This was detected incidentally in a female on a non contrast magnetic resonance angiogram. The right vertebral artery arose as a direct branch of the right subclavian artery but terminated blindly at the level of second cervical vertebra. The left vertebral artery which contributed to the formation of basilar artery continued as left posterior cerebral artery while right posterior cerebral artery was seen as a continuation of right posterior communicating artery. The knowledge of variations of the vertebrobasilar arterial complex is important to Clinicians, Radiologists and Surgeons operating on the great vessels and its branches, particularly vascular surgeons dealing with vertebral artery in order to prevent a vascular catastrophe.
Successful caudal epidural block (CEB) for various gynaecological and orthopaedic procedures requ... more Successful caudal epidural block (CEB) for various gynaecological and orthopaedic procedures requires an elaborate knowledge of anatomical profile of sacral hiatus. Varied morphology of sacral hiatus is likely to influence the success rate of CEB. Scanty literature is available on the morphometry of sacral hiatus in North Indian subjects. Therefore, sacral hiatus of 60 North Indian human sacra were evaluated using Vernier calipers. Sexing of the sacra was done by calculating the sacral index. Following parameters of sacral hiatus were observed and recorded: a) Shape, b) Level of apex, c) Maximum distance between the sacral cornua, d) Length of the sacral hiatus i.e. from its apex to midpoint of its base, e) Antero-Posterior diameter at the apex of sacral hiatus. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS software (version 18). Various shapes of sacral hiatus were observed. It was irregularly shaped in both the sexes though inverted U shaped sacral hiatus was also seen frequently in f...
Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2017
BACKGROUND Injury of knee is very common in athletes and Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is the ... more BACKGROUND Injury of knee is very common in athletes and Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is the most ruptured ligament. It has been proposed that a narrow intercondylar notch increases risk of ACL injury, but the data are conflicting. This study aimed to analyse morphometry of femoral condyles and intercondylar notch as the literature is sparse in North Indian population and its clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present investigation was conducted using 100 dry femora. The dimensions studied were condylar width and depth, intercondylar notch width and depth. The shape of notch was also examined. The results were tabulated. RESULTS The shape of intercondylar notch was inverted U shape in 75 (75%) cases and inverted V shape in 25 (25%) cases. The mean condylar width and depth, intercondylar notch width and intercondylar notch depth 64 ± 6.34, 58.16 ± 4.54, 21.12 ± 2.83 and 26.8 ± 2.88 mm respectively. The notch width index and notch depth index were determined as 0.29 and 0.46 respectively. Statistical Analysis-The morphometric data of the present study was represented as mean ± SD and then analysed by unpaired 't' test by using SPSS software (version 19). Measurements were compared statistically with respect to left and right sides and were tabulated. CONCLUSION Morphometric data contributed by this study will assist orthopaedicians in averting ACL injuries and administer appropriate treatment in knee problems.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2017
Duplex collecting system is presence of two pelvicalyceal system which is associated with single ... more Duplex collecting system is presence of two pelvicalyceal system which is associated with single or double ureter. Bifid ureter is one of the variations related to congenital anomalies of urinary system which are many times an incidental finding. A bifid ureter may be found in association with other congenital anomalies and defects. In the present case report, we present a case of bifid ureter with duplex collecting system and with no other associated congenital anomaly. The embryological and clinical correlations of duplex collecting system are discussed in present paper.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2016
Background: The cervical vertebrae are smallest of all the vertebrae present in the vertebral col... more Background: The cervical vertebrae are smallest of all the vertebrae present in the vertebral column. It is characterized by a foramen in each transverse process. The foramen transversarium (FT) of 6 th to 1 st cervical vertebrae transmits vertebral vessels and sympathetic nerves. Presence of another foramen apart from FT in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae is called accessory FT. Anatomical knowledge of these variations are helpful for conducting cervical spinal surgeries by the surgeons in order to prevent injury to vertebral vessels and sympathetic nerves. Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of anatomy, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India. A total number of 241 dried cervical vertebrae were collected from the bone bank of the Department of Anatomy. Presence of any variation from the normal anatomy of the cervical vertebrae were noted and photographed. Results: Out of 241 cervical vertebrae (typical and atypical), the accessory FT was noted in typical cervical vertebrae only. Accessory FT was seen in 37 (27.6%) vertebrae, out of 134 typical cervical vertebrae. These accessory FT were either bilateral complete in 4 (2.9%) or incomplete 9 (6.7%) or unilateral complete 6 (4.5%) and unilateral incomplete 12 (8.9%) were observed. Six (4.5%) typical cervical vertebrae showed presence of complete accessory FT on one side and incomplete accessory FT on the other side in the same vertebra. Conclusions: Knowledge of variations of the presence of accessory FT in the typical cervical vertebrae is not only important to anatomist but also to radiologist in identifying the presence of duplicate vertebral artery and hence helping the neuro surgeons in preventing accidental bleeding from the vertebral artery while performing surgery on the cervical spine.
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2017
With the advent of laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomies, it becomes mandatory for... more With the advent of laparoscopic renal surgeries and donor nephrectomies, it becomes mandatory for the surgeons to understand the abnormality or variations in the renal vasculature. During routine dissection of the abdominal region for undergraduate medical teaching we observed an unusual variation in the vascular supply of the kidney on the right side of an elderly female cadaver. Main renal artery was arising from abdominal aorta at the level of lower border of L1 and immediately gave off a branch namely right inferior phrenic artery. Approximately 3-4 cm beyond giving this branch main renal artery gave another branch to superior pole of right kidney. The inferior pole of the right kidney was being supplied by another branch which was directly arising from aorta just distal to the first renal artery. No variations were observed in the branching pattern of the left renal artery. This case report discusses the variation of right renal artery observed, which has never been documented. Possible embryological explanation of the variation observed and its clinical implications have been discussed in this article.
The laminae of fifth and sometimes fourth sacral vertebrae fail to fuse posteriorly in the sagitt... more The laminae of fifth and sometimes fourth sacral vertebrae fail to fuse posteriorly in the sagittal plane leading to formation of a deficiency in the posterior wall of the sacral canal commonly known as sacral hiatus. During osteology demonstration class of MBBS students of the Department of Anatomy, U.C.M.S and G.T.B Hospital, Delhi, we noticed a sacrum in which sacral hiatus was extending to a level just inferior to the spinous process of second sacral vertebra. Review of literature suggested that the extent of sacral hiatus could be variable. To our knowledge, extension of sacral hiatus just inferior to spinous process of second sacral vertebra has not been described in the past. Familiarity with such kind of variation may help in administration of caudal epidural anaesthesia.
Dentists and Anaesthetists anaesthetize greater palatine nerve at greater palatine foramen, to pe... more Dentists and Anaesthetists anaesthetize greater palatine nerve at greater palatine foramen, to perform various surgeries on hard palate. But even standard textbooks of Anatomy mention the position of greater palatine foramen in a very general way. Considering the paucity of literature on exact location of greater palatine foramen in North Indians and its variable description in standard textbooks of anatomy and anaesthesiology, following study was felt necessary to be conducted. Various parameters in relation to greater palatine foramen were noted in one hundred adult human skulls of North Indian origin. The dentition was complete with full eruption of third molar teeth. Greater palatine foramen was medial to third molar in most of the skulls seen (47.5%). Greater palatine canal opened vertically downwards in majority of the skulls examined (93.5%). Generally, the palatal vault was “U” shaped. Posterior margin of the foramen was raised in more than 63% skulls.
During a routine dissection of the back of forearm and dorsum of hand of 62-year-old formalin fix... more During a routine dissection of the back of forearm and dorsum of hand of 62-year-old formalin fixed female cadaver at University College Of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Delhi, an atypical presentation of extensor indicis was observed in both the hands. In the left hand [Table/Fig-1], an additional fusiform shaped muscle belly of extensor indicis was observed to be arising from dorsal carpal ligament.
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2017
Background: The common, internal and external carotid arteries are the major source of blood supp... more Background: The common, internal and external carotid arteries are the major source of blood supply to the region of head and neck. The anatomy of the carotid arteries is of special interest to surgeons involved in the management of head and neck pathology. The presence of any anomalous origin and or course of these vessels is usually discovered as an incidental finding when imaging studies are performed during investigations of relevant clinical conditions. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the department of anatomy, University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Delhi, India. Twenty six formalin fixed head and neck regions belonging to either sex were dissected on both the sides. The level of common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation and any variation from the normal in the branching pattern of external carotid artery (ECA) were noted and photographed. Results: Out of twenty six head and neck regions studied (52 sides), variations in the level of bifurcation of CCA and branches of ECA were observed. In the present study, in 9 hemi sections of head and neck (Right=5: Left=4), CCA bifurcated above the normal level near to the angle of mandible. On the left side, in 7 specimens lingual and facial artery arose as a common trunk i.e linguo-facial trunk from ECA. In 3 specimens on the left side, superior thyroid artery (STA) arose from the CCA. Superior thyroid artery arose at the level of carotid bifurcation (CB) in 14 specimens (right = 8, left = 6). Conclusion: The present study reports high bifurcation of CCA and variations in the origin of some of the branches of ECA. These findings may be utilised by vascular surgeons operating in the region of head and neck for preventing accidental injury to these vessels.
Variations in the morphology of pancreas are not very common. We observed a rare variant of the u... more Variations in the morphology of pancreas are not very common. We observed a rare variant of the uncinate process of the pancreas that extended in the mesentery of the small intestine. After its origin from the lower part of the head of the pancreas, the mesenteric process (MP) passed over the third part of the duodenum to enter the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum and extended up to the level of the pelvic brim. The branches of the superior mesenteric vessels were embedded in the extended MP of the pancreas. This aberrant extension of the pancreas was drained by a narrow duct, which joined the main pancreatic duct inside the head. We did not observe a separate uncinate process arising from the head. On histology normal acini and endocrine cells were observed in the extension. This variant is important as symptoms of pancreatic disease from such extensions may be confused with other commonly encountered acute or chronic abdominal conditions.
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2016
Background: The nerve of Kuntz is an inconstant intra thoracic ramus arises from the 2 nd thoraci... more Background: The nerve of Kuntz is an inconstant intra thoracic ramus arises from the 2 nd thoracic nerve and it carries the sympathetic fibres joined with either 1 st thoracic or 1 st intercostal nerve or stellate ganglion to contribute the sympathetic innervations to the upper limb. The intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz is one of the causes for surgical failures and recurrence of symptoms after sympathectomy. Knowledge of anatomy of the sympathetic innervation to the upper limb is of great importance for neurosurgeons during surgical sympathectomy procedures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 12 formalin fixed cadavers (24 sides) in the Department of Anatomy, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute. After reflection of the anterior wall and eviscerated of the thorax, the intrathoracic organs were removed to expose the posterior mediastinum. The incidence of any connection between the 2 nd to 1 st thoracic or 1 st intercostal nerve or stellate ganglion were noted and photographed. The variations observed were classified as per Zaidi and Ashraf (2010) classification of intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz. Observations: In the present study, Out of 12 cadavers (24 sides) dissected, the nerve of Kuntz was present in 9 Specimens (37.6%). As per Zaidi and Ashraf (2010) classification, Type A was seen in 12.5%, Type B in 4.3%, Type C in 8.3% and of Type D in 12.5% Conclusion: The data regarding the study on variations of intra thoracic nerve of Kuntz is helpful to the surgeons to successfully perform upper limb sympathectomy.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Background: Nutrient foramen of long bones defines the extent of bone vascularisation. Informatio... more Background: Nutrient foramen of long bones defines the extent of bone vascularisation. Information regarding nutrient foramen is necessary to conserve circulation during orthopaedic and surgical procedures. The present study was conducted to examine the position, number and calibre of nutrient foramina in 100 dry femora belonging to North Indian population.Methods: The total length (TL) of each femur was measured by taking the measurement between the most proximal aspect of the head of the femur and the most distal aspect of the medial condyle. Number of nutrient foramina was determined by using a magnifying lens. Distance of nutrient foramen from upper end was measured. Direction and obliquity of nutrient foramina were noted. Position of nutrient foramina was determined in relation to length of femur and linea aspera. Caliber of nutrient foramen was measured using 18, 20, 22 and 24-gauge needles.Results: Length of femur on right side was 435.2 mm (Range 393-523 mm). Length of femur...
Palmaris longus muscle is gaining popularity for its role in reconstructive, plastic and cosmetic... more Palmaris longus muscle is gaining popularity for its role in reconstructive, plastic and cosmetic surgeries. Lip augmentation and repair of congenital ptosis, collapsed lunate, acute thenar muscle injury and tendoachillis loss have been successfully dealt using palmaris longus graft in one form or the other. Therefore, all possible variations in the innervation of such an important muscle should be well known. In the present case median nerve innervated palmaris longus at the level of elbow (a usual site of innervation) and at the level of distal third of forearm. The latter branch innervated the distal part of the tendon of palmaris longus and its aponeurosis. Clinical importance of the knowledge of such kind of variation has been discussed in this paper.
In the recent years measurements on the cadaveric hip joints have not been carried out. As the en... more In the recent years measurements on the cadaveric hip joints have not been carried out. As the environment plays an important role in the development of human being it was thought that the change in the environment might have led to some kind of change in the parameters of the bony component of the hip jont. Therefore, 54 cadaveric hip joints with soft tissue in situ were studied. Dimensions of acetabulum and femoral head were obtained with Vernier scale. It was observed that these dimensions were greater in males when compared with that of females but the difference was statistically insignificant. On the left side the parameters measured were greater than those of the right side in both the sexes but of no statistical significance. Acetabular diameter was greater than the diameter of femoral head in both the genders. Clinically, this knowledge plays an important role in understanding the rarity of occurence of primary osteoarthrosis in Indians. The present study is of value to the...
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Papers by Renu Chauhan