Papers by Ravindra Chowdhury
PubMed, Jun 30, 2022
Introduction: The principal route of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviru... more Introduction: The principal route of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) is respiratory droplets. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test of throat swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, sputum, endotracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage is the diagnostic test of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Since the epithelium of the conjunctiva contains angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors, the presence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in conjunctival secretion can be expected. The present study is designed to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 from conjunctival secretions and the prevalence of conjunctivitis in laboratory-confirmed CoronaVirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients. Materials and methods: This is a prospective observational study carried out in a tertiary care hospital in western Odisha, India from September 2020 to November 2020 during the first wave of CoronaVirus disease-19. One hundred and thirteen laboratory-confirmed CoronaVirus disease-19 positive patients either by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or Rapid antigen test (RAT) from nasopharyngeal swabs were included. Conjunctival swabs were collected from all these patients with proper precautionary measures and sent for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test. Any signs of conjunctivitis at any stage of the illness were observed in all the patients. Results: Out of 113 samples, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test of the conjunctival swab was found to be positive in three patients (2.65%). The mean cycle threshold (CT) value of these three swabs was 27.16. No signs of conjunctivitis were found in any of these patients. Diabetes and hypertension were associated comorbidities in one patient. Conclusion: The absence of conjunctivitis despite the presence of virus in the conjunctival swab gives a message to the ophthalmologists to take precautionary measures during a routine eye examination.
Odisha Journal of Ophthalmology
An 18-year-old presented with a diminution of vision and was detected to have a retinal hemorrhag... more An 18-year-old presented with a diminution of vision and was detected to have a retinal hemorrhage, low hemoglobin, and high blood pressure, with ultrasonography showing splenomegaly, large neck nodes, and finally peripheral smear revealing chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). This rare case of blast crisis was taken care of by imatinib, i.e., BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase protein inhibitor, subsiding of the crisis led to improvement of vision. This case report highlights the rarity of ocular manifestations in CML and the importance of all systemic investigations in the diagnosis of this case.
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, Sep 21, 2020
BACKGROUND Manual small incision cataract surgery gives good visual outcome in the management of ... more BACKGROUND Manual small incision cataract surgery gives good visual outcome in the management of complicated cataract. We wanted to study the common complications in patients with uveitic cataract who underwent manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) and assess the post-operative visual outcome after MSICS in these patients with uveitic cataract. METHODS In this retrospective descriptive study, which was carried out over a period of 1 year from June 2019 to June 2020 and included 45 eyes of 32 patients who underwent MSICS for complicated uveitic cataract. Postoperatively the patients were followed up and the following data were recorded-Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, ciliary congestion, KPs, iris nodules, synechiae, pigment dispersion, secondary glaucoma and macular oedema. Postoperatively, posterior segment was also evaluated with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and ocular ultrasonography (B-scan). All the charts were reviewed by a single observer. RESULTS Among 32 patients, there were 20 males (62.5 %) and 12 females (37.5 %), most of whom were in the age group of 46-60 yrs. (37.7 %).The commonest intraoperative complication we encountered was posterior synechiae (51.1 %) and early post-operative complication was AC reaction (35.5 %) and late complication was posterior capsular opacity (33.3 %). The BCVA was within the range of 6 / 60-6 / 36 (40 %) during immediate postoperative period and 6 / 6-6 / 9 (35.5 %) in late postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS Manual small incision cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation is an alternative and safe method in the management of complicated uveitic cataract and improves BCVA at 8 weeks. Preoperative inflammation should be controlled for at least 3 months. Persistent inflammation, macular oedema, posterior capsular opacification were the main causes affecting visual outcome, Small incision cataract surgery requires minimal instrumentation and the surgical time is very short and the method is performed in low budget setup where phaco emulsification facility is not available.
International journal of anatomy and research, Feb 5, 2019
This study aims at studying different congenital ocular and its adnexal anomalies over a period o... more This study aims at studying different congenital ocular and its adnexal anomalies over a period of two years in a tertiary care hospital and their association with embryological development. Materials and Methods: 75 eyes of 60 patients having congenital ocular anomalies as diagnosed by ophthalmologists from June 2015 to June 2017 were included in the study. The demographic profile, perinatal history, associated systemic diseases were studied. The embryological development of all the anomalies has been discussed in details. Results: Out of 60 patients, 35 (58.3%) were male and 25 (41.7%) were female. Bilateral involvement was seen 'in 14(23.3%). Nasolacrimal duct anomalies were found to be the most common (33.3%) followed by congenital cataract(29.3%),coloboma of uveal tract(20.0%), microphthalmous (4.0%), anophthalmous (4.0%), persistent pupillary membrane (2.7%), congenital glaucoma(1.3%), congenital ptosis(1.3%), Heterochromia iridis (1.3%), coloboma of lids (2.7%) of total eyes. History of consanguinity was present in 13.13% and a history of maternal infection during the antenatal period was found in 8.3%. Systemic involvement was seen in 6.06%. Conclusion: Proper knowledge of the developmental pathogenesis of congenital ocular anomalies is highly important for correct diagnosis and early intervention. Preventive measures can be applied if history is taken properly during evaluation of the patients.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 2021
Purpose: Cognizant and well aware medical and nursing students are expected to influence and posi... more Purpose: Cognizant and well aware medical and nursing students are expected to influence and positively mold the eye donation rates in India. Keeping this in view, this study was designed to assess and compare eye donation awareness among medical and nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional and comparative study undertaken on the occasion of eye donation fortnight among 112 medical and 115 nursing students. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire on eye donation was given to each student after getting informed consent. The software used for analysis of data was SPSS version 22.0. Results: All the medical students and 91.3% of nursing students (P < 0.0016) had heard about eye donation. Eye donation fortnight is celebrated every year to create awareness was known to 42% of medical students and 29.5% of nursing students (P < 0.05). Television, newspaper, magazines, and posters were found to be important sources of information in both groups. Eye donation can give vision to the blind was the primary motivational force both among medical and nursing students (P < 0.001). The ideal time of eye donation is within 6 h of death was known to 69% of medical students and 60.9% nursing students. Lack of awareness and objection of family members are the two significant perceived responses to non-donation in both groups. 88.4% of medical students and 79.1% of nursing students are willing to donate their eyes in future. Conclusion: The awareness of eye donation among medical students is better than nursing students. However, the willingness to pledge their eyes is almost equal in both groups.
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, Nov 16, 2017
BACKGROUND The blindness due to corneal aetiology accounts for 0.9% of blindness in India. Cornea... more BACKGROUND The blindness due to corneal aetiology accounts for 0.9% of blindness in India. Corneal transplantation is the major treatment option for them. The lower rate of eye donation is the major obstacle to this procedure. Twenty-two thousand eyes are collected every year in India, which only serve half the requirement of corneal transplantations. Medical students who are future medical practitioners can be a good motivator for this eye donation. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess the awareness of eye donation among medical students, we did a cross-sectional study enrolling 112 fourth year MBBS students on the occasion of eye donation fortnight in the year 2015. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was given to each student to conduct the study. RESULTS All the students knew that eyes can be donated after death, but only 68.7% knew that the ideal time of donation was within 6 hours of death. Most students (88.4%) were willing to donate eyes. Eye donation can give vision to the blind was the motivational force for eye donation according to most of the students. Lack of awareness (87.5%) and objection by family members (61.6%) were the main perceived reason by the students for not pledging the eyes for donation. Television, newspapers, magazines and posters were found to be the important sources of information about eye donation. CONCLUSION The study revealed that though the majority of medical students were aware of eye donation practices, still there is lack of knowledge among students, which need to be considered. As the medical students are one of the knowledge group of community, their perception regarding non-donation of eyes by the people can be considered, while creating awareness about eye donation.
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, Mar 22, 2018
BACKGROUND Human amniotic membrane (AM) is the inner layer of the fetal membranes and consist of ... more BACKGROUND Human amniotic membrane (AM) is the inner layer of the fetal membranes and consist of the epithelium, basement membrane and stroma. The AM has anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-angiogenic as well as anti-microbial properties. Because of its transparent structure, lack of immunogenicity and the ability to provide an excellent substrate for growth, migration and adhesion of epithelial corneal and conjunctival cells, it can be used for ocular surface reconstruction in many ocular pathologies including corneal disorders associated with limbal stem cell deficiency, surgeries for conjunctival reconstruction, as a carrier for ex vivo expansion of limbal epithelial cells, glaucoma surgeries and scleral melts and perforations. AM transplantation is a very useful armamentarium in the hands of the ophthalmic surgeons for treating a variety of ocular surface disorders caused by various Chemical, acids and alkali and also endogenous causes like severe dry eye, Steven Johnson Syndrome etc affect the ocular surface as it is a very sensitive and dynamic structure. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of Non-Preserved Human Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in ocular surface disorders with respect to re-epithelialisation, corneal clarity, degree of neovascularisation and visual outcome and compare its efficacy with that of preserved Amniotic Membrane Transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 eyes of 36 patients were subjected to amniotic membrane transplant from July 2016 to January 2018. Non-preserved amniotic membrane was employed to cover corneal ulceration due to dry eye syndrome (12 eyes), non-healing corneal ulcers (12 eyes), corneal epithelial defect due to Steven Johnson Syndrome (8 eyes), conjunctiva and corneal epithelial defect due to alkali burn (8 eyes). Amniotic membrane sutured to surrounding conjunctiva using 10-0 silk with interrupted suture. Patients were followed up to 6 months. Sutures removed on 31 st day of transplant. RESULTS Out of 40 eyes of 36 patients with mean age group of 32.5 years, non-healing corneal ulcer (8 eyes; 20%), dry eye syndrome (8 eyes; 20%) and Steven Johnson syndrome (4 eyes; 10%) showed resolution of epithelial defect and stabilization of neo vascularisation. 4 eyes (10%) of alkali burn responded favourably but retransplantation of Amniotic membrane to 2 nd eye (10%) of the same patient, on 45 th day had to be done. Over all 4 eyes of Steven Johnson syndrome, 4 eyes of dry eye syndrome, 4 eyes of persistent sterile corneal ulcer failed due to unrelated bacterial keratitis. Corneal clarity and improved visual acuity were observed in 60% of patients on day 31 st. Transplantation in 16 eyes (40%) failed and was sent to higher center for further management. CONCLUSION Non-preserved human amniotic membrane transplantation is a safe and equipotent procedure as compared to preserved amniotic membrane in ocular surface reconstruction where facilities for preservation are not available and continuing medical management bears higher risk.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2014
This is a retrospective case series of 24 patients who underwent surgical excision for histopatho... more This is a retrospective case series of 24 patients who underwent surgical excision for histopathologically proven cases of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) at a tertiary care center over a period of two years. The commonest age group involved was 50-60 years (83.3%).Males and females were affected in equal proportion. All patients presented with a growth in the conjunctiva. Impression cytology whenever available was correlated with histopathology(100%).Systemic predisposing factors included xeroderma pigmentosa in one patient(4.16%) and AIDS in two patients(8.33%).Recurrence was found in two patients(8.33%),of which one was managed successfully with topical mitomycin and the other with resurgery.In OSSN,early and prompt surgical intervention is frequently curative.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2014
This prospective study was conducted about the clinical profile, extraocular muscle involvement, ... more This prospective study was conducted about the clinical profile, extraocular muscle involvement, epidemiology and the etiology of 162 cases of manifest strabismus attending the Ophthalmology outpatient department from July 2009 to July-2011. Incidence of manifest strabismus was found to be 0.63%, of which 63% were paralytic and 37% non paralytic, 66% were esotropia and 34% exotropia. Paralytic esotropia was common in the age group of 41-50 years (46.4%) and nonparalytic in 0-10 years (47.4%). Males dominated over females whether esotropia or exotropia. Paralytic exotropia was common in 41-50 years (45.6%) and non paralytic in 0-10 years (45.5%). Paralytic strabismus was common in the lower socioeconomic group (52.9%) and non paralytic in middle and higher class (86.7%). Abduction defect was found in 73.5% due to lateral rectus muscle involvement. Abducent nerve palsy was the most common cause of paralytic strabismus (56.8%) followed by oculomotor nerve (21.6%).No isolated 4 th nerve involvement was encountered. Involvement of more than one cranial nerves was found in 21.6%.Most of the patients presented with deviation of eye followed by diplopia and defective vision. Vascular involvement was the commonest etiology in the paralytic group. Ophthalmologists need to be trained and well equipped strabismus clinics should be established in this part of the country.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 2009
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
Purpose: Cognizant and well aware medical and nursing students are expected to influence and posi... more Purpose: Cognizant and well aware medical and nursing students are expected to influence and positively mold the eye donation rates in India. Keeping this in view, this study was designed to assess and compare eye donation awareness among medical and nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional and comparative study undertaken on the occasion of eye donation fortnight among 112 medical and 115 nursing students. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire on eye donation was given to each student after getting informed consent. The software used for analysis of data was SPSS version 22.0. Results: All the medical students and 91.3% of nursing students (P < 0.0016) had heard about eye donation. Eye donation fortnight is celebrated every year to create awareness was known to 42% of medical students and 29.5% of nursing students (P < 0.05). Television, newspaper, magazines, and posters were found to be important sources of information in both groups. Eye donation can give vision to the blind was the primary motivational force both among medical and nursing students (P < 0.001). The ideal time of eye donation is within 6 h of death was known to 69% of medical students and 60.9% nursing students. Lack of awareness and objection of family members are the two significant perceived responses to non-donation in both groups. 88.4% of medical students and 79.1% of nursing students are willing to donate their eyes in future. Conclusion: The awareness of eye donation among medical students is better than nursing students. However, the willingness to pledge their eyes is almost equal in both groups.
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
International Journal of Anatomy and Research, 2019
This study aims at studying different congenital ocular and its adnexal anomalies over a period o... more This study aims at studying different congenital ocular and its adnexal anomalies over a period of two years in a tertiary care hospital and their association with embryological development. Materials and Methods: 75 eyes of 60 patients having congenital ocular anomalies as diagnosed by ophthalmologists from June 2015 to June 2017 were included in the study. The demographic profile, perinatal history, associated systemic diseases were studied. The embryological development of all the anomalies has been discussed in details. Results: Out of 60 patients, 35 (58.3%) were male and 25 (41.7%) were female. Bilateral involvement was seen 'in 14(23.3%). Nasolacrimal duct anomalies were found to be the most common (33.3%) followed by congenital cataract(29.3%),coloboma of uveal tract(20.0%), microphthalmous (4.0%), anophthalmous (4.0%), persistent pupillary membrane (2.7%), congenital glaucoma(1.3%), congenital ptosis(1.3%), Heterochromia iridis (1.3%), coloboma of lids (2.7%) of total eyes. History of consanguinity was present in 13.13% and a history of maternal infection during the antenatal period was found in 8.3%. Systemic involvement was seen in 6.06%. Conclusion: Proper knowledge of the developmental pathogenesis of congenital ocular anomalies is highly important for correct diagnosis and early intervention. Preventive measures can be applied if history is taken properly during evaluation of the patients.
Purpose: To analyze the indications and outcome of use of dry amniotic membrane graft for reconst... more Purpose: To analyze the indications and outcome of use of dry amniotic membrane graft for reconstruction of various conjunctival disorders . Materials And Methods: It is a prospective interventional study done on patients attending a tertiary health care centre with disorders of conjunctival surface who underwent restoration with dry amniotic membrane graft.This study was conducted between Aug 2015 to July 2016 with a mean follow up of 7 weeks. Results: Ten eyes of nine patients were operated which included 4 cases of pterygium, 2 symblepharon with pseudopterygium,1 cojunctivalnevus, 1chemical burn, 1 ocular surface squamous neoplasia and 1malignant melanoma.One eye developed amniotic membrane retraction postoperatvely and in one eye recurrence of growth was seen. Conclusion: Dry amniotic membrane graft can be effectively used for reconstruction of conjunctival surface disorders.
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 2015
Retrospective study of surgical outcome of sixty two children with traumatic cataract, in the age... more Retrospective study of surgical outcome of sixty two children with traumatic cataract, in the age group of four to fifteen years over a period of two years was done. The study group comprised 41 boys and 21 girls. Stick injury (30.7%) was the commonest mode followed by injury with needle (9.7%). Posterior segment involvement was found in 14.4%. Lens aspiration, primary posterior capsulorrhexis (PPC), anterior vitrectomy and IOL implantation was performed whenever possible. The mean follow up period was 21.4 weeks. Thirty one eyes (50%) achieved the best corrected visual acuity of 20/60 or better. The most frequent complication was posterior capsular opacification (30.6%) followed by fibrinous uveitis (14.4%) and optic capture (9.6%).The rate of PCO was lower (9.6%) where PPC was done. Primary Posterior capsulorrhexis can be helpful in childhood traumatic cataract in preventing disability burden.
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 2018
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is much prevailing and contributing a major cause for visual morb... more BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is much prevailing and contributing a major cause for visual morbidity, even a leading cause of total blindness among the people in their productive lifespan. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a major contributor to severe vision loss, very difficult to treat and requires complex surgical procedure. Here, we are suggesting our adjunctive procedure to standard diabetic vitrectomy to make the surgery little easier, shorter, safer and efficacious. The aim of the study is to know the safety and efficacy of preoperative Intravitreal (IV) triamcinolone acetonide (2 mg) plus bevacizumab (1.25 mg) and intravitreal bevacizumab (1.25 mg) 3 days prior to the scheduled day of vitreous surgery in non-resolving vitreous haemorrhage in PDR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective comparative study involving 28 PDR patients with non-resolving vitreous haemorrhage planned for surgery. Group 1 (n=15), IV triamcinolone acetonide (2 mg) + bevacizumab (1.25 mg) and group 2 (n=13) IV bevacizumab (1.25 mg). Preoperative Complexity Score (CS), surgical time, intraoperative manoeuvers, visual and anatomical outcome at 6 months observation. RESULTS CS was similar in both the groups (5.5) intraoperative bleeding grade 1 vs. 2, endodiathermy 2 vs. 5 and posterior vitreous detachment induction 2 vs. 5. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity improved more in group 1 than 2.
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 2017
BACKGROUND The blindness due to corneal aetiology accounts for 0.9% of blindness in India. Cornea... more BACKGROUND The blindness due to corneal aetiology accounts for 0.9% of blindness in India. Corneal transplantation is the major treatment option for them. The lower rate of eye donation is the major obstacle to this procedure. Twenty-two thousand eyes are collected every year in India, which only serve half the requirement of corneal transplantations. Medical students who are future medical practitioners can be a good motivator for this eye donation. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess the awareness of eye donation among medical students, we did a cross-sectional study enrolling 112 fourth year MBBS students on the occasion of eye donation fortnight in the year 2015. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was given to each student to conduct the study. RESULTS All the students knew that eyes can be donated after death, but only 68.7% knew that the ideal time of donation was within 6 hours of death. Most students (88.4%) were willing to donate eyes. Eye donation can give vision to the blind was the motivational force for eye donation according to most of the students. Lack of awareness (87.5%) and objection by family members (61.6%) were the main perceived reason by the students for not pledging the eyes for donation. Television, newspapers, magazines and posters were found to be the important sources of information about eye donation. CONCLUSION The study revealed that though the majority of medical students were aware of eye donation practices, still there is lack of knowledge among students, which need to be considered. As the medical students are one of the knowledge group of community, their perception regarding non-donation of eyes by the people can be considered, while creating awareness about eye donation.
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Papers by Ravindra Chowdhury