Problem-based learning (PBL) is a widely acclaimed student-centred learning method. However, ther... more Problem-based learning (PBL) is a widely acclaimed student-centred learning method. However, there are few reports of its use in the traditional lecture-practical-tutorial model of learning. We used PBL for teaching one module of Physiology to first-year medical undergraduate students who had no prior exposure to PBL. One hundred first-year medical undergraduates enrolled in a medical college, which follows the traditional teaching-learning methods, participated in the exercise. The scheduled classes on 'Physiology of the thyroid gland' were converted into a PBL block to be covered over a week. An orientation of the teachers and students to PBL was done, clinical cases selected and tutor guides prepared before the actual PBL week. During the PBL week, students were exposed to small group discussions and Interactive resource sessions, and were given time for self-study. The PBL week concluded with a review session and evaluation of the PBL block using questionnaires. A compar...
Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1999
Endogenous potentials are evoked responses that occur independent of the stimulus evoking them. T... more Endogenous potentials are evoked responses that occur independent of the stimulus evoking them. They are related to different aspects of information processing. Two types of event related potentials (ERPs) are recorded, the P300 wave and contingent negative variation (CNV). The P300 wave is the most frequently studied factor in various clinical diseases and also for neurological research. Different tasks, paradigms can be used of which the oddball paradigm, consisting of target and non-target stimuli and their variations is most popular. The effect on P300 of physiological factors like age, IQ, pregnancy, exercise and others along with the clinical application in various neurophysiological and psychiatric disorders are discussed. This review deals with various aspects of (ERPs), their methodology with a broad view of the scope and clinical horizon as regard their application in neurophysiological research.
A contest on question writing was organized during the undergraduate medical physiology teaching ... more A contest on question writing was organized during the undergraduate medical physiology teaching program. Students were asked to write and submit multiple-choice questions of the assertion-reasoning type (type E) in physiology. The winners were decided after the questions submitted were graded on a six-point scale (0-5) that considered both thematic novelty and construct correctness. Of the 100 students in the class, 37 participated in the contest, and a total of 912 questions was received. The contest encouraged the students to go through their subjects critically. The questions provided the instructor with insight into the learning habits and misconceptions of the students and provided the grist for animated discussions in tutorial classes. Although several types of errors were deciphered in these questions, with suitable modifications the questions helped the faculty build up a sizable question bank.
Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1991
Pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) were studied in school going children 4-15 years of ag... more Pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) were studied in school going children 4-15 years of age (mean 9.9 +/- 2.6 yrs), using Ag/AgCl electrodes anchored on 01-A1 and 02-A2 scalp sites. Two sets of 256 pattern reversal stimuli with check sizes 32' and alternation rate 1 Hz were applied to each eye and evoked responses thus obtained were averaged and analysed by the inbuilt computer of the evoked potential recorder. The latency of various components of visual evoked potentials along with P1 amplitudes were recorded for the right and the left eye separately in boys and girls. The normative data are being reported and these do not show eye and gender differences in children.
Central nervous system pathways get influenced by the changing hormonal levels across the menstru... more Central nervous system pathways get influenced by the changing hormonal levels across the menstrual cycle. In an effort to see the effects on the conduction in central auditory pathways we recorded long latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEPs) across the 4 different phases of the menstrual cycle. 20 females having normal ovulatory menstrual cycles were tested 4 times in a single cycle and LLAEPs were recorded from Cz-A1 and Cz-A2 position with alternating 90 dB sound pressure click stimuli. Twenty age matched control females having anovulatory menstrual cycles were also tested on the corresponding days. All control females were taking oral contraceptive (O.C.) pills. The LLAEPs were compared inter-group wise as well as inter-phase wise for each parameter by using hierarchal ANOVA design and Tukey test was applied to find out the significance level. Peak latencies of waves P2 and N2 were found to be delayed during mid-cycle and relatively reduced mid-luteal phase in ovulatory mens...
Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2002
Twenty Type 2 diabetic subjects between the age group of 30-60 years were studied to see the effe... more Twenty Type 2 diabetic subjects between the age group of 30-60 years were studied to see the effect of 40 days of Yoga asanas on the nerve conduction velocity. The duration of diabetes ranged from 0-10 years. Subject suffering from cardiac, renal and proliferative retinal complications were excluded from the study Yoga asanas included Suryanamskar. Tadasan, Konasan, Padmasan Pranayam, Paschimottansan Ardhmatsyendrasan, Shavasan, Pavanmukthasan, Sarpasan and Shavasan. Subjects were called to the cardio-respiratory laboratory in the morning time and were given training by the Yoga expert. The Yoga exercises were performed for 30-40 minutes every day for 40 days in the above sequence. The subjects were prescribed certain medicines and diet. The basal blood glucose, nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve was measured and repeated after 40 days of Yogic regime. Another group of 20 Type 2 diabetes subjects of comparable age and severity, called the control group, were kept on presc...
Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2002
Certain yoga asanas if practiced regularly are known to have beneficial effects on human body. Th... more Certain yoga asanas if practiced regularly are known to have beneficial effects on human body. These yoga practices might be interacting with various, somato-neuro-endocrine mechanisms to have therapeutic effects. The present study done in twenty four NIDDM patients of 30 to 60 year old, provides metabolic and clinical evidence of improvement in glycaemic control and pulmonary functions. These middle-aged subjects were type II diabetics on antihyperglycaemic and dietary regimen. Their baseline fasting and postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated Hb were monitored along with pulmonary function studies. The expert gave these patients training in yoga asanas and were pursed 30-40 min/day for 40 days under guidance. These asanas consisted of 13 well known postures, done in a sequence. After 40 days of yoga asanas regimen, the parameters were repeated. The results indicate that there was significant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels (basal 190.08 +/- 90.8 in mg/dl to 141.5 +/- ...
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology, 2015
Background and Aim: It is a well-known fact that traffic policemen in Delhi are exposed to immens... more Background and Aim: It is a well-known fact that traffic policemen in Delhi are exposed to immense vehicular pollution particularly at crowded intersections. These pollutants affect various systems of the body including nervous system in due course of time. Realizing these facts, we recorded absolute and inter peak latencies (IPLs) of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in traffic policemen exposed to enormous vehicular emission and compared with the normal controls living in the residential areas in Delhi. Methods: Totally, 60 subjects all males and nonsmokers between 30 and 50 years of age were studied, 30 belonged to exposed group comprised of traffic policemen and 30 nonexposed controls. Their BAEPs were recorded using MEB 5200 Neuropack II plus evoked potential recorder (Nihon Kohden, Japan) and evaluation of anthropometric and neuro-psychiatric parameters was done. To compare BAEP results, Student′s t-test was used. Results: Significantly prolonged absolute peak latencies I, II, III, IV, V and IPL I-III in exposed group were observed as compared to controls. Conclusion: Findings suggest prolongation of peripheral and central auditory conduction time in exposed subjects. The prolonged latencies in exposed group may be attributed to occupational exposure to vehicular emission.
Secretor status of healthy young volunteers in the age group of 18-22 years and having similar so... more Secretor status of healthy young volunteers in the age group of 18-22 years and having similar socio-economic background was determined by standard agglutination inhibition test of the saliva. Phagocytic response of leucocyte was worked out by in vitro suspension technique and average number of cocci engulfed by leucocytes calculated in secretors/non-secretors of each blood group. Leucocytes of non-secretors of O and AB seem to have more and highly significant ingestion power as compared to secretors. Non secretors in group A & B also show more phagocytic activity. Relatively different concentration of the components of the blood group substances in secretors/non-secretors seems to affect phagocytic activity of the leucocytes.
Blood groups (ABO, Rh-including sub-types M-N, Duffy), secretor status and ability to taste Pheny... more Blood groups (ABO, Rh-including sub-types M-N, Duffy), secretor status and ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) were investigated in 102 medical students of Delhi University, and the distribution was found similar to that observed in the north Indians. Both faster and secretors had highest percentage in AB, O and in rr, while the lowest values were obtained in B and R1r.
Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB, 2008
A distinguishable feature of type 2 diabetes besides hyperglycemia and deranged lipid profile is ... more A distinguishable feature of type 2 diabetes besides hyperglycemia and deranged lipid profile is an impaired insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance and obesity which has become a major health concern worldwide. India with an estimated 31million diabetics in 2000 and 79mllions by the yr 2030 has the highest number of type 2 diabetics in the world. In this study, we aimed to see if yoga-asanas and pranayamas have any influence in modifying certain biochemical parameters. Sixty patients of uncomplicated type 2 diabetes (age 35-60 yrs of 1-10 yrs duration) were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=30): performed yoga along with the conventional hypoglycemic medicines and group 2 (n=30): patients who only received conventional medicines. Duration of the study was 45 days. Basal recordings of blood glucose (fasting and post-prandial), lipid profile and serum insulin were taken at the time of recruitment and the second reading after forty five days. Results showed a significant im...
Prana is the energy, when the self-energizing force embraces the body with extension and expansio... more Prana is the energy, when the self-energizing force embraces the body with extension and expansion and control, it is pranayama. It may affect the milieu at the bronchioles and the alveoli particularly at the alveolo-capillary membrane to facilitate diffusion and transport of gases. It may also increase oxygenation at tissue level. Aim of our study is to compare pulmonary functions and diffusion capacity in patients of bronchial asthma before and after yogic intervention of 2 months. Sixty stable asthmatic-patients were randomized into two groups i.e group 1 (Yoga training group) and group 2 (control group). Each group included thirty patients. Lung functions were recorded on all patients at baseline, and then after two months. Group 1 subjects showed a statistically significant improvement (P<0.001) in Transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st sec (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), maximum voluntar...
Occupational exposures to petrol/diesel vapors have been shown to affect functioning of different... more Occupational exposures to petrol/diesel vapors have been shown to affect functioning of different systems of the body. The present study was planned to assess the pulmonary functions in petrol pump workers (filling attendants) who are continuously exposed to petrol/diesel vapors during duty hours. Thirty healthy non-smoker males working in petrol pump for more than one year formed the study group, while thirty healthy non-smoker males from hospital staff served as control group. The pulmonary functions were assessed using computerized spirometer. The FVC and FEV1 were decreased in the study group while their ratio did not differ much. Both the inspiratory and expiratory flow rates were also decreased in the study group. These findings point towards adverse effects of petrol/diesel fumes mainly on lower airways with restrictive pattern of disease.
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2004
1. To study the effect of forty days of Yogic exercises on cardiac functions in Type 2 Diabetics.... more 1. To study the effect of forty days of Yogic exercises on cardiac functions in Type 2 Diabetics. 2. To study the effect of forty days of Yogic exercises on blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin. The present study done in twenty-four Type 2 DM cases provides metabolic and clinical evidence of improvement in glycaemic control and autonomic functions. These middle-aged subjects were type II diabetics on antihyperglycaemic and dietary regimen. Their baseline fasting and postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated Hb were monitored along with autonomic function studies. The expert gave these patients training in yoga asanas and they pursued those 30-40 min/day for 40 days under guidance. These asanas consisted of 13 well known postures, done in a sequence. After 40 days of yoga asanas regimen, the parameters were repeated. The results indicate that there was significant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels from basal 190.08 +/- 18.54 in mg/dl to 141.5 +/- 16.3 in mg/dl after ...
Problem-based learning (PBL) is a widely acclaimed student-centred learning method. However, ther... more Problem-based learning (PBL) is a widely acclaimed student-centred learning method. However, there are few reports of its use in the traditional lecture-practical-tutorial model of learning. We used PBL for teaching one module of Physiology to first-year medical undergraduate students who had no prior exposure to PBL. One hundred first-year medical undergraduates enrolled in a medical college, which follows the traditional teaching-learning methods, participated in the exercise. The scheduled classes on 'Physiology of the thyroid gland' were converted into a PBL block to be covered over a week. An orientation of the teachers and students to PBL was done, clinical cases selected and tutor guides prepared before the actual PBL week. During the PBL week, students were exposed to small group discussions and Interactive resource sessions, and were given time for self-study. The PBL week concluded with a review session and evaluation of the PBL block using questionnaires. A compar...
Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1999
Endogenous potentials are evoked responses that occur independent of the stimulus evoking them. T... more Endogenous potentials are evoked responses that occur independent of the stimulus evoking them. They are related to different aspects of information processing. Two types of event related potentials (ERPs) are recorded, the P300 wave and contingent negative variation (CNV). The P300 wave is the most frequently studied factor in various clinical diseases and also for neurological research. Different tasks, paradigms can be used of which the oddball paradigm, consisting of target and non-target stimuli and their variations is most popular. The effect on P300 of physiological factors like age, IQ, pregnancy, exercise and others along with the clinical application in various neurophysiological and psychiatric disorders are discussed. This review deals with various aspects of (ERPs), their methodology with a broad view of the scope and clinical horizon as regard their application in neurophysiological research.
A contest on question writing was organized during the undergraduate medical physiology teaching ... more A contest on question writing was organized during the undergraduate medical physiology teaching program. Students were asked to write and submit multiple-choice questions of the assertion-reasoning type (type E) in physiology. The winners were decided after the questions submitted were graded on a six-point scale (0-5) that considered both thematic novelty and construct correctness. Of the 100 students in the class, 37 participated in the contest, and a total of 912 questions was received. The contest encouraged the students to go through their subjects critically. The questions provided the instructor with insight into the learning habits and misconceptions of the students and provided the grist for animated discussions in tutorial classes. Although several types of errors were deciphered in these questions, with suitable modifications the questions helped the faculty build up a sizable question bank.
Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1991
Pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) were studied in school going children 4-15 years of ag... more Pattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) were studied in school going children 4-15 years of age (mean 9.9 +/- 2.6 yrs), using Ag/AgCl electrodes anchored on 01-A1 and 02-A2 scalp sites. Two sets of 256 pattern reversal stimuli with check sizes 32' and alternation rate 1 Hz were applied to each eye and evoked responses thus obtained were averaged and analysed by the inbuilt computer of the evoked potential recorder. The latency of various components of visual evoked potentials along with P1 amplitudes were recorded for the right and the left eye separately in boys and girls. The normative data are being reported and these do not show eye and gender differences in children.
Central nervous system pathways get influenced by the changing hormonal levels across the menstru... more Central nervous system pathways get influenced by the changing hormonal levels across the menstrual cycle. In an effort to see the effects on the conduction in central auditory pathways we recorded long latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEPs) across the 4 different phases of the menstrual cycle. 20 females having normal ovulatory menstrual cycles were tested 4 times in a single cycle and LLAEPs were recorded from Cz-A1 and Cz-A2 position with alternating 90 dB sound pressure click stimuli. Twenty age matched control females having anovulatory menstrual cycles were also tested on the corresponding days. All control females were taking oral contraceptive (O.C.) pills. The LLAEPs were compared inter-group wise as well as inter-phase wise for each parameter by using hierarchal ANOVA design and Tukey test was applied to find out the significance level. Peak latencies of waves P2 and N2 were found to be delayed during mid-cycle and relatively reduced mid-luteal phase in ovulatory mens...
Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2002
Twenty Type 2 diabetic subjects between the age group of 30-60 years were studied to see the effe... more Twenty Type 2 diabetic subjects between the age group of 30-60 years were studied to see the effect of 40 days of Yoga asanas on the nerve conduction velocity. The duration of diabetes ranged from 0-10 years. Subject suffering from cardiac, renal and proliferative retinal complications were excluded from the study Yoga asanas included Suryanamskar. Tadasan, Konasan, Padmasan Pranayam, Paschimottansan Ardhmatsyendrasan, Shavasan, Pavanmukthasan, Sarpasan and Shavasan. Subjects were called to the cardio-respiratory laboratory in the morning time and were given training by the Yoga expert. The Yoga exercises were performed for 30-40 minutes every day for 40 days in the above sequence. The subjects were prescribed certain medicines and diet. The basal blood glucose, nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve was measured and repeated after 40 days of Yogic regime. Another group of 20 Type 2 diabetes subjects of comparable age and severity, called the control group, were kept on presc...
Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2002
Certain yoga asanas if practiced regularly are known to have beneficial effects on human body. Th... more Certain yoga asanas if practiced regularly are known to have beneficial effects on human body. These yoga practices might be interacting with various, somato-neuro-endocrine mechanisms to have therapeutic effects. The present study done in twenty four NIDDM patients of 30 to 60 year old, provides metabolic and clinical evidence of improvement in glycaemic control and pulmonary functions. These middle-aged subjects were type II diabetics on antihyperglycaemic and dietary regimen. Their baseline fasting and postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated Hb were monitored along with pulmonary function studies. The expert gave these patients training in yoga asanas and were pursed 30-40 min/day for 40 days under guidance. These asanas consisted of 13 well known postures, done in a sequence. After 40 days of yoga asanas regimen, the parameters were repeated. The results indicate that there was significant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels (basal 190.08 +/- 90.8 in mg/dl to 141.5 +/- ...
International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Physiology, 2015
Background and Aim: It is a well-known fact that traffic policemen in Delhi are exposed to immens... more Background and Aim: It is a well-known fact that traffic policemen in Delhi are exposed to immense vehicular pollution particularly at crowded intersections. These pollutants affect various systems of the body including nervous system in due course of time. Realizing these facts, we recorded absolute and inter peak latencies (IPLs) of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) in traffic policemen exposed to enormous vehicular emission and compared with the normal controls living in the residential areas in Delhi. Methods: Totally, 60 subjects all males and nonsmokers between 30 and 50 years of age were studied, 30 belonged to exposed group comprised of traffic policemen and 30 nonexposed controls. Their BAEPs were recorded using MEB 5200 Neuropack II plus evoked potential recorder (Nihon Kohden, Japan) and evaluation of anthropometric and neuro-psychiatric parameters was done. To compare BAEP results, Student′s t-test was used. Results: Significantly prolonged absolute peak latencies I, II, III, IV, V and IPL I-III in exposed group were observed as compared to controls. Conclusion: Findings suggest prolongation of peripheral and central auditory conduction time in exposed subjects. The prolonged latencies in exposed group may be attributed to occupational exposure to vehicular emission.
Secretor status of healthy young volunteers in the age group of 18-22 years and having similar so... more Secretor status of healthy young volunteers in the age group of 18-22 years and having similar socio-economic background was determined by standard agglutination inhibition test of the saliva. Phagocytic response of leucocyte was worked out by in vitro suspension technique and average number of cocci engulfed by leucocytes calculated in secretors/non-secretors of each blood group. Leucocytes of non-secretors of O and AB seem to have more and highly significant ingestion power as compared to secretors. Non secretors in group A & B also show more phagocytic activity. Relatively different concentration of the components of the blood group substances in secretors/non-secretors seems to affect phagocytic activity of the leucocytes.
Blood groups (ABO, Rh-including sub-types M-N, Duffy), secretor status and ability to taste Pheny... more Blood groups (ABO, Rh-including sub-types M-N, Duffy), secretor status and ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) were investigated in 102 medical students of Delhi University, and the distribution was found similar to that observed in the north Indians. Both faster and secretors had highest percentage in AB, O and in rr, while the lowest values were obtained in B and R1r.
Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB, 2008
A distinguishable feature of type 2 diabetes besides hyperglycemia and deranged lipid profile is ... more A distinguishable feature of type 2 diabetes besides hyperglycemia and deranged lipid profile is an impaired insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance and obesity which has become a major health concern worldwide. India with an estimated 31million diabetics in 2000 and 79mllions by the yr 2030 has the highest number of type 2 diabetics in the world. In this study, we aimed to see if yoga-asanas and pranayamas have any influence in modifying certain biochemical parameters. Sixty patients of uncomplicated type 2 diabetes (age 35-60 yrs of 1-10 yrs duration) were divided into two groups: Group 1 (n=30): performed yoga along with the conventional hypoglycemic medicines and group 2 (n=30): patients who only received conventional medicines. Duration of the study was 45 days. Basal recordings of blood glucose (fasting and post-prandial), lipid profile and serum insulin were taken at the time of recruitment and the second reading after forty five days. Results showed a significant im...
Prana is the energy, when the self-energizing force embraces the body with extension and expansio... more Prana is the energy, when the self-energizing force embraces the body with extension and expansion and control, it is pranayama. It may affect the milieu at the bronchioles and the alveoli particularly at the alveolo-capillary membrane to facilitate diffusion and transport of gases. It may also increase oxygenation at tissue level. Aim of our study is to compare pulmonary functions and diffusion capacity in patients of bronchial asthma before and after yogic intervention of 2 months. Sixty stable asthmatic-patients were randomized into two groups i.e group 1 (Yoga training group) and group 2 (control group). Each group included thirty patients. Lung functions were recorded on all patients at baseline, and then after two months. Group 1 subjects showed a statistically significant improvement (P<0.001) in Transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st sec (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), maximum voluntar...
Occupational exposures to petrol/diesel vapors have been shown to affect functioning of different... more Occupational exposures to petrol/diesel vapors have been shown to affect functioning of different systems of the body. The present study was planned to assess the pulmonary functions in petrol pump workers (filling attendants) who are continuously exposed to petrol/diesel vapors during duty hours. Thirty healthy non-smoker males working in petrol pump for more than one year formed the study group, while thirty healthy non-smoker males from hospital staff served as control group. The pulmonary functions were assessed using computerized spirometer. The FVC and FEV1 were decreased in the study group while their ratio did not differ much. Both the inspiratory and expiratory flow rates were also decreased in the study group. These findings point towards adverse effects of petrol/diesel fumes mainly on lower airways with restrictive pattern of disease.
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2004
1. To study the effect of forty days of Yogic exercises on cardiac functions in Type 2 Diabetics.... more 1. To study the effect of forty days of Yogic exercises on cardiac functions in Type 2 Diabetics. 2. To study the effect of forty days of Yogic exercises on blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin. The present study done in twenty-four Type 2 DM cases provides metabolic and clinical evidence of improvement in glycaemic control and autonomic functions. These middle-aged subjects were type II diabetics on antihyperglycaemic and dietary regimen. Their baseline fasting and postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated Hb were monitored along with autonomic function studies. The expert gave these patients training in yoga asanas and they pursued those 30-40 min/day for 40 days under guidance. These asanas consisted of 13 well known postures, done in a sequence. After 40 days of yoga asanas regimen, the parameters were repeated. The results indicate that there was significant decrease in fasting blood glucose levels from basal 190.08 +/- 18.54 in mg/dl to 141.5 +/- 16.3 in mg/dl after ...
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