There is much debate as to how best to exploit the potential of the internet when designing dista... more There is much debate as to how best to exploit the potential of the internet when designing distance education (DE) courses; the "formula for success" is still to be determined. In this Darwinian struggle for "market share" Athabasca University (AU) has established itself as the leading DE university in Canada. Courses at AU include four in nutrition. Enrollment growth has been rapid in recent years. We investigated factors that may be responsible for this success. We garnered the opinions of former nutrition students using a mailed questionnaire (response rate: 57.1%; 176 returned). We investigated the following factors with respect to the highest enrollment nutrition course: (1) why students took the course at AU (rather than a similar course at another university); (2) student opinions of the course; (3) student preferences for receiving course materials in a printed format or via a computer; and (4) student opinions of AU. The leading reason for taking the nutrition course by DE is work commitment, followed by family commitment, a preference for DE, a recommendation, and no other one was available. The learning materials for the course are print based. This appears to be important as only 4% of students prefer to receive their textbook via a computer rather than printed. Another factor is that AU is well respected by its students: only 11% feel that AU courses are of lower academic credibility than similar courses at other Canadian universities.
The objective of this study was: 1) to determine the anthropometric profile of adults in Mamre, a... more The objective of this study was: 1) to determine the anthropometric profile of adults in Mamre, a small town in South Africa, which has a population of mixed ancestry ("colored" people of Afro-Euro-Malay-Khoisan ancestry); and 2) to determine the change in this profile between 1989 and 1996. Cross-sectional surveys conducted in random samples of adults in 1989 and 1996. The subjects were 684 women and 529 men in 1989, and 546 women and 430 men in 1996, aged 15 and older. The following measurements were recorded: height, weight, and circumference of waist, hips, and mid-upper arm. Based on data from the 1996 survey, 32% of women are obese (body mass index [BMI] > or = 30) at ages 25-44 years, rising to 49% at ages 45-64 years. A much lower prevalence of obesity is seen in men: 14% at ages 35-64 years. Obesity levels significantly increased in women between the two surveys (P=.015): up from 44% in 1989 to 49% in 1996 at ages 45-64 years. There was an increase in the preva...
The influence of dietary selenium and cabbage on the formation of colon tumors in female Swiss mi... more The influence of dietary selenium and cabbage on the formation of colon tumors in female Swiss mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [(DMH) CAS: 540-73-8] was reported. Mice received a control diet (laboratory chow), the control diet plus selenium in the drinking water (1 mg/liter), or the control diet with added cabbage (12.8 g/100 g diet). They also received 8 weekly sc injections of DMH. The experiment was divided into two time periods: a) from 5 weeks before the first injection until 3 days after the last one (initiation period), and b) the subsequent 19.5 weeks until sacrifice of the mice (promotion period). Selenium had a strong protective effect when given during the initiation period; adenomas were reduced to a much greater extent than adenocarcinomas. The only effect of selenium supplementation in the promotion period was a small decrease in adenomas. Cabbage apparently had two opposing actions. It increased tumor incidence, particularly adenocarcinomas, if given in the i...
Progress in clinical and biological research, 1988
1. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;259:217-28. Vitamin A, beta-carotene and cancer. Basu TK, Temple NJ, ... more 1. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;259:217-28. Vitamin A, beta-carotene and cancer. Basu TK, Temple NJ, Hodgson AM. Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. PMID: 3283746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Publication Types: Review. ...
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry, 1979
1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of ... more 1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of goldfish intestinal mucosa. 2. The results allowed the following allocations to be made: carnitine acetyl transferase-mitochondrial and peroxisomal, xanthine dehydrogenase and NAD: alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase soluble phase, NADP: isocitrate dehydrogenase soluble phase and mitochondrial, and 2-naphthyl laurate hydrolase microsomal and/or brush border. 3. Histochemistry confirmed the use of alkaline phosphatase and 1-naphthyl acetate esterase as brush border and microsome markers respectively. 4. Urate oxidase, allantoinase, allantoicase, xanthine oxidase and glycollate/lactate oxidase, activities were undetectable, and 1-naphthyl palmitate hydrolase was present only as a contaminant from pancreas.
The effect of dietary p-carotene on colon carcinogenesis Induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine «DMH) C... more The effect of dietary p-carotene on colon carcinogenesis Induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine «DMH) CAS: 540-73-81 was studied in female inbred Swiss Webster (ICR) mice. At age 10 weeks and continuing throughout the experiment, mice received diets consisting mainly of natural foods (laboratory chow) and containing 2 or 22 mg p-carotene/kg. At age 15 weeks they received 7 weekly sc injections of DMH (total dose: 196 mg DMH'diHCI/kg body wt). When autopsied 31 weeks after the first DMH injection, the incidence (percent of mice with tumors) and multiplicity (number of tumors/tumor-bearing mouse) of colon tumors were reduced by half in the mice supplemented with pcarotene. There was a much greater decrease in adenocarcinomas than in adenomas. Mice observed for 13 additional weeks revealed that the mortality rate, due largely or wholly to colon cancer, was only about half in supplemented mice. Mice sacrificed 12 weeks after the first dose of DMH (Le., well before tumors appeared) showed mild colon mucosal hyperplasia. p-Carotene supplementation, however, did not alter this, Indicating that the protective effect against colon cancer may have occurred at a late stage of carcinogenesis.-JNCI1987; 78:1211-1214. .
Alcoholic beverages contain a variety of phytochemicals, but there is little strong evidence re... more Alcoholic beverages contain a variety of phytochemicals, but there is little strong evidence regarding the effects of these substances on health. Alcohol creates many social problems, such as violence and accidents, as well as negative health effects, most notably those ...
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 1987
The effects of dietary supplements of .a-carotene (20-500 mg per kg diet) on hepatic microsomal d... more The effects of dietary supplements of .a-carotene (20-500 mg per kg diet) on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were studied in mice. Supplementation for 14 days resulted in marked reductions in the concentrations of cytochrome P-4S0 and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase. The antipyrine N-demethylase and p-nitroanisol O-demethylase activities, however, were unchanged. Also apparently unchanged were the hepatic concentrations of microsomal protein, lipid peroxides, and superoxide dismutase. Supplemental .a-carotene was weakly protective against the acute toxic effects of an injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), as indicated by a lowered mortality. This anti-carcinogenic action of p-carotene, including a protection against Di'\1H-induced colon carcinogenesis, suggests an alteration by this carotenoid in the metabolism of carcinogens by the liver.
ABSTRACT • Food labels provide the information needed to guide the selection of foods that will h... more ABSTRACT • Food labels provide the information needed to guide the selection of foods that will help individuals meet nutrition and health goals. • This chapter explains how to best utilize the information contained on food labels. • The chapter lists the major nutrients provided by the food groups and by various foods. • The chapter also lists major food sources of various nutrients. Key WordsNutrition labeling-daily value-health claims-food sources of select nutrients
... We liked the fact that debates are always well attended, and that a large proportion of the s... more ... We liked the fact that debates are always well attended, and that a large proportion of the student body at each university belongs to the Debating Society or De-bating Union. In both types ofdebate discussed here, but especially in the Parliamentary, we liked the idea of being ...
Objective: To determine the dietary intake, practices, knowledge and barriers to dietary complian... more Objective: To determine the dietary intake, practices, knowledge and barriers to dietary compliance of black South African type 2 diabetic patients attending primary health-care services in urban and rural areas. Design: A cross-sectional survey. Dietary intake was assessed by three 24-hour recalls, and knowledge and practices by means of a structured questionnaire (n ¼ 133 men, 155 women). In-depth interviews were then conducted with 25 of the patients to explore their underlying beliefs and feelings with respect to their disease. Trained interviewers measured weight, height and blood pressure. A fasting venous blood sample was collected from each participant in order to evaluate glycaemic control. Setting: An urban area (Sheshego) and rural areas near Pietersburg in the Northern Province of South Africa. Subjects: The sample comprised 59 men and 75 women from urban areas and 74 men and 80 women from rural areas. All were over 40 years of age, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least one year, and attended primary health-care services in the study area over a 3-month period in 1998. Results: Reported dietary results indicate that mean energy intakes were low (,70% of Recommended Dietary Allowance), 8086 -8450 kJ day 21 and 6967-7382 kJ day 21 in men and women, respectively. Urban subjects had higher ðP , 0:05Þ intakes of animal protein and lower ratios of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat than rural subjects. The energy distribution of macronutrients was in line with the recommendations for a prudent diet, with fat intake less than 30%, saturated fat less than 10% and carbohydrate intake greater than 55% of total energy intake. In most respects, nutrient intakes resembled a traditional African diet, although fibre intake was low in terms of the recommended 3-6 g/1000 kJ. More than 90% of patients ate three meals a day, yet only 32 -47% had a morning snack and 19-27% had a late evening snack. The majority of patients indicated that they followed a special diet, which had been given to them by a doctor or a nurse. Only 3.4-6.1% were treated by diet alone. Poor glycaemic control was found in both urban and rural participants, with more than half of subjects having fasting plasma glucose above 8 mmol l 21 and more than 35% having plasma glycosylated haemoglobin level above 8.6%. High triglyceride levels were found in 24 to 25% of men and in 17 to 18% of women. Obesity (body mass index $30 kg m 22 ) was prevalent in 15 to 16% of men compared with 35 to 47% of women; elevated blood pressure ($160/95 mmHg) was least prevalent in rural women (25.9%) and most prevalent in urban men (42.4%).
We wanted to develop and validate a test that assesses the knowledge and practices of health prof... more We wanted to develop and validate a test that assesses the knowledge and practices of health professionals (HPs) with regard to the role of nutrition, physical activity, and smoking cessation (lifestyle modification) in chronic diseases of lifestyle. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional validation study was carried out. The validation design consisted of two phases, namely 1) test planning and development and 2) test evaluation. The study sample consisted of five groups of HPs: dietitians, dietetic interns, general practitioners, medical students, and nurses. The overall response rate was 58%, resulting in a sample size of 186 participants. A test was designed to evaluate the knowledge and practices of HPs. The test was first evaluated by an expert group to ensure content, construct, and face validity. Thereafter, the questionnaire was tested on five groups of HPs to test for criterion validity. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's ␣. RESULTS: An expert panel ensured content, construct, and face validity of the test. Groups with the most training and exposure to nutrition (dietitians and dietetic interns) had the highest group mean score, ranging from 61% to 88%, whereas those with limited nutrition training (general practitioners, medical students, and nurses) had significantly lower scores, ranging from 26% to 80%. This result demonstrated criterion validity. Internal consistency of the overall test demonstrated a Cronbach's ␣ of 0.99. Most HPs identified the mass media as their main source of information on lifestyle modification. These HPs also identified lack of time, lack of patient compliance, and lack of knowledge as barriers that prevent them from providing counseling on lifestyle modification. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that this test instrument identifies groups of health professionals with adequate training (knowledge) in lifestyle modification and those who require further training (knowledge). Nutrition
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 1989
A total of 89 subjects including 30 breast cancer patients with distal metastases, 29 patients wi... more A total of 89 subjects including 30 breast cancer patients with distal metastases, 29 patients with benign breast disease, and 30 healthy subjects were studied. Serum samples from these subjects were obtained from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Breast Cancer Serum Bank, Bethesda. Serum concentrations of vitamin A and its transport proteins (prealbumin and retinol-binding protein [RBP]), beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium were determined. For each of these parameters the mean for the breast cancer patients was lower than that of the healthy subjects. The differences between healthy subjects and patients with either breast cancer or benign breast disease were, however, statistically significant only in the case of RBP (p less than 0.05). In the case of vitamin A and its transport proteins these differences were reduced by comparing the cancer patients with the benign breast disease patients rather than with the healthy controls. This indicates that the low serum levels for those three parameters may be merely a consequence of disease in general rather than a feature of cancer per se.
There is much debate as to how best to exploit the potential of the internet when designing dista... more There is much debate as to how best to exploit the potential of the internet when designing distance education (DE) courses; the "formula for success" is still to be determined. In this Darwinian struggle for "market share" Athabasca University (AU) has established itself as the leading DE university in Canada. Courses at AU include four in nutrition. Enrollment growth has been rapid in recent years. We investigated factors that may be responsible for this success. We garnered the opinions of former nutrition students using a mailed questionnaire (response rate: 57.1%; 176 returned). We investigated the following factors with respect to the highest enrollment nutrition course: (1) why students took the course at AU (rather than a similar course at another university); (2) student opinions of the course; (3) student preferences for receiving course materials in a printed format or via a computer; and (4) student opinions of AU. The leading reason for taking the nutrition course by DE is work commitment, followed by family commitment, a preference for DE, a recommendation, and no other one was available. The learning materials for the course are print based. This appears to be important as only 4% of students prefer to receive their textbook via a computer rather than printed. Another factor is that AU is well respected by its students: only 11% feel that AU courses are of lower academic credibility than similar courses at other Canadian universities.
The objective of this study was: 1) to determine the anthropometric profile of adults in Mamre, a... more The objective of this study was: 1) to determine the anthropometric profile of adults in Mamre, a small town in South Africa, which has a population of mixed ancestry ("colored" people of Afro-Euro-Malay-Khoisan ancestry); and 2) to determine the change in this profile between 1989 and 1996. Cross-sectional surveys conducted in random samples of adults in 1989 and 1996. The subjects were 684 women and 529 men in 1989, and 546 women and 430 men in 1996, aged 15 and older. The following measurements were recorded: height, weight, and circumference of waist, hips, and mid-upper arm. Based on data from the 1996 survey, 32% of women are obese (body mass index [BMI] > or = 30) at ages 25-44 years, rising to 49% at ages 45-64 years. A much lower prevalence of obesity is seen in men: 14% at ages 35-64 years. Obesity levels significantly increased in women between the two surveys (P=.015): up from 44% in 1989 to 49% in 1996 at ages 45-64 years. There was an increase in the preva...
The influence of dietary selenium and cabbage on the formation of colon tumors in female Swiss mi... more The influence of dietary selenium and cabbage on the formation of colon tumors in female Swiss mice treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [(DMH) CAS: 540-73-8] was reported. Mice received a control diet (laboratory chow), the control diet plus selenium in the drinking water (1 mg/liter), or the control diet with added cabbage (12.8 g/100 g diet). They also received 8 weekly sc injections of DMH. The experiment was divided into two time periods: a) from 5 weeks before the first injection until 3 days after the last one (initiation period), and b) the subsequent 19.5 weeks until sacrifice of the mice (promotion period). Selenium had a strong protective effect when given during the initiation period; adenomas were reduced to a much greater extent than adenocarcinomas. The only effect of selenium supplementation in the promotion period was a small decrease in adenomas. Cabbage apparently had two opposing actions. It increased tumor incidence, particularly adenocarcinomas, if given in the i...
Progress in clinical and biological research, 1988
1. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;259:217-28. Vitamin A, beta-carotene and cancer. Basu TK, Temple NJ, ... more 1. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988;259:217-28. Vitamin A, beta-carotene and cancer. Basu TK, Temple NJ, Hodgson AM. Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. PMID: 3283746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. Publication Types: Review. ...
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry, 1979
1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of ... more 1. Rate sedimentation and isopycnic centrifugation were used to analyse the subcellular sites of enzymes in homogenates of goldfish intestinal mucosa. 2. The results allowed the following allocations to be made: carnitine acetyl transferase-mitochondrial and peroxisomal, xanthine dehydrogenase and NAD: alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase soluble phase, NADP: isocitrate dehydrogenase soluble phase and mitochondrial, and 2-naphthyl laurate hydrolase microsomal and/or brush border. 3. Histochemistry confirmed the use of alkaline phosphatase and 1-naphthyl acetate esterase as brush border and microsome markers respectively. 4. Urate oxidase, allantoinase, allantoicase, xanthine oxidase and glycollate/lactate oxidase, activities were undetectable, and 1-naphthyl palmitate hydrolase was present only as a contaminant from pancreas.
The effect of dietary p-carotene on colon carcinogenesis Induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine «DMH) C... more The effect of dietary p-carotene on colon carcinogenesis Induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine «DMH) CAS: 540-73-81 was studied in female inbred Swiss Webster (ICR) mice. At age 10 weeks and continuing throughout the experiment, mice received diets consisting mainly of natural foods (laboratory chow) and containing 2 or 22 mg p-carotene/kg. At age 15 weeks they received 7 weekly sc injections of DMH (total dose: 196 mg DMH'diHCI/kg body wt). When autopsied 31 weeks after the first DMH injection, the incidence (percent of mice with tumors) and multiplicity (number of tumors/tumor-bearing mouse) of colon tumors were reduced by half in the mice supplemented with pcarotene. There was a much greater decrease in adenocarcinomas than in adenomas. Mice observed for 13 additional weeks revealed that the mortality rate, due largely or wholly to colon cancer, was only about half in supplemented mice. Mice sacrificed 12 weeks after the first dose of DMH (Le., well before tumors appeared) showed mild colon mucosal hyperplasia. p-Carotene supplementation, however, did not alter this, Indicating that the protective effect against colon cancer may have occurred at a late stage of carcinogenesis.-JNCI1987; 78:1211-1214. .
Alcoholic beverages contain a variety of phytochemicals, but there is little strong evidence re... more Alcoholic beverages contain a variety of phytochemicals, but there is little strong evidence regarding the effects of these substances on health. Alcohol creates many social problems, such as violence and accidents, as well as negative health effects, most notably those ...
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 1987
The effects of dietary supplements of .a-carotene (20-500 mg per kg diet) on hepatic microsomal d... more The effects of dietary supplements of .a-carotene (20-500 mg per kg diet) on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were studied in mice. Supplementation for 14 days resulted in marked reductions in the concentrations of cytochrome P-4S0 and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase. The antipyrine N-demethylase and p-nitroanisol O-demethylase activities, however, were unchanged. Also apparently unchanged were the hepatic concentrations of microsomal protein, lipid peroxides, and superoxide dismutase. Supplemental .a-carotene was weakly protective against the acute toxic effects of an injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), as indicated by a lowered mortality. This anti-carcinogenic action of p-carotene, including a protection against Di'\1H-induced colon carcinogenesis, suggests an alteration by this carotenoid in the metabolism of carcinogens by the liver.
ABSTRACT • Food labels provide the information needed to guide the selection of foods that will h... more ABSTRACT • Food labels provide the information needed to guide the selection of foods that will help individuals meet nutrition and health goals. • This chapter explains how to best utilize the information contained on food labels. • The chapter lists the major nutrients provided by the food groups and by various foods. • The chapter also lists major food sources of various nutrients. Key WordsNutrition labeling-daily value-health claims-food sources of select nutrients
... We liked the fact that debates are always well attended, and that a large proportion of the s... more ... We liked the fact that debates are always well attended, and that a large proportion of the student body at each university belongs to the Debating Society or De-bating Union. In both types ofdebate discussed here, but especially in the Parliamentary, we liked the idea of being ...
Objective: To determine the dietary intake, practices, knowledge and barriers to dietary complian... more Objective: To determine the dietary intake, practices, knowledge and barriers to dietary compliance of black South African type 2 diabetic patients attending primary health-care services in urban and rural areas. Design: A cross-sectional survey. Dietary intake was assessed by three 24-hour recalls, and knowledge and practices by means of a structured questionnaire (n ¼ 133 men, 155 women). In-depth interviews were then conducted with 25 of the patients to explore their underlying beliefs and feelings with respect to their disease. Trained interviewers measured weight, height and blood pressure. A fasting venous blood sample was collected from each participant in order to evaluate glycaemic control. Setting: An urban area (Sheshego) and rural areas near Pietersburg in the Northern Province of South Africa. Subjects: The sample comprised 59 men and 75 women from urban areas and 74 men and 80 women from rural areas. All were over 40 years of age, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least one year, and attended primary health-care services in the study area over a 3-month period in 1998. Results: Reported dietary results indicate that mean energy intakes were low (,70% of Recommended Dietary Allowance), 8086 -8450 kJ day 21 and 6967-7382 kJ day 21 in men and women, respectively. Urban subjects had higher ðP , 0:05Þ intakes of animal protein and lower ratios of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat than rural subjects. The energy distribution of macronutrients was in line with the recommendations for a prudent diet, with fat intake less than 30%, saturated fat less than 10% and carbohydrate intake greater than 55% of total energy intake. In most respects, nutrient intakes resembled a traditional African diet, although fibre intake was low in terms of the recommended 3-6 g/1000 kJ. More than 90% of patients ate three meals a day, yet only 32 -47% had a morning snack and 19-27% had a late evening snack. The majority of patients indicated that they followed a special diet, which had been given to them by a doctor or a nurse. Only 3.4-6.1% were treated by diet alone. Poor glycaemic control was found in both urban and rural participants, with more than half of subjects having fasting plasma glucose above 8 mmol l 21 and more than 35% having plasma glycosylated haemoglobin level above 8.6%. High triglyceride levels were found in 24 to 25% of men and in 17 to 18% of women. Obesity (body mass index $30 kg m 22 ) was prevalent in 15 to 16% of men compared with 35 to 47% of women; elevated blood pressure ($160/95 mmHg) was least prevalent in rural women (25.9%) and most prevalent in urban men (42.4%).
We wanted to develop and validate a test that assesses the knowledge and practices of health prof... more We wanted to develop and validate a test that assesses the knowledge and practices of health professionals (HPs) with regard to the role of nutrition, physical activity, and smoking cessation (lifestyle modification) in chronic diseases of lifestyle. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional validation study was carried out. The validation design consisted of two phases, namely 1) test planning and development and 2) test evaluation. The study sample consisted of five groups of HPs: dietitians, dietetic interns, general practitioners, medical students, and nurses. The overall response rate was 58%, resulting in a sample size of 186 participants. A test was designed to evaluate the knowledge and practices of HPs. The test was first evaluated by an expert group to ensure content, construct, and face validity. Thereafter, the questionnaire was tested on five groups of HPs to test for criterion validity. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's ␣. RESULTS: An expert panel ensured content, construct, and face validity of the test. Groups with the most training and exposure to nutrition (dietitians and dietetic interns) had the highest group mean score, ranging from 61% to 88%, whereas those with limited nutrition training (general practitioners, medical students, and nurses) had significantly lower scores, ranging from 26% to 80%. This result demonstrated criterion validity. Internal consistency of the overall test demonstrated a Cronbach's ␣ of 0.99. Most HPs identified the mass media as their main source of information on lifestyle modification. These HPs also identified lack of time, lack of patient compliance, and lack of knowledge as barriers that prevent them from providing counseling on lifestyle modification. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that this test instrument identifies groups of health professionals with adequate training (knowledge) in lifestyle modification and those who require further training (knowledge). Nutrition
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 1989
A total of 89 subjects including 30 breast cancer patients with distal metastases, 29 patients wi... more A total of 89 subjects including 30 breast cancer patients with distal metastases, 29 patients with benign breast disease, and 30 healthy subjects were studied. Serum samples from these subjects were obtained from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Breast Cancer Serum Bank, Bethesda. Serum concentrations of vitamin A and its transport proteins (prealbumin and retinol-binding protein [RBP]), beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium were determined. For each of these parameters the mean for the breast cancer patients was lower than that of the healthy subjects. The differences between healthy subjects and patients with either breast cancer or benign breast disease were, however, statistically significant only in the case of RBP (p less than 0.05). In the case of vitamin A and its transport proteins these differences were reduced by comparing the cancer patients with the benign breast disease patients rather than with the healthy controls. This indicates that the low serum levels for those three parameters may be merely a consequence of disease in general rather than a feature of cancer per se.
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Papers by Norman Temple