Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Oct 1, 2021
Abstract This paper presents the trends and actors from research publications covering passive co... more Abstract This paper presents the trends and actors from research publications covering passive cooling technologies. The unprecedented growth in the provision of cooling is posing a significant risk to energy systems and the natural environment, making passive cooling an important alternative to air conditioners. This paper provides a first necessary step towards better understanding the contribution of passive cooling. By conducting a bibliometric analysis on passive cooling technologies, first, it identifies the relevant literature through structured searches. Second, it examines the actors in the field (i.e. countries, authors, research communities and funders). Further, the main researchers by specific passive cooling categories are analysed in detail in terms of the trajectory of publication and author clusters, including novel visualisations of productivity and collaboration. The search results in a set of 2,859 unique documents, to our knowledge, the largest set in the subject. The country most named in affiliations is the United States ( N = 762 ) , but since 2010, China ( N = 544 ) has driven a rapid increase in research activity. Specific technologies also show increasing trends in annual publications, with natural ventilation being the dominant passive cooling measure ( N = 389 ) , followed by microclimate ( N = 317 ) and radiative cooling ( N = 312 ) . In the last three years, however, publications on radiative cooling and solar control have been the most numerous and hence are promising technologies in the field. The top publishing author is M. Santamouris within a community of 41 researchers covering most technologies. Other top authors (e.g. L. F. Cabeza and S. Herkel) and their communities are also found to research multiple cooling technologies. Research in the field is currently expanding as observed by top communities mainly publishing from 2010. Only five of the main research clusters were established before 2000s. The majority of funding and support identified has come from the public sector such as grants from the European Union, national ministries or scientific budgets. This paper provides new insights on passive cooling research to date, for promoting scientific collaboration, informing decision-makers and structuring the literature.
This paper shows the impact on global cooling demand of moving from a 1.5ºC to 2.0ºC temperature ... more This paper shows the impact on global cooling demand of moving from a 1.5ºC to 2.0ºC temperature increase. African countries have the highest increase in cooling requirements. The United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Norway (traditionally unprepared for extreme heat) will suffer the largest relative cooling demand surges. Main This work identi es hot spots of future global cooling energy demand using 2100 simulation runs of the global mean surface temperature through HadAM4 1,2 across three global warming scenarios: historical (2006-2016), 1.5ºC, and 2ºC. Rising extreme heat is already driving a surge in cooling demand, with the energy required for cooling by 2050 predicted to be equivalent to the combined electricity capacity of the United States, European Union and Japan in 2016 3. But how much more cooling would be required if
This meta-analysis quantifies the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms, cau... more This meta-analysis quantifies the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms, caused by anaerobically digesting (AD) cattle manure. As this is a novel quantifiable synthesis of the literature, a database of GHG emissions from dairy farms is created. Each case in the database consists of a baseline (reference with no AD system) and an AD scenario. To enable interstudy comparison, emissions are normalized by calculating relative changes (RCs). The distributions of RCs are reported by specific GHGs and operation units. Nonparametric tests are applied to the RCs in order to identify a statistical difference of AD with respect to baseline scenarios (Wilcoxon rank test), correlations (Spearman test), and best estimation for changes in emissions (Kernel density distribution estimator). From 749 studies identified, 30 papers yield 89 independent cases. The median reductions in emissions from the baseline scenarios, according to operation units, are −43.2% (n.s.) for storage, −6.3% for field application of slurries, −11.0% for offset of energy from fossil fuel, and +0.4% (n.s.) for offset of inorganic fertilizers. The leaks from digesters are found to significantly increase the emissions from baseline scenarios (median = +1.4%).
designed the research and analyzed the results. NM performed the modelling and, with R.K., wrote ... more designed the research and analyzed the results. NM performed the modelling and, with R.K., wrote the paper. J.L. informed the literature review, methodologies and discussed results with NM. All authors provided discussion and feedback on the manuscript.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2007
A stereospecific method of analysis of eriodictyol [5,7,3&amp... more A stereospecific method of analysis of eriodictyol [5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavanone] in biological fluids is necessary to study the kinetics of in vitro and in vivo metabolism, and tissue distribution in fruits and humans. A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the stereospecific determination of eriodictyol in rat and human urine. Separation was achieved on a Chiralpak OJ-RH column with UV detection at 288 nm. The stereospecific calibration curves were linear ranging from 0.5 to 100 microg/ml. The mean extraction efficiency was >98.8%. Precision of the assay was <15% (CV), and was within 12% at the limit of quantitation (0.5 microg/ml). Bias of the assay was lower than 8%, and was within 6% at the limit of quantitation. The assay was applied successfully to the urinary excretion of eriodictyol in rats and humans, and to the stereospecific quantification of eriodictyol in raw lemon juice, conventional and organic lemonade.
This work presents results of a survey of case studies to quantify the potential energy productio... more This work presents results of a survey of case studies to quantify the potential energy production and GHG emission changes of anaerobically digesting (AD) cattle manure in three Guatemalan dairy farms. Livestock inventory and energy consumption data were collected and used to define three scenarios for each farm: baseline, AD with condensing boiler (AD-boiler) and AD with combined heat and power unit (AD-CHP). The estimated emissions account for enteric fermentation, manure/digestate handling, import/export of thermal energy and electricity and use of fossil fuels for transport. The AD systems result in a production of 100±37 kg<sub>CH4</sub> · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>. If this CH<sub>4</sub> is combusted in the AD-boiler scenarios, 5.00±1.59 GJ · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup> of thermal energy is generated and emissions from baseline scenarios are offset by 600±280 kg<sub>CO2e</sub> · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>. The generated heat is sufficient to operate digesters (308 K) and export 2.90±0.62 GJ · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>. Challenges are found to use that thermal power because domestic heating is inessential. ADCHP is found to be more suitable because it produces sufficient thermal energy for the digesters (2.50±0.80 GJ · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>) while generating electric power (1.80±0.57 GJ · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>). This scenario could promote the welfare of neighboring communities by making sustainable electricity available. AD-CHP could offset 400±320 kg<sub>CO2e</sub> ·head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup> from the baselines.
The originally published title of this article, "Change in cooling degree days with global mean t... more The originally published title of this article, "Change in cooling degree days with global mean temperature increasing from 1.5 °C to 2.0 °C," was imprecise, and the title is now amended to read "Change in cooling degree days with global mean temperature rise increasing from 1.5 °C to 2.0 °C" in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
Limiting global mean temperature rise to 1.5 °C is increasingly out of reach. Here we show the im... more Limiting global mean temperature rise to 1.5 °C is increasingly out of reach. Here we show the impact on global cooling demand in moving from 1.5 °C to 2.0 °C of global warming. African countries have the highest increase in cooling requirements. Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Norway (traditionally unprepared for heat) will suffer the largest relative cooling demand surges. Immediate and unprecedented adaptation interventions are required worldwide to be prepared for a hotter world.
This paper shows the impact on global cooling demand of moving from a 1.5ºC to 2.0ºC temperature ... more This paper shows the impact on global cooling demand of moving from a 1.5ºC to 2.0ºC temperature increase. African countries have the highest increase in cooling requirements. The United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Norway (traditionally unprepared for extreme heat) will suffer the largest relative cooling demand surges.
HFC refrigerant gases are the fastest growing atmospheric GHGs and amongst the most potent. Yet, ... more HFC refrigerant gases are the fastest growing atmospheric GHGs and amongst the most potent. Yet, unlike methane (a short-lived GHG akin to most refrigerants but with significantly lower GWPs), the errors in estimating refrigerant warming based on CO2-equivalent metrics are unknown. We model scenarios to show how the atmospheric responses (i.e., concentrations, forcing and warming) of HFC emissions compare to their CO2-equivalents. Analyzing the remaining warming from HFC emissions if the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is achieved, we report that CO2-equivalents omit a warming peak in 2046. A standardized emission step-change shows that calculating warming from CO2-equivalents underestimates the benefits of reducing short-lived HFC emissions by a factor of 4-17 in 2030 (and by 3-5 in 2050). We also demonstrate how natural removals of individual short-lived HFCs are unaccounted when estimating warming from CO2-equivalents. To avoid misrepresentation of global warming from r...
The unprecedented rise in cooling demand globally is a critical blind spot in sustainability deba... more The unprecedented rise in cooling demand globally is a critical blind spot in sustainability debates. We examine cooling as a system comprised of active and passive measures, with key social and technical components, and explain its link to all 17 Sustainable Development Goals. We propose an analytical and solution-oriented framework to identify and shape interventions towards sustainable cooling. The framework comprehends demand drivers; cradle-to-cradle stages; and system change levers. By intersecting cooling stages and levers, we discuss four specific, exemplary interventions to deliver sustainable cooling. We propose an agenda for research and practice to transition towards sustainable cooling for all.
Abstract This paper presents the trends and actors from research publications covering passive co... more Abstract This paper presents the trends and actors from research publications covering passive cooling technologies. The unprecedented growth in the provision of cooling is posing a significant risk to energy systems and the natural environment, making passive cooling an important alternative to air conditioners. This paper provides a first necessary step towards better understanding the contribution of passive cooling. By conducting a bibliometric analysis on passive cooling technologies, first, it identifies the relevant literature through structured searches. Second, it examines the actors in the field (i.e. countries, authors, research communities and funders). Further, the main researchers by specific passive cooling categories are analysed in detail in terms of the trajectory of publication and author clusters, including novel visualisations of productivity and collaboration. The search results in a set of 2,859 unique documents, to our knowledge, the largest set in the subject. The country most named in affiliations is the United States ( N = 762 ) , but since 2010, China ( N = 544 ) has driven a rapid increase in research activity. Specific technologies also show increasing trends in annual publications, with natural ventilation being the dominant passive cooling measure ( N = 389 ) , followed by microclimate ( N = 317 ) and radiative cooling ( N = 312 ) . In the last three years, however, publications on radiative cooling and solar control have been the most numerous and hence are promising technologies in the field. The top publishing author is M. Santamouris within a community of 41 researchers covering most technologies. Other top authors (e.g. L. F. Cabeza and S. Herkel) and their communities are also found to research multiple cooling technologies. Research in the field is currently expanding as observed by top communities mainly publishing from 2010. Only five of the main research clusters were established before 2000s. The majority of funding and support identified has come from the public sector such as grants from the European Union, national ministries or scientific budgets. This paper provides new insights on passive cooling research to date, for promoting scientific collaboration, informing decision-makers and structuring the literature.
The study presents the global patent landscape of active cooling technologies. Top ve countries: ... more The study presents the global patent landscape of active cooling technologies. Top ve countries: China, Japan, South Korea, United States, and Germany. Top assignees are dominated by East Asian manufacturers. Promising alternative cooling technologies include magnetic and absorption cooling.
This work presents a novel meta-analysis for methane yields from anaerobically digesting dairy ca... more This work presents a novel meta-analysis for methane yields from anaerobically digesting dairy cattle manure. A database is compiled from 115 articles (2,181 cases) by systematically assessing the academic literature. Y CH4 and secondary variables collected in the database describe performance, operation conditions of digester and manure composition. Inputs to the database are normalised to enable inter-study uni-and multi-variate analysis, according to different types of digesters. Most cases (N=1,299) are reported for batch digesters and meta-analysis results in a mean Y CH4 of 0.230±0.016 m 3 kg −1. CSTR (N=241), results in mean of 0.190±0.016 m 3 kg −1 (random-effect model). Other continuous digesters, such as fixed-film, plug-flow and UASB require further cases for the application of meta-analysis. For non-specified semi-continuous digesters (N=347), the mean calculated by the random-effect model is 0.204±0.032 m 3 kg −1 (N=27). With respect to multi-variate analysis of operation conditions, batch digesters form four clusters, while two clusters are identified for CSTR and three for semi-continuous digesters. For variables describing manure composition, batch digesters present eight clusters, while CSTR and semi-continuous digesters have insufficient cases. The strongest correlations found for these secondary variables (Spearman's rho:-0.685 and-0.696) result for pH and Y CH4 in batch and CSTR, respectively. Maximum Y CH4 estimated by meta-analysis are proposed to replace the default IPCC values because they are based on a larger sample size and integrate updated literature. In particular, markedly higher Y CH4 are obtained for Asia, Middle East and Indian Subcontinent than those in the IPCC guidelines.
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Oct 1, 2021
Abstract This paper presents the trends and actors from research publications covering passive co... more Abstract This paper presents the trends and actors from research publications covering passive cooling technologies. The unprecedented growth in the provision of cooling is posing a significant risk to energy systems and the natural environment, making passive cooling an important alternative to air conditioners. This paper provides a first necessary step towards better understanding the contribution of passive cooling. By conducting a bibliometric analysis on passive cooling technologies, first, it identifies the relevant literature through structured searches. Second, it examines the actors in the field (i.e. countries, authors, research communities and funders). Further, the main researchers by specific passive cooling categories are analysed in detail in terms of the trajectory of publication and author clusters, including novel visualisations of productivity and collaboration. The search results in a set of 2,859 unique documents, to our knowledge, the largest set in the subject. The country most named in affiliations is the United States ( N = 762 ) , but since 2010, China ( N = 544 ) has driven a rapid increase in research activity. Specific technologies also show increasing trends in annual publications, with natural ventilation being the dominant passive cooling measure ( N = 389 ) , followed by microclimate ( N = 317 ) and radiative cooling ( N = 312 ) . In the last three years, however, publications on radiative cooling and solar control have been the most numerous and hence are promising technologies in the field. The top publishing author is M. Santamouris within a community of 41 researchers covering most technologies. Other top authors (e.g. L. F. Cabeza and S. Herkel) and their communities are also found to research multiple cooling technologies. Research in the field is currently expanding as observed by top communities mainly publishing from 2010. Only five of the main research clusters were established before 2000s. The majority of funding and support identified has come from the public sector such as grants from the European Union, national ministries or scientific budgets. This paper provides new insights on passive cooling research to date, for promoting scientific collaboration, informing decision-makers and structuring the literature.
This paper shows the impact on global cooling demand of moving from a 1.5ºC to 2.0ºC temperature ... more This paper shows the impact on global cooling demand of moving from a 1.5ºC to 2.0ºC temperature increase. African countries have the highest increase in cooling requirements. The United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Norway (traditionally unprepared for extreme heat) will suffer the largest relative cooling demand surges. Main This work identi es hot spots of future global cooling energy demand using 2100 simulation runs of the global mean surface temperature through HadAM4 1,2 across three global warming scenarios: historical (2006-2016), 1.5ºC, and 2ºC. Rising extreme heat is already driving a surge in cooling demand, with the energy required for cooling by 2050 predicted to be equivalent to the combined electricity capacity of the United States, European Union and Japan in 2016 3. But how much more cooling would be required if
This meta-analysis quantifies the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms, cau... more This meta-analysis quantifies the changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms, caused by anaerobically digesting (AD) cattle manure. As this is a novel quantifiable synthesis of the literature, a database of GHG emissions from dairy farms is created. Each case in the database consists of a baseline (reference with no AD system) and an AD scenario. To enable interstudy comparison, emissions are normalized by calculating relative changes (RCs). The distributions of RCs are reported by specific GHGs and operation units. Nonparametric tests are applied to the RCs in order to identify a statistical difference of AD with respect to baseline scenarios (Wilcoxon rank test), correlations (Spearman test), and best estimation for changes in emissions (Kernel density distribution estimator). From 749 studies identified, 30 papers yield 89 independent cases. The median reductions in emissions from the baseline scenarios, according to operation units, are −43.2% (n.s.) for storage, −6.3% for field application of slurries, −11.0% for offset of energy from fossil fuel, and +0.4% (n.s.) for offset of inorganic fertilizers. The leaks from digesters are found to significantly increase the emissions from baseline scenarios (median = +1.4%).
designed the research and analyzed the results. NM performed the modelling and, with R.K., wrote ... more designed the research and analyzed the results. NM performed the modelling and, with R.K., wrote the paper. J.L. informed the literature review, methodologies and discussed results with NM. All authors provided discussion and feedback on the manuscript.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2007
A stereospecific method of analysis of eriodictyol [5,7,3&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp... more A stereospecific method of analysis of eriodictyol [5,7,3&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;,4&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-tetrahydroxyflavanone] in biological fluids is necessary to study the kinetics of in vitro and in vivo metabolism, and tissue distribution in fruits and humans. A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the stereospecific determination of eriodictyol in rat and human urine. Separation was achieved on a Chiralpak OJ-RH column with UV detection at 288 nm. The stereospecific calibration curves were linear ranging from 0.5 to 100 microg/ml. The mean extraction efficiency was &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;98.8%. Precision of the assay was &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;15% (CV), and was within 12% at the limit of quantitation (0.5 microg/ml). Bias of the assay was lower than 8%, and was within 6% at the limit of quantitation. The assay was applied successfully to the urinary excretion of eriodictyol in rats and humans, and to the stereospecific quantification of eriodictyol in raw lemon juice, conventional and organic lemonade.
This work presents results of a survey of case studies to quantify the potential energy productio... more This work presents results of a survey of case studies to quantify the potential energy production and GHG emission changes of anaerobically digesting (AD) cattle manure in three Guatemalan dairy farms. Livestock inventory and energy consumption data were collected and used to define three scenarios for each farm: baseline, AD with condensing boiler (AD-boiler) and AD with combined heat and power unit (AD-CHP). The estimated emissions account for enteric fermentation, manure/digestate handling, import/export of thermal energy and electricity and use of fossil fuels for transport. The AD systems result in a production of 100±37 kg<sub>CH4</sub> · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>. If this CH<sub>4</sub> is combusted in the AD-boiler scenarios, 5.00±1.59 GJ · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup> of thermal energy is generated and emissions from baseline scenarios are offset by 600±280 kg<sub>CO2e</sub> · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>. The generated heat is sufficient to operate digesters (308 K) and export 2.90±0.62 GJ · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>. Challenges are found to use that thermal power because domestic heating is inessential. ADCHP is found to be more suitable because it produces sufficient thermal energy for the digesters (2.50±0.80 GJ · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>) while generating electric power (1.80±0.57 GJ · head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup>). This scenario could promote the welfare of neighboring communities by making sustainable electricity available. AD-CHP could offset 400±320 kg<sub>CO2e</sub> ·head<sup>-1</sup> · yr<sup>-1</sup> from the baselines.
The originally published title of this article, "Change in cooling degree days with global mean t... more The originally published title of this article, "Change in cooling degree days with global mean temperature increasing from 1.5 °C to 2.0 °C," was imprecise, and the title is now amended to read "Change in cooling degree days with global mean temperature rise increasing from 1.5 °C to 2.0 °C" in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
Limiting global mean temperature rise to 1.5 °C is increasingly out of reach. Here we show the im... more Limiting global mean temperature rise to 1.5 °C is increasingly out of reach. Here we show the impact on global cooling demand in moving from 1.5 °C to 2.0 °C of global warming. African countries have the highest increase in cooling requirements. Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Norway (traditionally unprepared for heat) will suffer the largest relative cooling demand surges. Immediate and unprecedented adaptation interventions are required worldwide to be prepared for a hotter world.
This paper shows the impact on global cooling demand of moving from a 1.5ºC to 2.0ºC temperature ... more This paper shows the impact on global cooling demand of moving from a 1.5ºC to 2.0ºC temperature increase. African countries have the highest increase in cooling requirements. The United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Norway (traditionally unprepared for extreme heat) will suffer the largest relative cooling demand surges.
HFC refrigerant gases are the fastest growing atmospheric GHGs and amongst the most potent. Yet, ... more HFC refrigerant gases are the fastest growing atmospheric GHGs and amongst the most potent. Yet, unlike methane (a short-lived GHG akin to most refrigerants but with significantly lower GWPs), the errors in estimating refrigerant warming based on CO2-equivalent metrics are unknown. We model scenarios to show how the atmospheric responses (i.e., concentrations, forcing and warming) of HFC emissions compare to their CO2-equivalents. Analyzing the remaining warming from HFC emissions if the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol is achieved, we report that CO2-equivalents omit a warming peak in 2046. A standardized emission step-change shows that calculating warming from CO2-equivalents underestimates the benefits of reducing short-lived HFC emissions by a factor of 4-17 in 2030 (and by 3-5 in 2050). We also demonstrate how natural removals of individual short-lived HFCs are unaccounted when estimating warming from CO2-equivalents. To avoid misrepresentation of global warming from r...
The unprecedented rise in cooling demand globally is a critical blind spot in sustainability deba... more The unprecedented rise in cooling demand globally is a critical blind spot in sustainability debates. We examine cooling as a system comprised of active and passive measures, with key social and technical components, and explain its link to all 17 Sustainable Development Goals. We propose an analytical and solution-oriented framework to identify and shape interventions towards sustainable cooling. The framework comprehends demand drivers; cradle-to-cradle stages; and system change levers. By intersecting cooling stages and levers, we discuss four specific, exemplary interventions to deliver sustainable cooling. We propose an agenda for research and practice to transition towards sustainable cooling for all.
Abstract This paper presents the trends and actors from research publications covering passive co... more Abstract This paper presents the trends and actors from research publications covering passive cooling technologies. The unprecedented growth in the provision of cooling is posing a significant risk to energy systems and the natural environment, making passive cooling an important alternative to air conditioners. This paper provides a first necessary step towards better understanding the contribution of passive cooling. By conducting a bibliometric analysis on passive cooling technologies, first, it identifies the relevant literature through structured searches. Second, it examines the actors in the field (i.e. countries, authors, research communities and funders). Further, the main researchers by specific passive cooling categories are analysed in detail in terms of the trajectory of publication and author clusters, including novel visualisations of productivity and collaboration. The search results in a set of 2,859 unique documents, to our knowledge, the largest set in the subject. The country most named in affiliations is the United States ( N = 762 ) , but since 2010, China ( N = 544 ) has driven a rapid increase in research activity. Specific technologies also show increasing trends in annual publications, with natural ventilation being the dominant passive cooling measure ( N = 389 ) , followed by microclimate ( N = 317 ) and radiative cooling ( N = 312 ) . In the last three years, however, publications on radiative cooling and solar control have been the most numerous and hence are promising technologies in the field. The top publishing author is M. Santamouris within a community of 41 researchers covering most technologies. Other top authors (e.g. L. F. Cabeza and S. Herkel) and their communities are also found to research multiple cooling technologies. Research in the field is currently expanding as observed by top communities mainly publishing from 2010. Only five of the main research clusters were established before 2000s. The majority of funding and support identified has come from the public sector such as grants from the European Union, national ministries or scientific budgets. This paper provides new insights on passive cooling research to date, for promoting scientific collaboration, informing decision-makers and structuring the literature.
The study presents the global patent landscape of active cooling technologies. Top ve countries: ... more The study presents the global patent landscape of active cooling technologies. Top ve countries: China, Japan, South Korea, United States, and Germany. Top assignees are dominated by East Asian manufacturers. Promising alternative cooling technologies include magnetic and absorption cooling.
This work presents a novel meta-analysis for methane yields from anaerobically digesting dairy ca... more This work presents a novel meta-analysis for methane yields from anaerobically digesting dairy cattle manure. A database is compiled from 115 articles (2,181 cases) by systematically assessing the academic literature. Y CH4 and secondary variables collected in the database describe performance, operation conditions of digester and manure composition. Inputs to the database are normalised to enable inter-study uni-and multi-variate analysis, according to different types of digesters. Most cases (N=1,299) are reported for batch digesters and meta-analysis results in a mean Y CH4 of 0.230±0.016 m 3 kg −1. CSTR (N=241), results in mean of 0.190±0.016 m 3 kg −1 (random-effect model). Other continuous digesters, such as fixed-film, plug-flow and UASB require further cases for the application of meta-analysis. For non-specified semi-continuous digesters (N=347), the mean calculated by the random-effect model is 0.204±0.032 m 3 kg −1 (N=27). With respect to multi-variate analysis of operation conditions, batch digesters form four clusters, while two clusters are identified for CSTR and three for semi-continuous digesters. For variables describing manure composition, batch digesters present eight clusters, while CSTR and semi-continuous digesters have insufficient cases. The strongest correlations found for these secondary variables (Spearman's rho:-0.685 and-0.696) result for pH and Y CH4 in batch and CSTR, respectively. Maximum Y CH4 estimated by meta-analysis are proposed to replace the default IPCC values because they are based on a larger sample size and integrate updated literature. In particular, markedly higher Y CH4 are obtained for Asia, Middle East and Indian Subcontinent than those in the IPCC guidelines.
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