Papers by Nicolas Ayessou
Journal of Biology and Life Science, 2013
There were no noticeable change in food conversion ratio (FCR) of the fishes fed with diets B, C ... more There were no noticeable change in food conversion ratio (FCR) of the fishes fed with diets B, C and D which are significantly different from the FCR of those that fed with control diet A. The survival of fry tilapia ranged from 70 to 100%, being 70% for D, 80% for B, 90% for C and 100% for A. There were no significant differences in body protein content among the fish fed with diets B, C, D and the initial fish. The lowest body protein was obtained in the fish fed with control diet. The tilapia fed with control diet had the highest body lipid content as compared to the initial fish. However, there were no significant differences in body lipid content among the fish fed test diets B, C and D as compared to the initial fish. The variations in body ash content of initial fish and those fed with test diets were significantly different. The initial fish had the highest body ash content.
Food and Nutrition Sciences
Food and Nutrition Sciences
Food and Nutrition Sciences
Tiger nut is a comestible tuber which offers many under products such as yoghurt. The parameters ... more Tiger nut is a comestible tuber which offers many under products such as yoghurt. The parameters influencing the quality of yoghurt being numerous, response surface methodology was used to optimize the formulation in order to reach a low intake of milk powder. The volume of tiger nut milk, mass milk powder and sugar mass are the factors monitored while the titratable acidity (AT), pH, dry soluble extract (ESS), ash, viscosity and color are the expected responses in these tests. The data are processed with a degree of confidence p < 0.05 associated with statistical analysis by the software Statgraphic Centurion XVI version 16.2.04. The different tests show that the factors have overall significant effects (p < 0.05) on the acidity, the ashes and the Whiteness index. The linear and quadratic factors of tiger nuts milk as well as those linears of the milk powder have significant effects (p < 0.05) on the pH and the ashes. The linear factors of milk powder have significant effects on DSE, AT and pH. The optimal formulation yielded a volume of tiger nut milk equal to 3.7 L/kg, a mass of powder milk of 63.4 g and 75 g of sugar for one kilogram of yogurt. With a desirability of 75%, this model is apt to explain the results and the experimental values fit with the predicted ones and are within the norms. The proximate analysis of optimal yoghurt formulation shows that fat and proteins contents are respectively 5.67% and 2.2%. Calcium, magnesium and potassium contents are respectively 160, 40 and 180 mg in 100 g of yoghurt.
Food and Nutrition Sciences
Native of West Africa, Saba senegalensis belongs to the family of Apocynaceae, and is a wild plan... more Native of West Africa, Saba senegalensis belongs to the family of Apocynaceae, and is a wild plant that is mainly exploited in the diet. It grows mainly along riverbanks, in wooded savannah areas in humid areas, in gallery forests and in rocky ravines and hills. Saba senegalensis is a large woody liana with white latex, dark gray bark, can reach more than 40 m high and a trunk that can measure up to 47 cm in diameter. The fruit is a globose shell, 7 to 10 cm long, 6 to 8 cm wide. The leaves are opposite, elliptical, dark green in color, about 8 to 15 cm long and 4 to 6 cm wide. This fruit is characterized by its richness in antioxidant molecules especially vitamin C (480 mg/100 g) and total polyphenols (945.83 mg/100 g). The fruit contents 41.43 until 80% water with a low pH (2.24). In Senegal, the fruit is eaten as it or transformed into puree, nectar, syrup, canned etc. It is a plant that has enormous therapeutic virtues, from the fruit to the roots through the leaves, bark, and latex. Despite its high nutritional potential, its many therapeutic virtues and its economic potential, Saba senegalensis remains under-exploited. Further researches on the nutritional and therapeutic properties deserve to be conducted.
Food and Nutrition Sciences
In this study, the effect of extraction processes on the physicochemical characteristics and anti... more In this study, the effect of extraction processes on the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potential of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed oil was evaluated. The oils were extracted, on the one hand, by cold pressing, and on the other hand, with three types of organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, n-hexane). The recorded results indicated that the extraction yield of baobab oil was significantly impacted by both the extraction method and the polarity of the solvent used. In addition, chloroform provides the best extraction yield (40.12 ± 0.607). However, extraction by cold pressure preserves at best the physicochemical and bioactive properties of the extracted oils. Indeed, the pressing oil contains a content of phenolic compounds (0.047 ± 0.0024 mgEAG/g of oil) and a very high radical scavenging activity (DPPH) (31.71% ± 0.61%). For the various oils extracted, the minimum and maximum values were 0.50 and 3.17 mEq•kg −1 ; 56.26 and 99.113 mgI 2 •100 g −1 ; 1.457 and 1.465; 205.37 and 233.587 mgKOH/g respectively for the peroxide, iodine, refractive and saponification values. The color parameters (L*, a* and b*) of the oils also differ depending on the nature of the organic solvent used. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were performed on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of the extracted oils. Therefore, the results suggest the mixed use of acetone and hexane to obtain oil comparable to that extracted by cold pressing.
Food and Nutrition Sciences
The considerable post-harvest losses (5% to 40% depending on storage time) due to the high water ... more The considerable post-harvest losses (5% to 40% depending on storage time) due to the high water content level of the onion varieties in Senegal are the main cause of the problem of access to local onion all year round. Therefore, drying is one of the techniques that can be used to solve the problem of onion perishability. This study deals with the characterization of naturally convective kinetics drying of four onion varieties in relation to their maturity level. The experiment was carried out using the gravimetric method. The Welch and Turkey statistical tests display a significant difference between the effective diffusivity coefficients depending on the maturity level within each variety and across the four varieties. The effective diffusivity coefficients of the Galmi Violet, Safari, Gandiol F1 and Orient F1varieties range from 2.18 × 10 −11 ± 2.69 × 10 −12 to 1.32 × 10 −10 ± 1.17 × 10 −11 m 2 •s −1 at a maturity level less than 80%. When the maturity level is greater than 85%, the effective diffusivity coefficients range from 1.30 × 10 −11 ± 1.24 × 10 −12 to 8.05 × 10 −11 ± 8.94 × 10 −13 m 2 •s −1. As far as the activation energy is concerned, the study only reveals a significant difference between the varieties whatever the maturity level is. The Galmi Violet variety stands out with an average activation energy of 66.71 ± 0.12 KJ•mol −1 K −1 for the maturity level below 80% and 58.74 ± 0.11 KJ•mol −1 for the maturity level above 85%. For the three remaining varieties, the average activation energy ranges from 58.15 ± 0.19 to 59.12 ± 0.13 KJ•mol −1 for a maturity level less than 80% whereas the rates go from 47.63 ± 0.28 to 49.96 ± 0.77 KJ•mol −1 when the maturity level is greater than 85%. In summary, the higher the maturity level is, the lower the effective diffusivity coefficients will be. The same tendency was observed with the activa
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences
La nécessité d'habilitation des plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle africaine a suscité ... more La nécessité d'habilitation des plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle africaine a suscité des investigations sur Momordica charantia Linn (Cucurbitaceae) dont les connaissances sont empiriques. L'étude ethnobotanique a été menée dans quatre (4) régions du Sénégal pendant la campagne 2016/2017, dans le but de préciser ses différents usages en pratiques médicales et voire alimentaires. Lesrésultats montrent que les feuilles et la tige sont utilisées chacune dans 91,50% des cas. Elles sont utilisées essentiellement pour traiterles dermatoses (92%), la fatigue (90,5%), les maux de ventre (90,5%), le paludisme (87,5%), les hémorroïdes (56,5%). Les fruits, baies de petites tailles, de 5 à 15 cm de diamètre, jaune orangéavec une pulpe rouge sont consommés dans 38% des cas mais ne font l'objet d'aucune transformation. Les graines de 10 à 16 mm ne sont aucunement pas consommées au Sénégal même si elles contiennent de l'huile. Ces premiers résultats constituent une contribution dans la mise en place d'une base de données ethnobotanique sur Momordica charantia au Sénégal et ouvrent des perspectives de recherche sur l'apport nutritionnel du fruit et de la composition de son huile.
Food and Nutrition Sciences
Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Senegal ... more Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Senegal whose fruits are weakly consumed by the population. However, no data exists on the nutritional intake of the latter. This work aims to determine the physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of the pulp of Momordica charantia. The study focused on two lots of fruits from two geographically different regions of Senegal (Dakar and Fatick). The biochemical analyses of the pulp showed average values of protein from 2.39 ± 0.01 g/100 g to 3.19 ± 0.01 g/100 g; reducing sugar from 4.22 ± 0.10 g/100 g to 3.55 ± 0.10 g/100 g; totals sugar from 4.43 ± 0.02 g/100 g to 3.38 ± 0.58 g/100 g. The average contents of polyphenol and flavonoids were respectively from 1.91 ± 0.04 g/100 g to 1.04 ± 0.09 g/100 g and 32.59 ± 0.04 mg/100 g and 20.75 ± 1.19 mg/100 g. According to these results, the fruit of M. charantia may be considered as rich in antioxidant. At the opposite, it is very weak in mineral elements, such as calcium and potassium (1.01 mg/100 g; 3.38 mg/100 g). Meanwhile, the seeds content 24% of lipids. Thus, investigations should be done on its biological proprieties, physical and biochemical components.
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2014
ABSTRACT Characterization of the nutritional quality of Dialium guineense (D. guineense) fruit fo... more ABSTRACT Characterization of the nutritional quality of Dialium guineense (D. guineense) fruit for use to combat malnutrition was investigated. Fruit was sampled from the sub-Guinean forests of Senegal and analyzed for carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and essential micronutrients. HPLC analysis indicated high glucose and fructose content (90.78% of total soluble sugars). Total quantities of proteins (5.25%), lipids (3.09%) and essential vitamins (ascorbic acid, β-carotene and tocopherols in traces) were found to be relatively low by comparison. However, concentrations fruits of D. guineense appeared to be potential sources for select micronutrients including copper, iron, manganese, zinc, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and essential amino acids. Specifically, compared to common fruits consumed in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, D. guineense appears to be a potential source of iron (4.82-8.4 mg/100 g), manganese (0.03-0.05 g/100 g), and copper (0.67-0.7 mg/100 g) and would contribute toward meeting the recommended daily allowances of these micronutrients. Zinc content (0.53-1.59 mg/100 g) was comparatively lower. The high concentration of some mineral micronutrients, suggest that D. guineense fruits may have potential for use as food source or fortifying ingredient for locally processed foods to reduce deficiency in select shortfall nutrients for at risk populations.
International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2016
Journal of Biology and Life Science, 2016
Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2011
American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2014
Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2014
Characterization of the nutritional quality of Dialium guineense (D. guineense) fruit for use to ... more Characterization of the nutritional quality of Dialium guineense (D. guineense) fruit for use to combat malnutrition was investigated. Fruit was sampled from the sub-Guinean forests of Senegal and analyzed for carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and essential micronutrients. HPLC analysis indicated high glucose and fructose content (90.78% of total soluble sugars). Total quantities of proteins (5.25%), lipids (3.09%) and essential vitamins (ascorbic acid, b-carotene and tocopherols in traces) were found to be relatively low by comparison. However, concentrations fruits of D. guineense appeared to be potential sources for select micronutrients including copper, iron, manganese, zinc, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and essential amino acids. Specifically, compared to common fruits consumed in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, D. guineense appears to be a potential source of iron (4.82-8.4 mg/100 g), manganese (0.03-0.05 g/100 g), and copper (0.67-0.7 mg/100 g) and would contribute toward meeting the recommended daily allowances of these micronutrients. Zinc content (0.53-1.59 mg/100 g) was comparatively lower. The high concentration of some mineral micronutrients, suggest that D. guineense fruits may have potential for use as food source or fortifying ingredient for locally processed foods to reduce deficiency in select shortfall nutrients for at risk populations. ß
Fruits, 2009
Fruits, vol. 64 (3) 1 Nutritive composition and energy contribution of the fruit of Maerua pseudo... more Fruits, vol. 64 (3) 1 Nutritive composition and energy contribution of the fruit of Maerua pseudopetalosa, a food extender in Senegal. Abstr act --In tr oduction . The foods known to be used in times of food shortage, the majority of which are fruits, are identified all over the world such as in Australia, in Sudan, in Senegal, in America, in Sahel and in Chad. The work carried out on these fruits often concerns their nutritive values. In Senegal, Maerua pseudopetalosa (Gil & Gil-Ben) De Wolf, a species of the Capparidaceae family, provides consumable fruits to the native populations for the lean period. No scientific study has yet reported the nutritive composition and energy contribution of this species' fruit. Our study evaluated its contribution of nutritive elements. Mater ials an d meth ods. Mature fruits of M. pseudopetalosa were collected in June 2007 and May 2008 in the neighborhoods of the villages of Kéniéba and Koussane, in the area of Tambacounda in Senegal. The almonds were dried and crushed for the requirements of various samples. Ashes, protein, sugars, fat and mineral elements were determined by standardized traditional methods of analysis. Results an d discussion s. Our results show that the fruit of M. pseudopetalosa is rich in iron (26.8-45.9 mg·kg -1 ), potassium (1098-1342 mg·kg -1 ) and protein (19.26-22.06%). However, the amino acid profile testifies to the poor nutritional quality of its protein. Con clusion . Our analysis shows that, despite everything, the M. pseudopetalosa fruit constitutes an excellent source of nutrients and can validly make up certain deficiencies, especially in periods of food shortage. Sen egal / Maerua pseudopetalosa / fruits / pr ox imate composition / mineral con ten t / food supply Composition nutritive et apport énergétique du fruit de Maerua pseudopetalosa, aliment de soudure au Sénégal. Résumé --In tr oduction . Les aliments dits de disette, dont la plupart sont des fruits, sont identifiés un peu partout dans le monde tel qu'en Australie au Soudan, au Sénégal, en Amérique, au Sahel et au Tchad. Les travaux réalisés sur ces fruits portent souvent sur leurs valeurs nutritives. Au Sénégal, Maerua pseudopetalosa Gil et Gil-Ben) De Wolf, espèce de la famille des capparidacées, fournit des fruits consommables aux populations autochtones pendant la période de soudure. Aucune étude scientifique n'a encore fait mention de la composition nutritive et de l'apport énergétique du fruit de cette espèce. Nos travaux ont permis d'évaluer l'apport en éléments nutritifs de son fruit. Matér iel et m éth odes. Des fruits de M. pseudopetalosa ont été récoltés à maturité au mois de juin 2007 et mai 2008 aux alentours des villages de Kéniéba et de Koussane, dans la région de Tambacounda au Sénégal. Les amandes ont été séchées et broyées pour les besoins des différents dosages. Les cendres, protéine, sucres, matières grasses, et sels minéraux ont été déterminés par des méthodes d'analyse classiques normalisées. Résultats et discussion s. Nos résultats ont montré que le fruit de M. pseudopetalosa était riche en fer (26,8-45,9 mg·kg -1 ), en potassium (1098-1342 mg·100 g -1 ) et en protéine (19,26-22,06%). Cependant, le profil d'acides aminés témoigne d'une médiocre qualité nutritionnelle de sa protéine. Con clusion . Il ressort de cette analyse que le fruit de M. pseudopetalosa constitue malgré tout une excellente source de nutriments et peut valablement combler certaines carences, surtout en période de disette.
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Papers by Nicolas Ayessou