Papers by Shivananda Nayak
Journal of clinical and preventive cardiology, 2021
Background and Aims: Along with the conventional risk factors and based on the Framingham risk sc... more Background and Aims: Along with the conventional risk factors and based on the Framingham risk score, a preventive measure can be targeted in those subjects who are in risk category. The use of genotype-based assessment in these subjects can be much benefited in clinical decision-making. Hence, we aimed to match the risk frequency with genotype score for rs10757278 in asymptomatic coronary heart disease (CHD) individuals. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 105 participants. These subjects were without any clinical presentation of CHD. Single-nucleotide polymorphism 10757278 was genotyped using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system–polymerase chain reaction. Results: The minor allele frequency was 0.84 higher though the subjects were asymptomatic. When the group was categorized using Framingham risk score (low, moderate, and high), it was observed that the risk allele was 0.74 versus 0.77 versus 0.93. The risk allele frequency (male) in low, moderate, and high groups was 0.76 versus 0.79 versus 0.94. This incremental rise was lost in females with risk allele frequency to be 0.81 versus 0.76 versus 0.87. It is observed that the association between gender and risk status was significant (P < 0.001) both while considering risk wise and even after considering the risk allele. Conclusion: A good individual predicted risk can be assessed using global risk stratification along with the knowledge of the interaction of genetics. Further, to determine the accuracy and clinical utility of such reclassification, more prospective studies are needed.
Indian Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 2019
Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5-10% of women in reproductive age. It is ... more Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 5-10% of women in reproductive age. It is associated with metabolic syndromes and non-metabolic disorders. Women with PCOS have dyslipidemia and oxidative stress representated by elevated serum Malonaldehyde (MDA) levels. These features are risk factors for development of atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
AIMS Medical Science, 2022
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in dramatic challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. There ... more The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in dramatic challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. There has been an increased awareness to protect frontline workers from COVID-19 exposure and its consequences. To assess the prevalence of healthcare professionals in India during the COVID-19, a cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted with healthcare professionals from medical colleges and hospitals from different states across the country. The study comprised 772 healthcare professionals aged ≥18 years. The main outcome measures studied were anxiety, depression, and stress. Among the healthcare professionals, 37.17%, 33.68%, and 23.7% were reported to have anxiety, depression, and stress respectively. The physicians, female, aged population, and professionals sleeping less than 7 hours are more prone to psychological problems. The results of this study predict the high levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among healthcare professionals in different states of India. Increased COV...
Asian Indians have more visceral fat and a greater insulin resistance. Obesity is associated with... more Asian Indians have more visceral fat and a greater insulin resistance. Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue resulting in activation of the cytokine system which leads to exaggerated insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and even vascular complications. Leptin, known to control the appetite has also been shown to regulate the glucose level. TNF-α also has been suggested as the link between obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. In our study we explored the level of leptin and TNF-α with BMI among the different BMI groups in females of type 2 diabetes. Seventy three diabetic females free from micro and macro vascular disorders were recruited. They were assessed for physical and chemical parameters like Body Mass Index, TNF-α and leptin.The relation looks more linear when regression line was plotted with leptin in the BMI range of 30-35. But this relation was lost (BMI>30-35) when TNF-α and BMI were plotted suggesting the practical limitations of TNF-α. Though the clinical appearance of vascular complications did not exist, the correlation between leptin and anthropometric variable clearly suggests a positive link between obesity (inflammation) and metabolic syndrome and it remains even before the appearance of clinical manifestation of the vascular complications. Thusa relation of leptin with the anthropometric variables along with the TNF-α in female diabetics without any micro and macro vascular complication has ensured the understanding of the interdependence of these markers in different levels of obesity.
International journal of biochemistry and molecular biology, 2019
Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular disease with association to risk factors. These risk... more Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular disease with association to risk factors. These risk factors in conjunction with essential elements has become identifiable with the development of the progressive disease. The key purpose of this investigation was to identify the levels of the essential elements, Sodium (Na+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-) and Calcium (Ca2+) in both hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients in a Trinidadian population. To achieve this objective a case-control investigation was conducted in which both hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients were assessed. Patients were issued a questionnaire with a series of open-ended questions related to the study. Blood was then drawn from each patient once consent was obtained and sent to the lab to be assayed for the elements. Fifty hypertensive (50) patients were compared with 50 non-hypertensive patients. The average levels obtained for Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were 162.08±4.27 mmol/dL (P=0.53), 120.1±58.31 m...
Blood is one of the integral components of body constituents, which flows throughout body and bec... more Blood is one of the integral components of body constituents, which flows throughout body and becomes a reason for survival. Blood transfusion is a life saving procedure for needy patients. Providing safe and adequate blood is supposed to be an integral part of every country s national health care policy and infrastructure. WHO suggests that all activities associated to blood collection, testing, processing, storage and distribution be matched at the national level through effective organization and a national blood policy. This is now supported by appropriate legislation to promote even implementation of standards and consistency in the quality and safety of blood and blood products. WHO recommends that all blood donations should be screened for infection prior to use. Screening should be mandatory for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 10 (2013) pp. 249-252 http://www.ijcmas.com
Background: The aim of this study was to determine the differences amongst the anthropometric mea... more Background: The aim of this study was to determine the differences amongst the anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, blood pressure and body shape in diabetics as well as non-diabetics. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study comprised of 309 subjects with 91 males and 218 females. Of this, there were 217 diabetics and 92 non-diabetics. The sample was taken from three hospitals in Trinidad. Lipid profile and blood pressure were taken from each facility’s physician’s notes while anthropometric measurements were taken from the patients themselves. Results: The diabetic group had elevated body mass index and waist to hip ratios were significant (P <0.05) when compared to non-diabetics. There was no significant association of lipid profile, blood pressure, waist circumference and waist to height ratios between diabetics and non-diabetics. As age increased, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was more common. Out of 217 diabetics, 173 were of East Indian descent. With r...
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2019
Background: Autism, Cerebral Palsy and Down Syndrome are three lifelong, non-curable common devel... more Background: Autism, Cerebral Palsy and Down Syndrome are three lifelong, non-curable common developmental disorders that affect approximately 1 in 59, 1 in 323, and 1 in 700 children respectively. This research is to study the effects of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors on the development of Autism, Cerebral Palsy (CP) and Down Syndrome (DS) in a Trinidadian population.Methods: This was a descriptive case-control study comprised 75 subjects, with 25 cases from each of the three disorders investigated, i.e. autism, CP and DS.Results: The highest risk of autism was associated with mothers having high stress levels (p=0.002), high blood pressure (0.042), and low iron levels (p=0.012) during the pregnancy, as well as having a family history of autism (p=0.002) and residing in an air polluted area (p=0.034). The highest risk of cerebral palsy was associated with a child being born preterm (case 24%, control 0; p=0.009), experiencing postnatal complications (case 80%, control 4%...
Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2019
Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of eyesight deterioration and it... more Background: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of eyesight deterioration and its correlation with type II diabetes in people aged 50 years and above. In addition, this study specifically focuses on assessing the relationships between demographics, various eye conditions and regression with respect to type II diabetes. Methods: This was a retrospective study which comprised 268 patients with eyesight problems. These participants were selected from the ophthalmology and diabetic clinics of two major health authorities in Trinidad. Both males and females over the age of 50 years of different ethnic groups with a history of eyesight problems or form of eyesight deterioration and/or type II diabetes were included in this study. Random stratified sampling was utilized to obtain samples from both hospitals. Data collection was done via questionnaires. Results: Data of our study showed that the people affected with eye problems were in the age group of 60-75 years. Of the study participants, 59.3% were affected with cataract followed by glaucoma (19.4%). Data also showed that 181 were diabetic and affected with one or the other eye problem. There was a correlation between incidence of eyesight deterioration and type II diabetes in people aged over 50 years. Conclusion: This study determined that there is, to an extent, a correlation between the incidence of eyesight deterioration and type II diabetes in people aged over 50 years.
International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research, 2019
Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) affects 4-18% of reproductive women worldwide. I... more Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) affects 4-18% of reproductive women worldwide. It is observed to have associations with metabolic syndromes, psychological mentality and reproductive organs in women. Diet and lifestyle play an important role in the development of PCOS and their modification remain the first line of treatment. Objective: To compare dietary and life style pattern in obese and non-obese women with PCOS and their respective controls. Materials and Methods: Case control study comprising of 100 women with PCOS (50 obese and 50 non obese) and 100 women without PCOS (50 obese and 50 non obese) was conducted at Koppal, India from July 2015 to March 2018. Results: Physical activity was decreased due to watching television and mobile addiction in obese and non-obese women with PCOS irrespective of BMI (p<0.01) compared to their respective controls. Women with PCOS irrespective of BMI consumed significantly more baked items (p=<0.001), soft drinks (p=0.001), junk foods like PaniPuri (p=<0.02), fried foods like chips and mirchi bhagi (p=<0.03) and less fruits and nuts compared to their respective controls (p=<0.001). However, consumption of ice-cream (p=0.21) and tea (p=0.32) did not show significant difference between women with PCOS and women without PCOS irrespective of BMI. Conclusion: Our findings concluded that lack of exercise; sedentary life style and unhealthy diets are the main characteristic features in women with PCOS irrespective of BMI.
Natural Product Communications, 2015
Oxidative stress is believed to be a pathogenic factor in the development of diabetic complicatio... more Oxidative stress is believed to be a pathogenic factor in the development of diabetic complications. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different fractions of heart wood of Pterocarpus marsupium on antioxidant enzyme like protein thiols and also check the efficacy of the extract for the protection of the renal function in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The present study also investigates the levels of liver glycogen which are considered as the best biomarker for assaying the hypoglycemic activity of any drug. Diabetes was induced by administering alloxan dissolved in saline, while the normal control group was given propylene glycol. Diabetes induced animals were randomly assigned into different groups. Blood samples were collected from all the experimental and control groups. Estimation of urea, uric acid and creatinine along with protein thiols was made on day 30 only. At the end, all the animals were sacrificed to collect liver tissue to analyze glycogen con...
BMJ Open, 2019
ObjectiveTo develop a novel sex independent anthropometric index, termed as angle index, related ... more ObjectiveTo develop a novel sex independent anthropometric index, termed as angle index, related to type 2 diabetes.DesignCase–control.ParticipantsThe study comprised 121 participants and were divided into two groups. One group had no form of diabetes and served as controls (n=50). The other group had the condition of type 2 diabetes (n=71). 31% (n=37) of the subjects were male and 69% (n=84) were female. 62% (n=75) of the subjects were of East Indian ethnicity, 28% (n=34) were of African ethnicity and 10% (n=12) were of mixed ethnicity.SettingParticipants of the study were from the island of Trinidad, located in the Caribbean. Patients in the study were selected at random from hospital records.Primary outcome measureIt was hypothesised that the mean angle index of patients with type 2 diabetes would be higher than the mean angle index of patients without type 2 diabetes.ResultsPatients with type 2 diabetes had a significantly higher angle index value as compared with controls (p<...
Journal of education and health promotion, 2018
The objective of this study was designed to investigate medical students' perceptions of smal... more The objective of this study was designed to investigate medical students' perceptions of small group teaching effectiveness in a hybrid curriculum. A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted at the School of Medicine, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine where we collected the data from 195 undergraduate students. A self-administered questionnaire consisting of 25 items was used to measure students' perception on the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) with regard to learning experience, teamwork, confidence, communication skills, and role of the tutor. Statistical analyses included mean and standard deviation for the description of each item; -test to compare the mean scores for gender and class year, and one-way analysis of variance between groups for age group comparisons. The students overall perceptions of small group teaching effectiveness showed that the PBL sessions were beneficial to their learning process (mean: 3.63 ± 0.46). Students...
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2016
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characteri sed by states of hyperglycaemia... more Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characteri sed by states of hyperglycaemia caused by defects in insulin secretion, action or both. There are two major types of DM, type 1 and type 2 in which the most prevalent is T2 DM and accounts for approximately 90% of all cases of DM cases [1]. Type 2 DM is classified as a "heterogeneous" disorder caused by genetic factors in combination with insulin resistance, weakened insulin secretion and factors such as obesity, overeating, lack of exercise, aging and stress. Obesity [2] is the accumulation of energy as bodily fat and it is due to overeating of fat-rich food, enhanced sugars and starches. This combined with a sedentary lifestyle leads to an imbalance between energy intake and energy gain with the end result being obesity. Obese patients have similar risk for insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, CVD, stroke, sleep apnea, cancers, gall bladder disease and gout [3]. Research has shown that approximately three quarter of diabetic adults suffered from hypertension and persons diagnosed with hypertension alone are often present with insulin resistance [4]. Diabetes and Hypertension have similar exposing factors such as; racial background, family history, dyslipidaemia, and standard of living. Dyslipidaemia [5] is the elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides or both or described as low High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) which can lead to formation of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Coronary Artery diseases. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk for macro vascular disorders such as MI, congestive heart failure and peripheral vascular disease and microvascular diseases such as retinopathy, nephropathy
International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2017
Background: Abnormal lipid profiles are a characteristic feature of persons with chronic conditio... more Background: Abnormal lipid profiles are a characteristic feature of persons with chronic conditions in which the diabetic populations are recognized as the dominant group, regardless of gender and ethnicity worldwide. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the abnormalities of serum lipid profiles in both nondiabetic and diabetic persons. Methods: This study was a case-control investigation conducted between 2013 and 2015. The study enrolled 266 patients from the North Central and South West Regional Health Authorities of Trinidad. Of the 266 patients recruited, 126 were diabetic and 140 were nondiabetic. Results: Our study observed that dyslipidemia was present among the nondiabetic populations as the nondiabetics had 55 women and 20 men with high cholesterol, 22 women and 14 men with high triglyceride (TG), 30 women and 25 men with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 42 women and 21 men with high low-density level-cholesterol (LDL-C), 13 women and 8 men with high very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and also 30 women and 11 men with body mass index (BMI) over 30 kg/m². We also observed that diabetic women had significantly lower TGs (P = 0.019) and higher HDL-C (P = 0.001) and LDL (P = 0.003) when compared with the diabetic men. In addition, the nondiabetic females also had higher HDL-C (P = 0.045) when compared to their male counterparts. Both diabetic and nondiabetic women exhibited significantly higher BMI of P = 0.000. A negative correlation was obtained among TGs and HDL (r = −0.356, n = 83, P = 0.001) and a positive correlation was observed among LDL and HDL (r = 0.230, n = 86, P = 0.035). Conclusions: This study observed the incidences in the abnormalities of serum lipid profiles in both nondiabetic and diabetic persons. It also presents the high occurrence of nondiabetic women with dyslipidemia as they presented with high cholesterol, high TG, low HDL-C, and high VLD-L with BMI over 30 kg/m².
International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences, 2017
Introduction What Is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome? Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is considere... more Introduction What Is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome? Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is considered to be a trending topic in research worldwide for countless of intriguing scientists, researchers, medical professionals and most of all the women diagnosed with the condition. Several definitions surround the terminology of PCOS as it is considered heterogeneous in nature with an overall negative impact on the health status of women. While some women may present symptomatic and others asymptomatic, the condition is believed to affect women physically, psychologically, metabolically, endocrinologically and reproductively. As with any trending topic, countless of research have been conducted and consensus have been held to summarize the major findings from which would be considered acceptable for the proper diagnosing process. Methods A critical analysis of the literature on PCOS was conducted. The search engines PubMed and Google Scholar were searched and summarized throughout the years 1800-2017 based on the following word text PCOS, treatment, ethnicities, consensus, statistics and aetiology. These texts were added together or independent of each other. The objective of this review was to identify and summarize the trends and patterns established on PCOS in a nutshell. Papers chosen must have followed the code of ethics and patient consent had to be received. Only papers written in English were considered for this review. Results One of the most outstanding proposed consensus was published in 2002, in which a concise scheme for the diagnosis of PCOS was presented. In this proposition, Homburg suggested a process for the examination of PCOS by which women should first be assessed for the symptoms of menstrual irregularities, hirsutism, acne and infertility complications. Once there was an existence or potential of disturbances in any of these, he then suggested it be verified with the use of an ultrasound. If a positive result was obtained then the tests for biochemical parameters of elevated testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), free androgen levels and fasting glucose should be performed to assist in the regimen (1). Since then, numerous of highly recognized and cited consensus have been established in providing guidelines for the signs and symptoms experienced by this dreadful condition. In 2004 a revised Rotterdam consensus that was previously held in 2003 endorsed by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) took action in establishing a diagnostic criterion as well. The outcome highlighted the diverse signs and symptoms associated with PCOS which included ovarian dysfunction, basic cardinal features of hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries morphology and clinical manifestations of menstrual irregularities, signs of androgen excess, obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and elevated LH present in women with PCOS (2). Then, in 2009, similar results were
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 2016
To investigate whether relationships exist among vitamin D, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and ... more To investigate whether relationships exist among vitamin D, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and blood pressure in Trinidadian subjects with T2DM. Research design and methods: This was a casecontrolled study to determine if vitamin D levels were lower in patients with T2DM. After data analysis, an exploratory hypothesis of vitamin D relationship to systolic blood pressure (SBP) was developed. Plasma calcifediol (25(OH)D) concentrations were used as a measurement for vitamin D levels and were determined by ELISA. Cholesterol levels were measured by an automated dry chemistry analyzer and blood pressure was measured using an automatic blood pressure monitor. Results: There was no significant difference (p=0.139, n=76) in 25(OH)D levels between patients with T2DM and controls. Subjects with SBP above 130 mm Hg were 8 times more likely to have a 25(OH)D plasma concentration above 25 ng/mL (OR 7.9 (2.2 to 28.7)), and were 5 times (OR 4.7 (1.7 to 15.1)) more likely to have a 25(OH)D plasma concentration above 30 ng/mL (OR 7.5 (2.3-24.2)). Vitamin D levels moderately and positively correlated with SBP (r s =0.38, p=0.001). Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the 25(OH)D levels between patients with T2DM and controls (p=0.139). Patients with SBP under 130 mm Hg were 8 times more likely to have a vitamin D level above 25 ng/mL (OR 7.9 (2.2 to 28.7)). Further investigations are required to examine the relationship between vitamin D and SBP.
MOJ Food Processing & Technology, 2016
for wound healing as a more natural remedy and their mechanism of actions are especially importan... more for wound healing as a more natural remedy and their mechanism of actions are especially important in treatment of diseases. In a study conducted epidemiologic studies suggested from results that mild-tomoderate consumption of grape wine was associated with a reduced incidence of coronary heart diseases. 2
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016
Objective: This was an cross-sectional observational study wherein clinical parameters were compa... more Objective: This was an cross-sectional observational study wherein clinical parameters were compared between the population of two countries like India and Trinidad. Methods: One hundred and six diabetic and 100 healthy individuals from Dakshina Kannada District of India were chosen and compared with 106 Type 2 diabetic and 100 healthy individuals of Trinidad. Along with anthropometric variables and blood pressure, blood samples were collected from the subjects aged above 35years of both genders who would fit with the inclusion criteria. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL and sugar levels were estimated from the blood samples collected. Results: Though both the study population were of similar BMI, we found considerable higher values from the baseline among the systolic pressure, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose level in both the countries. Though the normal study population showed a small change in the mean values, most of the difference was not statistically significant. We found that Indian diabetic population had a higher risk of future complication of diabetes with significantly higher LDL (p=0.002) and systolic pressure (p=0.000). Conclusion: This study shows important difference among biochemical parameters and other risk factors in the Asian phenotypic races with countries like India and Trinidad. The data also showed that Indian diabetic population are at higher risk of developing complications when compared to Trinidadians.
OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 2007
The importance of laser photostimulation is now accepted generally but the laser light facilitate... more The importance of laser photostimulation is now accepted generally but the laser light facilitates wound healing and tissue repair remains poorly understood. So we have examined the hypothesis that the laser photo stimulation can enhances the collagen production in excision wounds using excision wound model in Wister rat model. The circular wounds were created on the dorsum of the back of the animals. The animals were divided into two groups. The experimental group (n = 12) wound was treated with 632.8 nm He-Ne laser at a dose of 2.1J cm −2 for five days a week until the complete healing. The control group was sham irradiated. The parameters studied were wound area, period of epithelization and hydroxyproline. Significant increase in the hydroxyproline content (p<0.001) and reduction in the wound size (p<0.001) was observed in study group when compared to controls. The significant epithelization (p<0.001) was noticed. The experimental wounds were, on average, fully healed by the 15th day, whereas the control group healed, on average by 22nd day. Wound contraction together with the hydroxyproline and experimental observations suggested that low intensity Helium-Neon laser photo stimulation facilitates the tissue repair process by accelerating collagen production in chronic wounds.
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Papers by Shivananda Nayak