Economic background is taken as one of the crucial influencing factors of women's empowerment... more Economic background is taken as one of the crucial influencing factors of women's empowerment. This paper attempts to assess the key economic features of women and their degree of association on empowerment by place of residence. For this, the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2016 data were used. In total, 9,875 currently married women aged 15-49 years were used to analyze by applying descriptive and bivariate analysis techniques. The findings showed rural women have poor economic status compared with urban women. Agriculture is the main profession of women among both rural and urban areas but the non-agricultural profession is lower especially among rural (11.7%) women to compare with urban (24.6%) women. Similarly, unpaid work seems still prevalent in both urban (46.6%) and rural (59.6%) areas. The male domination is clearly observed in earning a position with their husband, being paid in the same job, and ownership of property related to land and house. The study showed t...
Women empowerment is taken as one of the major agenda for the twenty-first century in national an... more Women empowerment is taken as one of the major agenda for the twenty-first century in national and international development issues. The primary objective of this study is to examine the factors associated with women empowerment in household decision-making among poor and non-poor women in Nepal. This study uses data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. The analytic sample size of this study is 9575 currently married women aged 15-49. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the effect of demographic and socio-economic variables on women empowerment in household decision-making. The analysis of the result showed there is a significantly high variation between empowerment status and demographic and socio-economic background among the poor and non-poor. Women who have more children, older age, working women, and residing in urban areas were significant association and more likely to empower in household decision-making than having no children, y...
Background: Despite existing efforts to improve maternal health in Nepal, delivery in a health fa... more Background: Despite existing efforts to improve maternal health in Nepal, delivery in a health facility with skilled providers is still a major health concern in Nepal. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with delivery in a health facility with skilled providers among women aged 15-49 years in Nepal. Methods: This study used data from Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. This survey was a two-stage, stratified cluster sampling. A total of 1,950 married women aged 15-49 years who had at least one live birth in the last two years preceding the survey were included in the analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed in this study. Results: Seventy-five percent of women are delivered in a health facility with skilled providers. Women from urban areas (AOR = 1.74, p < 0.01), women residing in Sudurpaschim province (AOR = 5.64, p < 0.001), women with first parity (AOR = 2.82, p < 0.001), and women from rich household status (AOR = 4.60, p < 0.001) and women who attained at least four ANC visits (AOR = 10.81, p < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of delivering in a health facility. Women who were more educated and used the internet were more likely to deliver in a health facility by a skilled provider. Place of residence, household wealth status, and ANC visits appear to be the strongest predictors of health facility delivery with skilled providers in Nepal. Disparities in delivery in a health facility with skilled providers persist among provinces and caste/ethnicity.
The rapidly increasing elderly population in Nepal is the most significant emerging demographic p... more The rapidly increasing elderly population in Nepal is the most significant emerging demographic phenomenon. Multimorbidity is common among the elderly and its prevalence increases with age. This study aims to assess the chronic conditions and the demographic and socioeconomic factors that influence morbidity among the elderly. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Sunkoshi rural municipality of Sindhuli district from December 2021 to January 2022 with 413 elderly people aged 60 and older using a structured questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used for data analysis. About 27% of the elderly suffer from gastritis, followed by high blood pressure (27%), arthritis (24%), asthma (18%), and diabetes (10%). Seventy-seven percent of the elderly reported at least one morbidity and 41% have two or more morbidities. More than one-fifth of elderly people have no morbidity. In the multinominal logistic regression, moderate (RRR=3.31, 95% CI: 1.15-4.63) and poor (RRR=11.91...
We would like to thank USAID and ICF for providing financial and technical support as well as off... more We would like to thank USAID and ICF for providing financial and technical support as well as offering ample opportunity for capacity building among researchers at various universities in many countries. We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Shireen Assaf and Dr. Wenjuan Wang for their encouragement, guidance, suggestions, and support in the course of completing this research paper. We are also grateful to our respected co-facilitators, Ehab Sakr and Henock G. Yebyo, for their support and guidance. Our special thanks go to our reviewer, Dr. Sarah Staveteig, for valuable comments and intensive review of the paper. We would like to thank Bryant Robey for editing this paper. We would like to acknowledge Tribhuvan University and Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus for giving us permission to attend the training workshop.
<p>Percentage of eligible women age 15–49 using modern contraception, who had at least four... more <p>Percentage of eligible women age 15–49 using modern contraception, who had at least four ANC visits, and delivered their most recent birth in the five years preceding the survey in a health facility, according to migration status and selected background characteristics, Nepal DHS 2016.</p
<p>Percentage distribution of women aged 15–49 by migration status and background variables... more <p>Percentage distribution of women aged 15–49 by migration status and background variables, Nepal DHS 2016.</p
Nepal has made remarkable progress in reduction of maternal mortality but utilization of maternal... more Nepal has made remarkable progress in reduction of maternal mortality but utilization of maternal health services is below the acceptance level. This study seeks to examine the effect of women's autonomy on the utilization ANC services in Nepal. Data is taken from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 3,998 women age 15-49 who had given birth in the 5 year preceding the survey. Logistic regression analysis is performed to examine the effects of women's autonomy on the use of ANC. The results of Model I revealed that women's decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are significantly associated with at least four ANC visits. When women's autonomy variables and other socio-demographic variables are taken into consideration, women decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are not significant association with at least four ANC visits. To improve maternal health care, the interventions are needed to target women of low autonomy, less educated and from low wealth quintile.
Background Utilization of reproductive health services is a key component for preventing young wo... more Background Utilization of reproductive health services is a key component for preventing young women from different sexual and reproductive health problems. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the factors influencing the use of reproductive health services among young women in Nepal. Methods Data have been extracted from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) datasets wherein the weighted sample population size was restricted for modern contraceptive use to 1593 whereas for the antenatal care and skilled birth attendants to1606. This study has selected three reproductive health indicators as outcome variables of reproductive health service utilization for the analysis viz, modern contraceptive use, at least four antenatal care visits, and use of skilled birth attendants. Likewise, all calculations are based on standard sample weight of NDHS. Results The study has found that 21% of young women used modern contraception, 71% attended at least four ANC visits...
Background Internal migration has been an integral part of socioeconomic transformation in a coun... more Background Internal migration has been an integral part of socioeconomic transformation in a country. Migrants are a vulnerable group for access to the reproductive and maternal health services. Very little is known regarding the role of internal migration on the use of reproductive and maternal health services in Nepal. This study examines the effect of internal migration on the use of reproductive and maternal health services in Nepal. Methods The data for this study were extracted from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (2016 NDHS). The study population is women age 15-49. The sample population is different for modern contraceptive use than for Antenatal care (ANC) visits and place of delivery. The sample population for modern contraceptive use is restricted to the 8,811 (weighted) women who are currently married. The total analytic sampled population for ANC visits and place of delivery is 3,220 (weighted) women. The study used descriptive and logistic regression analysis, with three outcome measures: current use of modern contraception; at least four ANC visits; and place of delivery. Results Sixty-eight percent women were internal migrants. Forty-four percent of eligible women reported current use of modern contraception, 71% of women made at least four ANC visits, about 9% of women made 8 or more ANC visits and 58% of women delivered in a health facility. Our findings show that modern contraceptive use is significantly higher among urban non-migrant women and urban-to-urban migrants. Urban-to-urban migrant women and rural-to-urban migrant women have significantly higher odds of attending at least four ANC visits for the most recent birth compared with rural-to-rural migrant women. Women who moved between urban areas, women who moved from an urban to a rural area, women who moved from a rural area to an urban area and urban non-migrants are significantly
Economic background is taken as one of the crucial influencing factors of women's empowerment... more Economic background is taken as one of the crucial influencing factors of women's empowerment. This paper attempts to assess the key economic features of women and their degree of association on empowerment by place of residence. For this, the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2016 data were used. In total, 9,875 currently married women aged 15-49 years were used to analyze by applying descriptive and bivariate analysis techniques. The findings showed rural women have poor economic status compared with urban women. Agriculture is the main profession of women among both rural and urban areas but the non-agricultural profession is lower especially among rural (11.7%) women to compare with urban (24.6%) women. Similarly, unpaid work seems still prevalent in both urban (46.6%) and rural (59.6%) areas. The male domination is clearly observed in earning a position with their husband, being paid in the same job, and ownership of property related to land and house. The study showed t...
Women empowerment is taken as one of the major agenda for the twenty-first century in national an... more Women empowerment is taken as one of the major agenda for the twenty-first century in national and international development issues. The primary objective of this study is to examine the factors associated with women empowerment in household decision-making among poor and non-poor women in Nepal. This study uses data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. The analytic sample size of this study is 9575 currently married women aged 15-49. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the effect of demographic and socio-economic variables on women empowerment in household decision-making. The analysis of the result showed there is a significantly high variation between empowerment status and demographic and socio-economic background among the poor and non-poor. Women who have more children, older age, working women, and residing in urban areas were significant association and more likely to empower in household decision-making than having no children, y...
Background: Despite existing efforts to improve maternal health in Nepal, delivery in a health fa... more Background: Despite existing efforts to improve maternal health in Nepal, delivery in a health facility with skilled providers is still a major health concern in Nepal. This study aimed to examine the factors associated with delivery in a health facility with skilled providers among women aged 15-49 years in Nepal. Methods: This study used data from Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. This survey was a two-stage, stratified cluster sampling. A total of 1,950 married women aged 15-49 years who had at least one live birth in the last two years preceding the survey were included in the analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed in this study. Results: Seventy-five percent of women are delivered in a health facility with skilled providers. Women from urban areas (AOR = 1.74, p < 0.01), women residing in Sudurpaschim province (AOR = 5.64, p < 0.001), women with first parity (AOR = 2.82, p < 0.001), and women from rich household status (AOR = 4.60, p < 0.001) and women who attained at least four ANC visits (AOR = 10.81, p < 0.001) were associated with higher odds of delivering in a health facility. Women who were more educated and used the internet were more likely to deliver in a health facility by a skilled provider. Place of residence, household wealth status, and ANC visits appear to be the strongest predictors of health facility delivery with skilled providers in Nepal. Disparities in delivery in a health facility with skilled providers persist among provinces and caste/ethnicity.
The rapidly increasing elderly population in Nepal is the most significant emerging demographic p... more The rapidly increasing elderly population in Nepal is the most significant emerging demographic phenomenon. Multimorbidity is common among the elderly and its prevalence increases with age. This study aims to assess the chronic conditions and the demographic and socioeconomic factors that influence morbidity among the elderly. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Sunkoshi rural municipality of Sindhuli district from December 2021 to January 2022 with 413 elderly people aged 60 and older using a structured questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used for data analysis. About 27% of the elderly suffer from gastritis, followed by high blood pressure (27%), arthritis (24%), asthma (18%), and diabetes (10%). Seventy-seven percent of the elderly reported at least one morbidity and 41% have two or more morbidities. More than one-fifth of elderly people have no morbidity. In the multinominal logistic regression, moderate (RRR=3.31, 95% CI: 1.15-4.63) and poor (RRR=11.91...
We would like to thank USAID and ICF for providing financial and technical support as well as off... more We would like to thank USAID and ICF for providing financial and technical support as well as offering ample opportunity for capacity building among researchers at various universities in many countries. We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Shireen Assaf and Dr. Wenjuan Wang for their encouragement, guidance, suggestions, and support in the course of completing this research paper. We are also grateful to our respected co-facilitators, Ehab Sakr and Henock G. Yebyo, for their support and guidance. Our special thanks go to our reviewer, Dr. Sarah Staveteig, for valuable comments and intensive review of the paper. We would like to thank Bryant Robey for editing this paper. We would like to acknowledge Tribhuvan University and Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus for giving us permission to attend the training workshop.
<p>Percentage of eligible women age 15–49 using modern contraception, who had at least four... more <p>Percentage of eligible women age 15–49 using modern contraception, who had at least four ANC visits, and delivered their most recent birth in the five years preceding the survey in a health facility, according to migration status and selected background characteristics, Nepal DHS 2016.</p
<p>Percentage distribution of women aged 15–49 by migration status and background variables... more <p>Percentage distribution of women aged 15–49 by migration status and background variables, Nepal DHS 2016.</p
Nepal has made remarkable progress in reduction of maternal mortality but utilization of maternal... more Nepal has made remarkable progress in reduction of maternal mortality but utilization of maternal health services is below the acceptance level. This study seeks to examine the effect of women's autonomy on the utilization ANC services in Nepal. Data is taken from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 3,998 women age 15-49 who had given birth in the 5 year preceding the survey. Logistic regression analysis is performed to examine the effects of women's autonomy on the use of ANC. The results of Model I revealed that women's decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are significantly associated with at least four ANC visits. When women's autonomy variables and other socio-demographic variables are taken into consideration, women decision making autonomy and attitudes towards wife beating are not significant association with at least four ANC visits. To improve maternal health care, the interventions are needed to target women of low autonomy, less educated and from low wealth quintile.
Background Utilization of reproductive health services is a key component for preventing young wo... more Background Utilization of reproductive health services is a key component for preventing young women from different sexual and reproductive health problems. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the factors influencing the use of reproductive health services among young women in Nepal. Methods Data have been extracted from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) datasets wherein the weighted sample population size was restricted for modern contraceptive use to 1593 whereas for the antenatal care and skilled birth attendants to1606. This study has selected three reproductive health indicators as outcome variables of reproductive health service utilization for the analysis viz, modern contraceptive use, at least four antenatal care visits, and use of skilled birth attendants. Likewise, all calculations are based on standard sample weight of NDHS. Results The study has found that 21% of young women used modern contraception, 71% attended at least four ANC visits...
Background Internal migration has been an integral part of socioeconomic transformation in a coun... more Background Internal migration has been an integral part of socioeconomic transformation in a country. Migrants are a vulnerable group for access to the reproductive and maternal health services. Very little is known regarding the role of internal migration on the use of reproductive and maternal health services in Nepal. This study examines the effect of internal migration on the use of reproductive and maternal health services in Nepal. Methods The data for this study were extracted from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (2016 NDHS). The study population is women age 15-49. The sample population is different for modern contraceptive use than for Antenatal care (ANC) visits and place of delivery. The sample population for modern contraceptive use is restricted to the 8,811 (weighted) women who are currently married. The total analytic sampled population for ANC visits and place of delivery is 3,220 (weighted) women. The study used descriptive and logistic regression analysis, with three outcome measures: current use of modern contraception; at least four ANC visits; and place of delivery. Results Sixty-eight percent women were internal migrants. Forty-four percent of eligible women reported current use of modern contraception, 71% of women made at least four ANC visits, about 9% of women made 8 or more ANC visits and 58% of women delivered in a health facility. Our findings show that modern contraceptive use is significantly higher among urban non-migrant women and urban-to-urban migrants. Urban-to-urban migrant women and rural-to-urban migrant women have significantly higher odds of attending at least four ANC visits for the most recent birth compared with rural-to-rural migrant women. Women who moved between urban areas, women who moved from an urban to a rural area, women who moved from a rural area to an urban area and urban non-migrants are significantly
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