A durable termite bait containing 0.5% novißumuron was evaluated for physical durability, retenti... more A durable termite bait containing 0.5% novißumuron was evaluated for physical durability, retention of active ingredient, consumption by termites, and toxicity to termites over 5 yr in Þeld studies at locations in Indiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Plots in Indiana and Mississippi included both natural rainfall and irrigated plots, while plots in South Carolina received only natural rainfall. Samples collected every 3 mo for the Þrst 4 yr were evaluated for consumption with a 7 d no-choice bioassay using Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Consumption and toxicity of 5 yr samples were evaluated in similar bioassays conducted for 42 d. Durable baits received from Þeld sites had some cracking, and a small amount of external ßaking, but no major deterioration based on visual observation. There were no signiÞcant differences in novißumuron concentration over the 5-yr period and no trend toward reduced concentrations of novißumuron over time. Consumption of aged durable baits over 4 yr was variable, but termites usually consumed more aged durable bait than fresh durable bait and the differences were frequently signiÞcant. There were some exceptions, but termites consumed signiÞcantly more fresh durable bait than aged durable bait in only 4% of observations. When 5 yr samples were evaluated, consumption was lowest for fresh durable bait and termites consumed signiÞcantly more aged durable bait from irrigated plots in Indiana and from both natural and irrigated plots in Mississippi than fresh durable bait. Survival of termites fed blank durable bait was signiÞcantly higher than that for termites fed any of the baits containing novißumuron and there were no signiÞcant differences in survival among the novißumuron durable baits. Our results suggest that the bait would be durable for at least 5 yr and possibly longer under most environmental conditions.
A durable termite bait containing 0.5% noviflumuron was evaluated for physical durability, retent... more A durable termite bait containing 0.5% noviflumuron was evaluated for physical durability, retention of active ingredient, consumption by termites, and toxicity to termites over 5 yr in field studies at locations in Indiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Plots in Indiana and Mississippi included both natural rainfall and irrigated plots, while plots in South Carolina received only natural rainfall. Samples collected every 3 mo for the first 4 yr were evaluated for consumption with a 7 d no-choice bioassay using Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Consumption and toxicity of 5 yr samples were evaluated in similar bioassays conducted for 42 d. Durable baits received from field sites had some cracking, and a small amount of external flaking, but no major deterioration based on visual observation. There were no significant differences in noviflumuron concentration over the 5-yr period and no trend toward reduced concentrations of noviflumuron over time. Consumption of aged durable baits over 4 yr was variable, but termites usually consumed more aged durable bait than fresh durable bait and the differences were frequently significant. There were some exceptions, but termites consumed significantly more fresh durable bait than aged durable bait in only 4% of observations. When 5 yr samples were evaluated, consumption was lowest for fresh durable bait and termites consumed significantly more aged durable bait from irrigated plots in Indiana and from both natural and irrigated plots in Mississippi than fresh durable bait. Survival of termites fed blank durable bait was significantly higher than that for termites fed any of the baits containing noviflumuron and there were no significant differences in survival among the noviflumuron durable baits. Our results suggest that the bait would be durable for at least 5 yr and possibly longer under most environmental conditions.
[14C]Noviflumuron uptake, clearance, rate of excretion, and transfer from treated to untreated te... more [14C]Noviflumuron uptake, clearance, rate of excretion, and transfer from treated to untreated termite workers were evaluated at 15,19, 23, and 27 degrees C. Feeding units were constructed from plastic containers provisioned with washed sand, distilled water, [14C]noviflumuron-treated feeding discs (0.05 or 0.5% [AI]), and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) workers. Feeding units were held in environmental growth chambers preset at 15, 19, 23, and 27 degrees C. The amount of [14C]noviflumuron present within R. flavipes was measured by scintillation counting and subsequently quantified. Uptake of noviflumuron by R. flavipes workers at 15 degrees C was approximately 2.8 times less than at 19 or 23 degrees C and approximately 4.4 times less than at 27 degrees ighest uptake of [14C]noviflumuron occurred at 27 degrees C and 144 h. Most transfer of [14C]noviflumuron from treated to untreated termite workers occurred between 19 and 27 degrees C. [14C]Noviflumuron had a half-life in R. flavipes workers of approximately 31-45 d, dependent on temperature. A higher amount of [14C]noviflumuron was lost through excretion at > or = 19 degrees C (approximately 15-22%) compared with 15 degrees C (0.27%). Results indicated that increased uptake, transfer, and clearance of noviflumuron by R. flavipes occurred at warmer temperatures (19-27 degrees C), and all of these processes were significantly lower at 15 degrees C.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009
Polyethylene tanks are commonly used by pest management professionals to mix and apply termiticid... more Polyethylene tanks are commonly used by pest management professionals to mix and apply termiticides. These termiticides are susceptible to rapid photolysis and the ability of application tanks to filter sunlight has been questioned. We investigated the stability of imidacloprid (Premise Ò 75) in aqueous solutions stored in polyethylene tanks under shade or sunlight. Chemical analysis of aqueous solutions sampled at 0, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 336 h revealed that imidacloprid was relatively stable. Our results indicate that polyethylene tanks are adequate to protect imidacloprid from photo degradation.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009
Pest Management Professionals commonly use polyethylene or fiberglass tanks for mixing and applyi... more Pest Management Professionals commonly use polyethylene or fiberglass tanks for mixing and applying termiticides. We investigated the stability of fipronil (Termidor Ò SC) (0.06%, 0.09% and 0.125% active ingredient) in aqueous solutions stored in polyethylene tanks under sun and shade for 2 week. Chemical analysis of tankmixed solutions sampled at 0, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 336 h indicated that fipronil remained stable. Our data indicated that polyethylene tanks prevent fipronil from photodegradation and these tanks can be safely used for short term storage (up to 2 week) of liquid termiticides.
A durable termite bait containing 0.5% novißumuron was evaluated for physical durability, retenti... more A durable termite bait containing 0.5% novißumuron was evaluated for physical durability, retention of active ingredient, consumption by termites, and toxicity to termites over 5 yr in Þeld studies at locations in Indiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Plots in Indiana and Mississippi included both natural rainfall and irrigated plots, while plots in South Carolina received only natural rainfall. Samples collected every 3 mo for the Þrst 4 yr were evaluated for consumption with a 7 d no-choice bioassay using Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Consumption and toxicity of 5 yr samples were evaluated in similar bioassays conducted for 42 d. Durable baits received from Þeld sites had some cracking, and a small amount of external ßaking, but no major deterioration based on visual observation. There were no signiÞcant differences in novißumuron concentration over the 5-yr period and no trend toward reduced concentrations of novißumuron over time. Consumption of aged durable baits over 4 yr was variable, but termites usually consumed more aged durable bait than fresh durable bait and the differences were frequently signiÞcant. There were some exceptions, but termites consumed signiÞcantly more fresh durable bait than aged durable bait in only 4% of observations. When 5 yr samples were evaluated, consumption was lowest for fresh durable bait and termites consumed signiÞcantly more aged durable bait from irrigated plots in Indiana and from both natural and irrigated plots in Mississippi than fresh durable bait. Survival of termites fed blank durable bait was signiÞcantly higher than that for termites fed any of the baits containing novißumuron and there were no signiÞcant differences in survival among the novißumuron durable baits. Our results suggest that the bait would be durable for at least 5 yr and possibly longer under most environmental conditions.
A durable termite bait containing 0.5% noviflumuron was evaluated for physical durability, retent... more A durable termite bait containing 0.5% noviflumuron was evaluated for physical durability, retention of active ingredient, consumption by termites, and toxicity to termites over 5 yr in field studies at locations in Indiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Plots in Indiana and Mississippi included both natural rainfall and irrigated plots, while plots in South Carolina received only natural rainfall. Samples collected every 3 mo for the first 4 yr were evaluated for consumption with a 7 d no-choice bioassay using Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Consumption and toxicity of 5 yr samples were evaluated in similar bioassays conducted for 42 d. Durable baits received from field sites had some cracking, and a small amount of external flaking, but no major deterioration based on visual observation. There were no significant differences in noviflumuron concentration over the 5-yr period and no trend toward reduced concentrations of noviflumuron over time. Consumption of aged durable baits over 4 yr was variable, but termites usually consumed more aged durable bait than fresh durable bait and the differences were frequently significant. There were some exceptions, but termites consumed significantly more fresh durable bait than aged durable bait in only 4% of observations. When 5 yr samples were evaluated, consumption was lowest for fresh durable bait and termites consumed significantly more aged durable bait from irrigated plots in Indiana and from both natural and irrigated plots in Mississippi than fresh durable bait. Survival of termites fed blank durable bait was significantly higher than that for termites fed any of the baits containing noviflumuron and there were no significant differences in survival among the noviflumuron durable baits. Our results suggest that the bait would be durable for at least 5 yr and possibly longer under most environmental conditions.
[14C]Noviflumuron uptake, clearance, rate of excretion, and transfer from treated to untreated te... more [14C]Noviflumuron uptake, clearance, rate of excretion, and transfer from treated to untreated termite workers were evaluated at 15,19, 23, and 27 degrees C. Feeding units were constructed from plastic containers provisioned with washed sand, distilled water, [14C]noviflumuron-treated feeding discs (0.05 or 0.5% [AI]), and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) workers. Feeding units were held in environmental growth chambers preset at 15, 19, 23, and 27 degrees C. The amount of [14C]noviflumuron present within R. flavipes was measured by scintillation counting and subsequently quantified. Uptake of noviflumuron by R. flavipes workers at 15 degrees C was approximately 2.8 times less than at 19 or 23 degrees C and approximately 4.4 times less than at 27 degrees ighest uptake of [14C]noviflumuron occurred at 27 degrees C and 144 h. Most transfer of [14C]noviflumuron from treated to untreated termite workers occurred between 19 and 27 degrees C. [14C]Noviflumuron had a half-life in R. flavipes workers of approximately 31-45 d, dependent on temperature. A higher amount of [14C]noviflumuron was lost through excretion at > or = 19 degrees C (approximately 15-22%) compared with 15 degrees C (0.27%). Results indicated that increased uptake, transfer, and clearance of noviflumuron by R. flavipes occurred at warmer temperatures (19-27 degrees C), and all of these processes were significantly lower at 15 degrees C.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009
Polyethylene tanks are commonly used by pest management professionals to mix and apply termiticid... more Polyethylene tanks are commonly used by pest management professionals to mix and apply termiticides. These termiticides are susceptible to rapid photolysis and the ability of application tanks to filter sunlight has been questioned. We investigated the stability of imidacloprid (Premise Ò 75) in aqueous solutions stored in polyethylene tanks under shade or sunlight. Chemical analysis of aqueous solutions sampled at 0, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 336 h revealed that imidacloprid was relatively stable. Our results indicate that polyethylene tanks are adequate to protect imidacloprid from photo degradation.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2009
Pest Management Professionals commonly use polyethylene or fiberglass tanks for mixing and applyi... more Pest Management Professionals commonly use polyethylene or fiberglass tanks for mixing and applying termiticides. We investigated the stability of fipronil (Termidor Ò SC) (0.06%, 0.09% and 0.125% active ingredient) in aqueous solutions stored in polyethylene tanks under sun and shade for 2 week. Chemical analysis of tankmixed solutions sampled at 0, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 336 h indicated that fipronil remained stable. Our data indicated that polyethylene tanks prevent fipronil from photodegradation and these tanks can be safely used for short term storage (up to 2 week) of liquid termiticides.
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