The US media features a negative rhetoric against the Muslims by posing them as a threat to the W... more The US media features a negative rhetoric against the Muslims by posing them as a threat to the West. This article/study aims to explore how the US media constructs the image of Islam and the Muslims for the viewers. It also aims to analyze the perspective of the US writers about Islam and the Muslims. The paper analyzes 2,523 articles, descriptive of Islam and the Muslims and published in the US press from January to March 2017. It explores and describes the level to which the negative words and metaphors are used in the leading articles, which eventually constructs a negative image of the Muslims and Islam among the US citizenry. This negative portrayal by the US media points to the emergence and evolution of the patterns of representation of Islam, which are constitutive of an existential threat image. The study recommends the analysis of all media actors who speak / write about Islam and the Muslims at a broader level to understand the problem in its true perspective/essence wit...
Islamophobia is thought to be a modernized version of Orientalism, which was initially used to ju... more Islamophobia is thought to be a modernized version of Orientalism, which was initially used to justify European political actions against the Ottoman Empire and, later, after its decline, to support their imperialist pursuits in the Muslim world. It is now used as a strategy for governing Western societies, particularly the United States, where people are forced to live with historical prejudices against Islam and Muslims. The nature of this animosity points to a new form of Islamophobia, which, like the old one, appears in discourses and practices alike. This study aims to ascertain how Islamophobia manifests as new Islamophobia in the modern West. It investigates the presence of this phenomenon in US media discourse using the theoretical framework of securitization. The researchers employed an analytical framework adapted from Discourse-Historical-Approach and studied 3153 news and opinion pieces from US newspapers and wire services between November 2016 and January 2017. This study has revealed an Islamophobic society where Muslims were the targets of hate crimes due to their Islamic identity. It has been found that Trump's anti-Islamic rhetoric during his presidential campaign contributed to the emergence of this new societal syndrome. It concludes that "neoIslamophobia" is a name for a new style of governance adopted by some Western politicians who capitalize on Islamophobia as a political strategy to gain power, thereby shaping the existing social order into an Islamophobic one. The researchers recommend similar inquiries into other contexts too.
Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization (JITC), 2023
Traditionally, the term Islamophobia refers to prejudice, racism, and/or securitization which imp... more Traditionally, the term Islamophobia refers to prejudice, racism, and/or securitization which implies that this phenomenon operates at cognitive, cultural, or structural levels. The current researchers anticipate that the term now represents an Islamophobic social order in the West where hatred for Islam and everything related to it appears to be the collective behaviour of the society. This points to a new social reality that goes beyond the psychological problem, now referred to as Islamophobia. Therefore, the researchers have added the prefix "neo" to this term in order to account for Islamophobia's psychosocial nature which manifests itself in discourses and practices. The purpose of this research is to study Islamophobic discourses in the media of two Western societies in order to better understand the nature of Islamophobia in each: the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA). It studies leading articles (that is, 446 in toto) from The Independent and The Washington Post between November 2016 and December 2017, using DHA's analytical framework. This study concludes that traditional "Islamophobia" dominates in the UK context, where Islam is perceived as a threat to Europe's symbolic identity and "Neo-Islamophobia" in the US context, where Islam is seen as a threat to the socio-political order. It also proposes a cyclical process of neo-Islamophobia, beginning with problematizing Islam, and progressing to "otherizing," racializing, and finally securitizing Muslims. The researchers, however, recommend similar studies in other contexts too.
Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 2021
This study is an attempt to find out the willingness of the journalists for self-censorship, to h... more This study is an attempt to find out the willingness of the journalists for self-censorship, to highlight the factors which give rise to the phenomenon of self-censorship and to investigate the impact of self-censorship on the journalists’ performance in Pakistan. This research has been conducted in the light of Bar-Tal model for self-censorship and it is quantitative based research. Questionnaire was distributed among 125 Islamabad-based journalists sampled through the purposive sampling method. Findings revealed that the majority of the journalists were facing self-censorship in Pakistan and they were not able to reveal the information in media without engaging in self-censorship. Researcher investigated the four factors which give rise to the phenomenon of self censorship among the journalists in Pakistan; military, judiciary, media organization policies or media owner’s pressure and job insecurity. Researcher concluded that self-censorship affects the journalists’ performance, credibility, neutrality, free journalism, factual and objective reporting in Pakistan and self-censorship has negative impact on the journalists’ performance in Pakistan.
Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 2022
News media has been a source of multifarious information and has developed to a varied extent in ... more News media has been a source of multifarious information and has developed to a varied extent in the recent past. There now appears to be an increasing surge of propagation and dialogue on violence-related issues. Media violence has remained a viable topic of past research because of its impact on society and many studies focused on entertainment content. This study is aimed at analyzing the proportion of violence in news broadcasts and exploring the role of news channels whether they cover all or focus on specific issues. A total of 2577 stories were collected from 93 news broadcasts at 9 p.m. on “top 3” news channels; Dunya News, Geo News, and PTV News covering one month in January 2014. Of them, 1132 news stories were identified as ‘violent,’ which were further analyzed for the extent and nature of violence and their inclusion in the news bulletin. The study concludes that selected news channels presented less proportion of violence in terms of the number of stories and total stories per hour, but allocated a large amount of broadcast time to the small number of violent stories as compared to other issues. They reported political violence-related issues more frequently and there is a large content of violence in the headlines, especially on private channels.
Journal of Peace, Development and Communication (JPDC), 2022
The term "Islamophobia" refers to two distinct emotions: anti-Muslim prejudice and anti-Islam sen... more The term "Islamophobia" refers to two distinct emotions: anti-Muslim prejudice and anti-Islam sentiments. As relevant literature suggests, these negative feelings are the product of a discourse that portrays Islam and Muslims as a source of fear and insecurity. This study investigated the discursive manifestations of Islamophobia within the theoretical framework of securitization. To investigate these manifestations in the US media discourses, the discourse analysis method was adapted from the DHA. The researcher analyzed a total of 3153 news and opinion articles from US newspapers and wire services between November 2016 and January 2017. This analysis found that both types of negative posturing are present in the US press discourse, which presents the picture of an Islamophobia society. The study concluded that Islamophobia in the US context is primarily a political construct, used to mobilize societal hatred against Islam and Muslims, with hate crimes against Muslims being the most apparent manifestation. The researcher recommends similar inquiry into other contexts as well.
The US media features a negative rhetoric against the Muslims by posing them as a threat to the W... more The US media features a negative rhetoric against the Muslims by posing them as a threat to the West. This article/study aims to explore how the US media constructs the image of Islam and the Muslims for the viewers. It also aims to analyze the perspective of the US writers about Islam and the Muslims. The paper analyzes 2,523 articles, descriptive of Islam and the Muslims and published in the US press from January to March 2017. It explores and describes the level to which the negative words and metaphors are used in the leading articles, which eventually constructs a negative image of the Muslims and Islam among the US citizenry. This negative portrayal by the US media points to the emergence and evolution of the patterns of representation of Islam, which are constitutive of an existential threat image. The study recommends the analysis of all media actors who speak/write about Islam and the Muslims at a broader level to understand the problem in its true perspective/essence with an aim to explore its prognostics.
The US media features a negative rhetoric against the Muslims by posing them as a threat to the W... more The US media features a negative rhetoric against the Muslims by posing them as a threat to the West. This article/study aims to explore how the US media constructs the image of Islam and the Muslims for the viewers. It also aims to analyze the perspective of the US writers about Islam and the Muslims. The paper analyzes 2,523 articles, descriptive of Islam and the Muslims and published in the US press from January to March 2017. It explores and describes the level to which the negative words and metaphors are used in the leading articles, which eventually constructs a negative image of the Muslims and Islam among the US citizenry. This negative portrayal by the US media points to the emergence and evolution of the patterns of representation of Islam, which are constitutive of an existential threat image. The study recommends the analysis of all media actors who speak / write about Islam and the Muslims at a broader level to understand the problem in its true perspective/essence wit...
Islamophobia is thought to be a modernized version of Orientalism, which was initially used to ju... more Islamophobia is thought to be a modernized version of Orientalism, which was initially used to justify European political actions against the Ottoman Empire and, later, after its decline, to support their imperialist pursuits in the Muslim world. It is now used as a strategy for governing Western societies, particularly the United States, where people are forced to live with historical prejudices against Islam and Muslims. The nature of this animosity points to a new form of Islamophobia, which, like the old one, appears in discourses and practices alike. This study aims to ascertain how Islamophobia manifests as new Islamophobia in the modern West. It investigates the presence of this phenomenon in US media discourse using the theoretical framework of securitization. The researchers employed an analytical framework adapted from Discourse-Historical-Approach and studied 3153 news and opinion pieces from US newspapers and wire services between November 2016 and January 2017. This study has revealed an Islamophobic society where Muslims were the targets of hate crimes due to their Islamic identity. It has been found that Trump's anti-Islamic rhetoric during his presidential campaign contributed to the emergence of this new societal syndrome. It concludes that "neoIslamophobia" is a name for a new style of governance adopted by some Western politicians who capitalize on Islamophobia as a political strategy to gain power, thereby shaping the existing social order into an Islamophobic one. The researchers recommend similar inquiries into other contexts too.
Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization (JITC), 2023
Traditionally, the term Islamophobia refers to prejudice, racism, and/or securitization which imp... more Traditionally, the term Islamophobia refers to prejudice, racism, and/or securitization which implies that this phenomenon operates at cognitive, cultural, or structural levels. The current researchers anticipate that the term now represents an Islamophobic social order in the West where hatred for Islam and everything related to it appears to be the collective behaviour of the society. This points to a new social reality that goes beyond the psychological problem, now referred to as Islamophobia. Therefore, the researchers have added the prefix "neo" to this term in order to account for Islamophobia's psychosocial nature which manifests itself in discourses and practices. The purpose of this research is to study Islamophobic discourses in the media of two Western societies in order to better understand the nature of Islamophobia in each: the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA). It studies leading articles (that is, 446 in toto) from The Independent and The Washington Post between November 2016 and December 2017, using DHA's analytical framework. This study concludes that traditional "Islamophobia" dominates in the UK context, where Islam is perceived as a threat to Europe's symbolic identity and "Neo-Islamophobia" in the US context, where Islam is seen as a threat to the socio-political order. It also proposes a cyclical process of neo-Islamophobia, beginning with problematizing Islam, and progressing to "otherizing," racializing, and finally securitizing Muslims. The researchers, however, recommend similar studies in other contexts too.
Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 2021
This study is an attempt to find out the willingness of the journalists for self-censorship, to h... more This study is an attempt to find out the willingness of the journalists for self-censorship, to highlight the factors which give rise to the phenomenon of self-censorship and to investigate the impact of self-censorship on the journalists’ performance in Pakistan. This research has been conducted in the light of Bar-Tal model for self-censorship and it is quantitative based research. Questionnaire was distributed among 125 Islamabad-based journalists sampled through the purposive sampling method. Findings revealed that the majority of the journalists were facing self-censorship in Pakistan and they were not able to reveal the information in media without engaging in self-censorship. Researcher investigated the four factors which give rise to the phenomenon of self censorship among the journalists in Pakistan; military, judiciary, media organization policies or media owner’s pressure and job insecurity. Researcher concluded that self-censorship affects the journalists’ performance, credibility, neutrality, free journalism, factual and objective reporting in Pakistan and self-censorship has negative impact on the journalists’ performance in Pakistan.
Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 2022
News media has been a source of multifarious information and has developed to a varied extent in ... more News media has been a source of multifarious information and has developed to a varied extent in the recent past. There now appears to be an increasing surge of propagation and dialogue on violence-related issues. Media violence has remained a viable topic of past research because of its impact on society and many studies focused on entertainment content. This study is aimed at analyzing the proportion of violence in news broadcasts and exploring the role of news channels whether they cover all or focus on specific issues. A total of 2577 stories were collected from 93 news broadcasts at 9 p.m. on “top 3” news channels; Dunya News, Geo News, and PTV News covering one month in January 2014. Of them, 1132 news stories were identified as ‘violent,’ which were further analyzed for the extent and nature of violence and their inclusion in the news bulletin. The study concludes that selected news channels presented less proportion of violence in terms of the number of stories and total stories per hour, but allocated a large amount of broadcast time to the small number of violent stories as compared to other issues. They reported political violence-related issues more frequently and there is a large content of violence in the headlines, especially on private channels.
Journal of Peace, Development and Communication (JPDC), 2022
The term "Islamophobia" refers to two distinct emotions: anti-Muslim prejudice and anti-Islam sen... more The term "Islamophobia" refers to two distinct emotions: anti-Muslim prejudice and anti-Islam sentiments. As relevant literature suggests, these negative feelings are the product of a discourse that portrays Islam and Muslims as a source of fear and insecurity. This study investigated the discursive manifestations of Islamophobia within the theoretical framework of securitization. To investigate these manifestations in the US media discourses, the discourse analysis method was adapted from the DHA. The researcher analyzed a total of 3153 news and opinion articles from US newspapers and wire services between November 2016 and January 2017. This analysis found that both types of negative posturing are present in the US press discourse, which presents the picture of an Islamophobia society. The study concluded that Islamophobia in the US context is primarily a political construct, used to mobilize societal hatred against Islam and Muslims, with hate crimes against Muslims being the most apparent manifestation. The researcher recommends similar inquiry into other contexts as well.
The US media features a negative rhetoric against the Muslims by posing them as a threat to the W... more The US media features a negative rhetoric against the Muslims by posing them as a threat to the West. This article/study aims to explore how the US media constructs the image of Islam and the Muslims for the viewers. It also aims to analyze the perspective of the US writers about Islam and the Muslims. The paper analyzes 2,523 articles, descriptive of Islam and the Muslims and published in the US press from January to March 2017. It explores and describes the level to which the negative words and metaphors are used in the leading articles, which eventually constructs a negative image of the Muslims and Islam among the US citizenry. This negative portrayal by the US media points to the emergence and evolution of the patterns of representation of Islam, which are constitutive of an existential threat image. The study recommends the analysis of all media actors who speak/write about Islam and the Muslims at a broader level to understand the problem in its true perspective/essence with an aim to explore its prognostics.
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Papers by Muhammad Tariq
been conducted in the light of Bar-Tal model for self-censorship and it is quantitative based research. Questionnaire was distributed among 125 Islamabad-based journalists sampled through the purposive sampling method. Findings revealed that the majority of the journalists were facing self-censorship in Pakistan and they were not able to reveal the information in media without engaging in self-censorship. Researcher investigated the four factors which give rise to the phenomenon of self censorship among the journalists in Pakistan; military, judiciary, media organization policies or media owner’s pressure and job insecurity. Researcher concluded that self-censorship affects the journalists’ performance, credibility, neutrality, free journalism, factual and objective reporting in Pakistan and self-censorship has negative impact on the journalists’ performance in Pakistan.
their inclusion in the news bulletin. The study concludes that selected news channels presented less proportion of violence in terms of the number of stories and total stories per hour, but allocated a large amount of broadcast time to the small number of violent stories as compared
to other issues. They reported political violence-related issues more frequently and there is a large content of violence in the headlines, especially on private channels.
been conducted in the light of Bar-Tal model for self-censorship and it is quantitative based research. Questionnaire was distributed among 125 Islamabad-based journalists sampled through the purposive sampling method. Findings revealed that the majority of the journalists were facing self-censorship in Pakistan and they were not able to reveal the information in media without engaging in self-censorship. Researcher investigated the four factors which give rise to the phenomenon of self censorship among the journalists in Pakistan; military, judiciary, media organization policies or media owner’s pressure and job insecurity. Researcher concluded that self-censorship affects the journalists’ performance, credibility, neutrality, free journalism, factual and objective reporting in Pakistan and self-censorship has negative impact on the journalists’ performance in Pakistan.
their inclusion in the news bulletin. The study concludes that selected news channels presented less proportion of violence in terms of the number of stories and total stories per hour, but allocated a large amount of broadcast time to the small number of violent stories as compared
to other issues. They reported political violence-related issues more frequently and there is a large content of violence in the headlines, especially on private channels.