ABSTRACT The scheme how to prove causality of the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation is p... more ABSTRACT The scheme how to prove causality of the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation is presented.
Gasification is an important process which attracts more and more attention in modern heat and po... more Gasification is an important process which attracts more and more attention in modern heat and power generation. Biomass, which can be understood as any biological component (most importantly any biological waste as well) is seen as an environmentally friendly energy source. Moreover, only a very small fraction of biomass energetic potential is utilized nowadays. Thus, it is of great interest to significantly increase the generation of power produced by means of biological waste gasification, which, in addition, is a much cleaner technique than simple combustion. In spite of the relevance of the problem, there are relatively few models available which can handle such processes as pyrolysis or gasification of the wide range of biomass components that may be used in the power production industry [1]. This provides strong motivation for developing reliable models and computational codes that can cope with the two-or three-phase reactive flows like Fig 1. Simulation of the drying proces...
Mathematical structure of the linearized Boltzmann equation is outlined. Physical interpretation ... more Mathematical structure of the linearized Boltzmann equation is outlined. Physical interpretation of the assumed relativistic cross-sections is discussed.
: The paper contains a description of characteristics of solid residues produced during operation... more : The paper contains a description of characteristics of solid residues produced during operation of three industrial energy centres performing gasification of biomass waste. The analysed systems are located in factories which process forestry and agricultural materials and use their processing waste, such as turkey feathers, tannery waste and waste wood, to produce heat. The composition of fireside deposits, flue gas cleaning waste and bottom ashes along with the leachability properties of the latter are presented and discussed.
Our aim is to optimise the gasification process, to ensure the highest possible quality of the sy... more Our aim is to optimise the gasification process, to ensure the highest possible quality of the syngas and to reduce the pollutants emission. The biomass gasification includes many phenomena such as, flow through porous media, reactions between species in syngas, reactions between gas and biomass feed, feed mechanics and thermochemistry, also multiphase flows and phase transitions (Souza-Santos (2004)). We have chosen Matlab, Fluent and OpenFOAM as the frameworks to model the process because of their flexibility and comprehensiveness. Based on previously gained experience (Kwiatkowski et al. (2011a)) we are writing our own solvers and UDFs that will solve detailed elements of the biomass gasification process.
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 1986
ABSTRACT The simple kinetic model describing the propagation of particles with spin degrees of fr... more ABSTRACT The simple kinetic model describing the propagation of particles with spin degrees of freedom through an array of magnetically active scatterers is introduced. The resulting Boltzmann-Lorentz nonlinear equation is solved for spatially homogeneous initial data. The spectral properties of the linearized operator are studied and the exact solution for arbitrary initial data is obtained. The various fluid dynamical limits are also considered.
By combining the DiPerna and Lions techniques for the nonrelativistic Boltzmann equation and the ... more By combining the DiPerna and Lions techniques for the nonrelativistic Boltzmann equation and the Dudyński and Ekiel-Jeżewska device of the causality of the relativistic Boltzmann equation, it is shown that there exists a global mild solution to the Cauchy problem for the relativistic Boltzmann equation with the assumptions of the relativistic scattering cross section including some relativistic hard interactions and the initial data satisfying finite mass, energy and entropy. This is in fact an extension of the result of Dudyński and Ekiel-Jeżewska to the case of the relativistic Boltzmann equation with hard interactions.
The linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation in L 2 (r,p) is investigated. The detailed analysi... more The linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation in L 2 (r,p) is investigated. The detailed analysis of the collision operator L is carried out for a wide class of scattering cross sections. L is proved to have a form of the multiplication operator v(p) plus the compact in L 2 (p) perturbation K. The collisional frequency v(p) is analysed to discriminate between relativistic soft and hard interactions. Finally, the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation is proved.
ABSTRACT Energy production from fixed-bed gasification of poultry feathers was analysed using pro... more ABSTRACT Energy production from fixed-bed gasification of poultry feathers was analysed using process data from a real industry-scale plant located in Olsztyn, Poland. Feathers undergo the two-stage process of gasification in a fixed-bed updraft gasifier with 3.2 MW thermal input capacity followed by burning of the produced gas in a separate combustion chamber. The resulting flue gases generate steam in a boiler. The process is viable in terms of technical parameters, emission standards and profitability. The process was analysed in detail for a one-week period (1--7 March 2011) and for the whole year 2011 on the monthly basis. During the selected week 1.3 Mg h$^{-1}$ of feathers were gasified and 3.0 Mg h$^{-1}$ of steam was produced continuously, without any interruptions. The efficiency of energy transformation was 96\% for the gasifier, 97\% for the combustor and 72\% for the boiler. The total efficiency of energy conversion for this period was 68\% and exergetic efficiency was 25\%. The main energy loss occurs in the boiler outlet mainly due to high water content in the flue gases. Biological residues are a major energy source for the nearby slaughterhouse. Bioenergy contribution varies from around 60\% in winter up to 90\% in summer. This new source successfully replaces the formerly used coal burner. Thanks to this replacement, annual emission of net carbon dioxide was reduced by 4200 tonnes.
Consideration is given to the evolution of a distribution function according to the linearized re... more Consideration is given to the evolution of a distribution function according to the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation (LRBE). It is shown that LRBE is causal for a large number of short-range scattering cross sections.
Gasification is an important process which attracts more and more attention in modern heat and po... more Gasification is an important process which attracts more and more attention in modern heat and power generation. Biomass, which can be understood as any biological component (most importantly any biological waste as well) is seen as an environmentally friendly energy source. Moreover, only a very small fraction of biomass energetic potential is utilized nowadays. Thus, it is of great interest to significantly increase the generation of power produced by means of biological waste gasification, which, in addition, is a much cleaner technique than simple combustion. In spite of the relevance of the problem, there are relatively few models available which can handle such processes as pyrolysis or gasification of the wide range of biomass components that may be used in the power production industry [1]. This provides strong motivation for developing reliable models and computational codes that can cope with the two-or three-phase reactive flows like Fig 1. Simulation of the drying proces...
Efficiency of heat production from gasification of feathers was determined for an industry-scale ... more Efficiency of heat production from gasification of feathers was determined for an industry-scale plant located in Olsztyn/Poland (Dudyński et al., 2012). The plant processes wet poultry feathers from a slaughterhouse, mixed with small amount of wood pellets, in a two-step technology: (1) Fixed-bed gasification of feathers; (2) combustion of the produced syngas and heat recovery in a boiler. The produced steam is used for meat processing. Operation of the plant was analyzed for one week (1-7 March 2011), after 10000h of work. During the selected week, the efficiency of energy conversion of the whole process was 68% and the exergetic efficiency was 25%. Energy conversion efficiency and chemical efficiency of gasification are equal to 96% and 64%, respectively. The moderate chemical efficiency value leads to milder combustion in the second step of the process and therefore lower NOx production in the burner. This bioenergy installation covers between 59% (winter) and 89% (summer) of th...
: The paper contains a description of characteristics of solid residues produced during operation... more : The paper contains a description of characteristics of solid residues produced during operation of three industrial energy centres performing gasification of biomass waste. The analysed systems are located in factories which process forestry and agricultural materials and use their processing waste, such as turkey feathers, tannery waste and waste wood, to produce heat. The composition of fireside deposits, flue gas cleaning waste and bottom ashes along with the leachability properties of the latter are presented and discussed.
Our aim is to optimise the gasification process, to ensure the highest possible quality of the sy... more Our aim is to optimise the gasification process, to ensure the highest possible quality of the syngas and to reduce the pollutants emission. The biomass gasification includes many phenomena such as, flow through porous media, reactions between species in syngas, reactions between gas and biomass feed, feed mechanics and thermochemistry, also multiphase flows and phase transitions (Souza-Santos (2004)). We have chosen Matlab, Fluent and OpenFOAM as the frameworks to model the process because of their flexibility and comprehensiveness. Based on previously gained experience (Kwiatkowski et al. (2011a)) we are writing our own solvers and UDFs that will solve detailed elements of the biomass gasification process.
ABSTRACT The scheme how to prove causality of the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation is p... more ABSTRACT The scheme how to prove causality of the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation is presented.
Gasification is an important process which attracts more and more attention in modern heat and po... more Gasification is an important process which attracts more and more attention in modern heat and power generation. Biomass, which can be understood as any biological component (most importantly any biological waste as well) is seen as an environmentally friendly energy source. Moreover, only a very small fraction of biomass energetic potential is utilized nowadays. Thus, it is of great interest to significantly increase the generation of power produced by means of biological waste gasification, which, in addition, is a much cleaner technique than simple combustion. In spite of the relevance of the problem, there are relatively few models available which can handle such processes as pyrolysis or gasification of the wide range of biomass components that may be used in the power production industry [1]. This provides strong motivation for developing reliable models and computational codes that can cope with the two-or three-phase reactive flows like Fig 1. Simulation of the drying proces...
Mathematical structure of the linearized Boltzmann equation is outlined. Physical interpretation ... more Mathematical structure of the linearized Boltzmann equation is outlined. Physical interpretation of the assumed relativistic cross-sections is discussed.
: The paper contains a description of characteristics of solid residues produced during operation... more : The paper contains a description of characteristics of solid residues produced during operation of three industrial energy centres performing gasification of biomass waste. The analysed systems are located in factories which process forestry and agricultural materials and use their processing waste, such as turkey feathers, tannery waste and waste wood, to produce heat. The composition of fireside deposits, flue gas cleaning waste and bottom ashes along with the leachability properties of the latter are presented and discussed.
Our aim is to optimise the gasification process, to ensure the highest possible quality of the sy... more Our aim is to optimise the gasification process, to ensure the highest possible quality of the syngas and to reduce the pollutants emission. The biomass gasification includes many phenomena such as, flow through porous media, reactions between species in syngas, reactions between gas and biomass feed, feed mechanics and thermochemistry, also multiphase flows and phase transitions (Souza-Santos (2004)). We have chosen Matlab, Fluent and OpenFOAM as the frameworks to model the process because of their flexibility and comprehensiveness. Based on previously gained experience (Kwiatkowski et al. (2011a)) we are writing our own solvers and UDFs that will solve detailed elements of the biomass gasification process.
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 1986
ABSTRACT The simple kinetic model describing the propagation of particles with spin degrees of fr... more ABSTRACT The simple kinetic model describing the propagation of particles with spin degrees of freedom through an array of magnetically active scatterers is introduced. The resulting Boltzmann-Lorentz nonlinear equation is solved for spatially homogeneous initial data. The spectral properties of the linearized operator are studied and the exact solution for arbitrary initial data is obtained. The various fluid dynamical limits are also considered.
By combining the DiPerna and Lions techniques for the nonrelativistic Boltzmann equation and the ... more By combining the DiPerna and Lions techniques for the nonrelativistic Boltzmann equation and the Dudyński and Ekiel-Jeżewska device of the causality of the relativistic Boltzmann equation, it is shown that there exists a global mild solution to the Cauchy problem for the relativistic Boltzmann equation with the assumptions of the relativistic scattering cross section including some relativistic hard interactions and the initial data satisfying finite mass, energy and entropy. This is in fact an extension of the result of Dudyński and Ekiel-Jeżewska to the case of the relativistic Boltzmann equation with hard interactions.
The linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation in L 2 (r,p) is investigated. The detailed analysi... more The linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation in L 2 (r,p) is investigated. The detailed analysis of the collision operator L is carried out for a wide class of scattering cross sections. L is proved to have a form of the multiplication operator v(p) plus the compact in L 2 (p) perturbation K. The collisional frequency v(p) is analysed to discriminate between relativistic soft and hard interactions. Finally, the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation is proved.
ABSTRACT Energy production from fixed-bed gasification of poultry feathers was analysed using pro... more ABSTRACT Energy production from fixed-bed gasification of poultry feathers was analysed using process data from a real industry-scale plant located in Olsztyn, Poland. Feathers undergo the two-stage process of gasification in a fixed-bed updraft gasifier with 3.2 MW thermal input capacity followed by burning of the produced gas in a separate combustion chamber. The resulting flue gases generate steam in a boiler. The process is viable in terms of technical parameters, emission standards and profitability. The process was analysed in detail for a one-week period (1--7 March 2011) and for the whole year 2011 on the monthly basis. During the selected week 1.3 Mg h$^{-1}$ of feathers were gasified and 3.0 Mg h$^{-1}$ of steam was produced continuously, without any interruptions. The efficiency of energy transformation was 96\% for the gasifier, 97\% for the combustor and 72\% for the boiler. The total efficiency of energy conversion for this period was 68\% and exergetic efficiency was 25\%. The main energy loss occurs in the boiler outlet mainly due to high water content in the flue gases. Biological residues are a major energy source for the nearby slaughterhouse. Bioenergy contribution varies from around 60\% in winter up to 90\% in summer. This new source successfully replaces the formerly used coal burner. Thanks to this replacement, annual emission of net carbon dioxide was reduced by 4200 tonnes.
Consideration is given to the evolution of a distribution function according to the linearized re... more Consideration is given to the evolution of a distribution function according to the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation (LRBE). It is shown that LRBE is causal for a large number of short-range scattering cross sections.
Gasification is an important process which attracts more and more attention in modern heat and po... more Gasification is an important process which attracts more and more attention in modern heat and power generation. Biomass, which can be understood as any biological component (most importantly any biological waste as well) is seen as an environmentally friendly energy source. Moreover, only a very small fraction of biomass energetic potential is utilized nowadays. Thus, it is of great interest to significantly increase the generation of power produced by means of biological waste gasification, which, in addition, is a much cleaner technique than simple combustion. In spite of the relevance of the problem, there are relatively few models available which can handle such processes as pyrolysis or gasification of the wide range of biomass components that may be used in the power production industry [1]. This provides strong motivation for developing reliable models and computational codes that can cope with the two-or three-phase reactive flows like Fig 1. Simulation of the drying proces...
Efficiency of heat production from gasification of feathers was determined for an industry-scale ... more Efficiency of heat production from gasification of feathers was determined for an industry-scale plant located in Olsztyn/Poland (Dudyński et al., 2012). The plant processes wet poultry feathers from a slaughterhouse, mixed with small amount of wood pellets, in a two-step technology: (1) Fixed-bed gasification of feathers; (2) combustion of the produced syngas and heat recovery in a boiler. The produced steam is used for meat processing. Operation of the plant was analyzed for one week (1-7 March 2011), after 10000h of work. During the selected week, the efficiency of energy conversion of the whole process was 68% and the exergetic efficiency was 25%. Energy conversion efficiency and chemical efficiency of gasification are equal to 96% and 64%, respectively. The moderate chemical efficiency value leads to milder combustion in the second step of the process and therefore lower NOx production in the burner. This bioenergy installation covers between 59% (winter) and 89% (summer) of th...
: The paper contains a description of characteristics of solid residues produced during operation... more : The paper contains a description of characteristics of solid residues produced during operation of three industrial energy centres performing gasification of biomass waste. The analysed systems are located in factories which process forestry and agricultural materials and use their processing waste, such as turkey feathers, tannery waste and waste wood, to produce heat. The composition of fireside deposits, flue gas cleaning waste and bottom ashes along with the leachability properties of the latter are presented and discussed.
Our aim is to optimise the gasification process, to ensure the highest possible quality of the sy... more Our aim is to optimise the gasification process, to ensure the highest possible quality of the syngas and to reduce the pollutants emission. The biomass gasification includes many phenomena such as, flow through porous media, reactions between species in syngas, reactions between gas and biomass feed, feed mechanics and thermochemistry, also multiphase flows and phase transitions (Souza-Santos (2004)). We have chosen Matlab, Fluent and OpenFOAM as the frameworks to model the process because of their flexibility and comprehensiveness. Based on previously gained experience (Kwiatkowski et al. (2011a)) we are writing our own solvers and UDFs that will solve detailed elements of the biomass gasification process.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in b... more The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Abstract The spectrum of both classical and relativistic Boltzmann operator for hard interactions in a whole space is shown to be independent of p in L p for 1 ≤ p < ∞. It consists of a half-plane Re λ ≤ −ν 0 and countably many branches in the strip −ν 0 < Re λ ≤ 0. Moreover the resolvent set is independent of p for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ but in L ∞ this operator possesses in addition to the continuous also an uncountable set of point spectrum.
We present a new solver biomassGasificationFoam that extended the functionalities of the well-sup... more We present a new solver biomassGasificationFoam that extended the functionalities of the well-supported open-source CFD code OpenFOAM. The main goal of this development is to provide a comprehensive computational environment for a wide range of applications involving reacting gases and solids. The biomassGasificationFoam is an integrated solver capable of modelling thermal conversion, including evaporation, pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion, of various solid materials. In the paper we show that the gas is hotter than the solid except at the centre of the sample, where the temperature of the solid is higher. This effect is expected because the thermal conductivity of the porous matrix of the solid phase is higher than the thermal conductivity of the gases. This effect, which cannot be considered if thermal equilibrium between the gas and solid is assumed, leads to precise description of heat transfer into wood particles.
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Papers by Marek Dudyński