This paper deals with the susceptibility of digital electronic components depending on the compon... more This paper deals with the susceptibility of digital electronic components depending on the components' technology. The first part of this paper will present the results obtained on a simple circuit under test composed of two digital gates interconnected together. The second part will deal with a practical case study of a printed circuit board representing an electronic safety function on
IEEE 10th Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging (Cat. No. 01TH8565), 2001
Three-dimensional TEM cells are starting to be used for EMC immunity testing and radiation measur... more Three-dimensional TEM cells are starting to be used for EMC immunity testing and radiation measurements. In the second case, these new test facilities offer the advantage of not having to place the equipment under test in different positions to obtain its total radiated power or its far-field radiation pattern. After a brief overview of the general concept of 3D-TEM cells followed by a summary on radiation measurements in TEM and GTEM cells, the second part of this paper presents the practical application of radiation measurements of an off-the-shelf electronic equipment using an industrial prototype of a 6-plate 3D-TEM cell. The results are then compared to reference results obtained of a conventional symmetrical TEM cell. This paper concludes on the repeatability and reproducibility results obtained and the possibilities of measuring radiation from very small items such as electronic components.
From the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) point of view, in-vehicle communication as well as ve... more From the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) point of view, in-vehicle communication as well as vehicle-to-vehicle communication are a major concern. Thus, these emerging standards can probably offer an effective way of communicating inside the vehicle or between vehicles. In order to explore this opportunity, this paper analyzes the microwave radio coverage of these systems applied to in-vehicle communication and then
Hybrid chambers are test facilities which were proposed to group TEM cells and reverberating cham... more Hybrid chambers are test facilities which were proposed to group TEM cells and reverberating chambers properties [1]. Two particular models are studied in this paper. The first model, called Three-Dimensional TEM cell (3D TEM), was carried out to work in lower frequencies and to allow us to measure electromagnetic radiation of an equipment under test (EUT) according to three polarization planes, without moving the EUT. The second model consisted of equipping a reverberating chamber with large plane metallic structures in order to extend its use under its first resonance frequency by using the TEM properties of the conventional TEM cells. This paper presents the measurement protocols adopted in these two specific models and compares radiation testing performed in these structures and in conventional TEM cells.
Les résultats proposés dans ce document ont pour objectif de préparer le développement de nouvell... more Les résultats proposés dans ce document ont pour objectif de préparer le développement de nouvelles méthodes d’évaluation de protocoles de radiocommunication destinés aux applications automobiles. Ce travail particulier utilise une structure semi-fermée résonante afin de générer et de reproduire un environnement électromagnétique complexe, assimilable sous certaines conditions à un environnement intra-véhicule. Nous étudions l’évolution de paramètres habituellement utilisés afin de caractériser des structures résonantes et des canaux de transmissions multi-trajets tels que le coefficient de qualité, le profil des retards de puissance (Power Delay Profile - PDP), et le (RMS Delay Spread - τ_RMS) dans des environnements s’approchant de ceux d’habitacles automobiles.
Le travail décrit dans cet article porte sur une méthode de calcul de la résistance entre deux po... more Le travail décrit dans cet article porte sur une méthode de calcul de la résistance entre deux points de contact d’un matériau composite multicouche renforcé par des fibres de carbone. La simulation numérique est utilisée afin de vérifier l’hypothèse que cette résistance est fonction de l’angle entre l’axe des fibres et l’axe des deux points de contact. Le calcul de la résistance est effectué en prenant en compte cet angle et les résultats ainsi obtenus sont comparés à ceux mesurés en courant continu dans plusieurs directions.
This work is focused on the modeling of low conductive and inhomogeneous composite materials. In ... more This work is focused on the modeling of low conductive and inhomogeneous composite materials. In a first part, based on the assumption that the conductivity of a woven carbon fiber reinforced epoxy material is negligible in the laminating direction (between the stratums), its reinforcement stratum is modeled by the use of a surface equivalent impedance model. This model is then evaluated, in the case of such conductive composite materials, using a macro-fiber model. These two modeling approaches are compared between each other by analyzing the response (current densities) of the reinforcement stratum to an electromagnetic incident plane wave excitation. In the second part of this paper, we use the macro-fiber and the surface impedance models to study the electrical behavior (current follow and anisotropy) of the reinforcement stratum in the case of a plate representing a part of a vehicle chassis partially constituted of this conductive carbon reinforced composite material.
This work is focused on the radiated field by a vehicle harness above a partial composite materia... more This work is focused on the radiated field by a vehicle harness above a partial composite material chassis. Assuming that the field radiated by a harness is due to the common mode current, we model the vehicle harness by an equivalent single wire. After validating the surface impedance equivalent model of layered materials in the case of low conductive reinforced composite materials, we use it to evaluate the effects of the composite materials on the radiated field. The results obtained on the total radiated power with three different chassis configurations (steel, a partial carbon fiber reinforced epoxy chassis and a partial fiberglass reinforced epoxy chassis) are compared. Finally, knowing that the assembling of parts of the chassis is critical in terms of current conduction, the effect of the assembling technique in the case of the carbon fiber reinforced chassis is studied.
In this paper, we report, on the one hand, on some significant car bodies multipath radio channel... more In this paper, we report, on the one hand, on some significant car bodies multipath radio channel characteristics obtained by numerical simulation and, on the other hand, on a dedicated test facility able to reproduce continuously and smoothly multipath characteristics corresponding to different car body shapes. The goal is to test different radio communication protocols at a very early stage of the design of a new vehicle. Considering the current development of infotainment systems, we select a center frequency of 2.5 GHz. Moreover, since in a car body very short communication paths exist, we select a bandwidth of 1 GHz to analyze these short ranges paths radio channel. The test facility prototype is a reverberant cavity whose volume is less than that of a vehicle body, pierced with openings and loaded with a conductive liquid volume adjusted to reproduce the desired propagation environment. We show that it is possible to reproduce the same RMS delay spreads in the test environment...
Vehicular Technology Conference Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.00CH37152), 2000
This paper presents the construction of a real-time low-cost radiometric system working around 94... more This paper presents the construction of a real-time low-cost radiometric system working around 94 GHz for the safety of people in automotive transportation. This camera will realize 25 images per second and will be able to see several hundred meters in bad weather conditions. We have chosen to use an adding noise radiometer with low energy consumption. Four important points
This work focuses on multilayer composite material modeling. A surface model of two reinforced wo... more This work focuses on multilayer composite material modeling. A surface model of two reinforced woven fiberglass composites (polyamide- and epoxy-based) is built using a multilayer effective media theory and a layered anisotropic material model embedded in a Method of Moment solver. Experimental characterizations of the electromagnetic complex relative permittivity of these materials are done using an impedance cell method for low frequencies and a resonant cavity method for frequencies above 1GHz. The results obtained for these two materials are compared to simulation results obtained by modeling the measurement setups and the materials under test.
2009 20th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2009
In this paper, a study of the resonances occurring inside a vehicle has been carried out. The met... more In this paper, a study of the resonances occurring inside a vehicle has been carried out. The methodology used for this investigation is described in this paper. It consists in two main parts. Firstly, electromagnetic fields are computed in the vehicle using a numerical code based on the Method of Moments. The frequencies of the resonances are then identified by postprocessing the computed results. The second part consists in the localization of the resonances inside the vehicle, which provides sometimes enough information to identify and explain their origins.
This paper presents the construction of a real-time low cost radiometric system working around 94... more This paper presents the construction of a real-time low cost radiometric system working around 94 GHz for the safety of people in automotive transportation. This camera will realize 25 images per second and will be able to see several hundred meters in bad weather conditions. We have chosen to use an adding noise radiometer with low energy consumption. Three important
Proc. of the 2013 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility , Sep 2, 2013
In this paper, a modified enhanced transmission-line theory taking into account higher-order mode... more In this paper, a modified enhanced transmission-line theory taking into account higher-order modes is described. The new equations are based on the correction of the per-unit-length parameters that become frequency dependent and contain the radiation resistance. In particular, the per-unit-length resistance takes into account this radiation resistance and an additional resistance proportional to the imaginary part of the characteristic impedance. This additional resistance is identified as responsible of the current attenuation on the line. These new parameters are described in a per-unit-length RLCG form and can then easily be introduced in a classical transmission-line equation solver. Satisfactory results are obtained when comparing this new model to a full-wave model.
This paper deals with the susceptibility of digital electronic components depending on the compon... more This paper deals with the susceptibility of digital electronic components depending on the components' technology. The first part of this paper will present the results obtained on a simple circuit under test composed of two digital gates interconnected together. The second part will deal with a practical case study of a printed circuit board representing an electronic safety function on
IEEE 10th Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging (Cat. No. 01TH8565), 2001
Three-dimensional TEM cells are starting to be used for EMC immunity testing and radiation measur... more Three-dimensional TEM cells are starting to be used for EMC immunity testing and radiation measurements. In the second case, these new test facilities offer the advantage of not having to place the equipment under test in different positions to obtain its total radiated power or its far-field radiation pattern. After a brief overview of the general concept of 3D-TEM cells followed by a summary on radiation measurements in TEM and GTEM cells, the second part of this paper presents the practical application of radiation measurements of an off-the-shelf electronic equipment using an industrial prototype of a 6-plate 3D-TEM cell. The results are then compared to reference results obtained of a conventional symmetrical TEM cell. This paper concludes on the repeatability and reproducibility results obtained and the possibilities of measuring radiation from very small items such as electronic components.
From the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) point of view, in-vehicle communication as well as ve... more From the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) point of view, in-vehicle communication as well as vehicle-to-vehicle communication are a major concern. Thus, these emerging standards can probably offer an effective way of communicating inside the vehicle or between vehicles. In order to explore this opportunity, this paper analyzes the microwave radio coverage of these systems applied to in-vehicle communication and then
Hybrid chambers are test facilities which were proposed to group TEM cells and reverberating cham... more Hybrid chambers are test facilities which were proposed to group TEM cells and reverberating chambers properties [1]. Two particular models are studied in this paper. The first model, called Three-Dimensional TEM cell (3D TEM), was carried out to work in lower frequencies and to allow us to measure electromagnetic radiation of an equipment under test (EUT) according to three polarization planes, without moving the EUT. The second model consisted of equipping a reverberating chamber with large plane metallic structures in order to extend its use under its first resonance frequency by using the TEM properties of the conventional TEM cells. This paper presents the measurement protocols adopted in these two specific models and compares radiation testing performed in these structures and in conventional TEM cells.
Les résultats proposés dans ce document ont pour objectif de préparer le développement de nouvell... more Les résultats proposés dans ce document ont pour objectif de préparer le développement de nouvelles méthodes d’évaluation de protocoles de radiocommunication destinés aux applications automobiles. Ce travail particulier utilise une structure semi-fermée résonante afin de générer et de reproduire un environnement électromagnétique complexe, assimilable sous certaines conditions à un environnement intra-véhicule. Nous étudions l’évolution de paramètres habituellement utilisés afin de caractériser des structures résonantes et des canaux de transmissions multi-trajets tels que le coefficient de qualité, le profil des retards de puissance (Power Delay Profile - PDP), et le (RMS Delay Spread - τ_RMS) dans des environnements s’approchant de ceux d’habitacles automobiles.
Le travail décrit dans cet article porte sur une méthode de calcul de la résistance entre deux po... more Le travail décrit dans cet article porte sur une méthode de calcul de la résistance entre deux points de contact d’un matériau composite multicouche renforcé par des fibres de carbone. La simulation numérique est utilisée afin de vérifier l’hypothèse que cette résistance est fonction de l’angle entre l’axe des fibres et l’axe des deux points de contact. Le calcul de la résistance est effectué en prenant en compte cet angle et les résultats ainsi obtenus sont comparés à ceux mesurés en courant continu dans plusieurs directions.
This work is focused on the modeling of low conductive and inhomogeneous composite materials. In ... more This work is focused on the modeling of low conductive and inhomogeneous composite materials. In a first part, based on the assumption that the conductivity of a woven carbon fiber reinforced epoxy material is negligible in the laminating direction (between the stratums), its reinforcement stratum is modeled by the use of a surface equivalent impedance model. This model is then evaluated, in the case of such conductive composite materials, using a macro-fiber model. These two modeling approaches are compared between each other by analyzing the response (current densities) of the reinforcement stratum to an electromagnetic incident plane wave excitation. In the second part of this paper, we use the macro-fiber and the surface impedance models to study the electrical behavior (current follow and anisotropy) of the reinforcement stratum in the case of a plate representing a part of a vehicle chassis partially constituted of this conductive carbon reinforced composite material.
This work is focused on the radiated field by a vehicle harness above a partial composite materia... more This work is focused on the radiated field by a vehicle harness above a partial composite material chassis. Assuming that the field radiated by a harness is due to the common mode current, we model the vehicle harness by an equivalent single wire. After validating the surface impedance equivalent model of layered materials in the case of low conductive reinforced composite materials, we use it to evaluate the effects of the composite materials on the radiated field. The results obtained on the total radiated power with three different chassis configurations (steel, a partial carbon fiber reinforced epoxy chassis and a partial fiberglass reinforced epoxy chassis) are compared. Finally, knowing that the assembling of parts of the chassis is critical in terms of current conduction, the effect of the assembling technique in the case of the carbon fiber reinforced chassis is studied.
In this paper, we report, on the one hand, on some significant car bodies multipath radio channel... more In this paper, we report, on the one hand, on some significant car bodies multipath radio channel characteristics obtained by numerical simulation and, on the other hand, on a dedicated test facility able to reproduce continuously and smoothly multipath characteristics corresponding to different car body shapes. The goal is to test different radio communication protocols at a very early stage of the design of a new vehicle. Considering the current development of infotainment systems, we select a center frequency of 2.5 GHz. Moreover, since in a car body very short communication paths exist, we select a bandwidth of 1 GHz to analyze these short ranges paths radio channel. The test facility prototype is a reverberant cavity whose volume is less than that of a vehicle body, pierced with openings and loaded with a conductive liquid volume adjusted to reproduce the desired propagation environment. We show that it is possible to reproduce the same RMS delay spreads in the test environment...
Vehicular Technology Conference Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.00CH37152), 2000
This paper presents the construction of a real-time low-cost radiometric system working around 94... more This paper presents the construction of a real-time low-cost radiometric system working around 94 GHz for the safety of people in automotive transportation. This camera will realize 25 images per second and will be able to see several hundred meters in bad weather conditions. We have chosen to use an adding noise radiometer with low energy consumption. Four important points
This work focuses on multilayer composite material modeling. A surface model of two reinforced wo... more This work focuses on multilayer composite material modeling. A surface model of two reinforced woven fiberglass composites (polyamide- and epoxy-based) is built using a multilayer effective media theory and a layered anisotropic material model embedded in a Method of Moment solver. Experimental characterizations of the electromagnetic complex relative permittivity of these materials are done using an impedance cell method for low frequencies and a resonant cavity method for frequencies above 1GHz. The results obtained for these two materials are compared to simulation results obtained by modeling the measurement setups and the materials under test.
2009 20th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 2009
In this paper, a study of the resonances occurring inside a vehicle has been carried out. The met... more In this paper, a study of the resonances occurring inside a vehicle has been carried out. The methodology used for this investigation is described in this paper. It consists in two main parts. Firstly, electromagnetic fields are computed in the vehicle using a numerical code based on the Method of Moments. The frequencies of the resonances are then identified by postprocessing the computed results. The second part consists in the localization of the resonances inside the vehicle, which provides sometimes enough information to identify and explain their origins.
This paper presents the construction of a real-time low cost radiometric system working around 94... more This paper presents the construction of a real-time low cost radiometric system working around 94 GHz for the safety of people in automotive transportation. This camera will realize 25 images per second and will be able to see several hundred meters in bad weather conditions. We have chosen to use an adding noise radiometer with low energy consumption. Three important
Proc. of the 2013 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility , Sep 2, 2013
In this paper, a modified enhanced transmission-line theory taking into account higher-order mode... more In this paper, a modified enhanced transmission-line theory taking into account higher-order modes is described. The new equations are based on the correction of the per-unit-length parameters that become frequency dependent and contain the radiation resistance. In particular, the per-unit-length resistance takes into account this radiation resistance and an additional resistance proportional to the imaginary part of the characteristic impedance. This additional resistance is identified as responsible of the current attenuation on the line. These new parameters are described in a per-unit-length RLCG form and can then easily be introduced in a classical transmission-line equation solver. Satisfactory results are obtained when comparing this new model to a full-wave model.
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