The current study reveals anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs... more The current study reveals anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) fabricated by Juniperus chinensis leaf extracts due to it’s easy, low cost, biological activity, eco-friendly and lower side effects. The characteristics of AgNPs were determined by scanning electron microscopy [1], transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Further, this study highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AgNPs involves in anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect on human lung cancer cells (A549) and compared to commercial drug cisplatin by various biological methods such as MTT, flow cytometery analysis, gene expression patterns, migration and invasion inhibition, ROS and caspase production and cell staining. The size of AgNPs fabricated in this study was 12.96 with spherical shape and negative zeta...
Pars of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, 2019
Introduction: U87 cell line contains glioblastoma cancer cells as the most acute type of human br... more Introduction: U87 cell line contains glioblastoma cancer cells as the most acute type of human brain tumor. Increased expression of Bcl-2 gene in cancer cells has anti-apoptotic effect. In the present study the effect of Spirulina extract on gene expression in cancer cell line was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this in laboratory study, the U87 cell line was used. The brain cancer cell line was procured and cultivated from the Iranian Biological Resource Center. Cells were divided into two treatment and control groups. Spirulina alga extract was affected on the treatment group and its toxicity was measured using MTT assay (compound 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromidefor). The reference gene in this study was GAPDH. RNA was extracted from control and control cells and cDNA was made. The expression of genes was evaluated using ∆∆Ct in Real-time PCR. Results: The result of MTT assay showed that the IC50 (Median Inhibition Concentration) value was 10.01 mg/ml for the 48 hour treatment. The result of Real-time PCR showed that the expression of Bcl-2 and the anti-apoptotic gene significantly decreased 3 folds in treatment group. Conclusion: According to the results of MTT assay and Real-time PCR, the expression of Bcl-2 significantly decreased 3 times in treatment group.
The current study evaluated the anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticles... more The current study evaluated the anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticles fabricated by Juniperus chinensis leaf extracts. The nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential and X-ray spectroscopy. Further, this study elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nanoparticles for anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on human lung cancer cells (A549) and compared them with commercial drug cisplatin. The size of the spherical nanoparticle was 12.96 nm with negative zeta potential. Up-regulation of caspase 3,9 and p53, Annexin V-FITC/PI, DAPI staining, and ROS production indicated the remarkable apoptotic effect of AgNPs compared to cisplatin. Moreover, down-regulation of MMP2/MMP9 scratch and matrigel assays revealed anti-metastatic properties of AgNPs. Cell cycle analysis a...
Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 2021
Background: After breast cancer, cervix neoplasm is the most common disease among young women. No... more Background: After breast cancer, cervix neoplasm is the most common disease among young women. Nowadays, natural substances are used in the treatment of diseases, because of the known side effects of the chemical drugs. Dunaliella is a green alga that lives in the saltwater lakes of Iran and is abundant in antioxidant substances. This paper aimed to study the effect of Dunaliella extract on the expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 gene in Hela cell line. Expression of this gene is increased during cancer. It is expected that gene expression will be reduced if the alga extract is effective. Methods: Hela was prepared from the Center for Genetic and Biological Reserves of Iran and cultured. After culture, cells were divided into two treatment and control groups. Different concentrations of algae extract were applied to the treatment group for 48 hours. Then its toxicity was measured using MTT assay and IC50 was determined. RNA was extracted from cells of two groups, to determine the...
Medical journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 2021
Background: After breast cancer, uterine cervical neoplasms is the most common cancer in women. I... more Background: After breast cancer, uterine cervical neoplasms is the most common cancer in women. It is believed that genetic factors are effective in developing cancer. Bcl-2 is a well-known anti-apoptosis gene that increases cell viability without stimulating effect on cellular proliferation. Today it attempts to use natural compounds to control or treat diseases. Carotenoids are one of these compounds. Deinoxanthin is a carotenoid isolated from Deinococcus radiodurans. Since this bacterium has a unique ability to withstand radiation, and radiation is a well-known cause of cancer carotenoid synthesized by bacterium is worthwhile. The aim of study is evaluating the effect of deinoxanthin on the expression of Bcl-2 in Hela cell line. Methods: Active culture of bacteria was purchased from Genetic and Biological Reserve of Iran then deinoxanthin was extracted. Hela was prepared of Pasteur Institute of Iran and cultured. Cells were divided into two treatment and control groups. Deinoxant...
Published online: 10 June 2019 Background and Aim: Lung cancer is one of the most contagious canc... more Published online: 10 June 2019 Background and Aim: Lung cancer is one of the most contagious cancers in all of the world. Recently, several potential oncogenes and carcinogens have been identified, including EGFR, BRAF, KRAS and ALK genes. With due attention to the high prevalence of lung cancer, its death rate, the complications of chemotherapy and the efforts to find effective and less effective drugs, this study was done to investigate the effect of a plant extract so that results are available to manufacturing centers. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of Eucalyptus extract and cisplatin on the expression of KRAS gene in A549 lung cancer cell line was investigated. To determine the cell survival, MTT was used and IC50 was determined. After determining IC50, the cells were exposed to less than IC50 concentrations of the extract and drug for 48 hours. Then, the amount of βACTIN and KRAS genes expressions in control and extract treated and drug treated groups were de...
Introduction: Breast cancer greatly affects the life expectancy of patients. Since social support... more Introduction: Breast cancer greatly affects the life expectancy of patients. Since social support can greatly improve complications in chronic diseases, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between social support and hope in patients with breast cancer. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy in hospitals of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences were studied. Samples were selected using convenience sampling and according to inclusion criteria. After collecting data using Snyder's Adult Trait Hope Scale and Sherburne and Stewart's Social Support Scale, data analysis was done using the SPSS software. Results: According to the findings, 80% of the studied women reported high levels of social support and 53% had moderate levels of life hope. The findings also showed that the participants received the most support in the emotional dimension (30.83 ± 31.40), the least support in the social interaction dimension (11.79 ± 3.60). Findings showed a direct and significant relationship between hope and social support (r = 0.278, P = 0.004). Conclusion: Strengthening and promoting social support in women with breast cancer can be a good way to create hope for life and thus better tolerance of and compromise with problems associated with the disease and its treatments.
Introduction Poa L. is the largest genus of Poaceae, with over 500 species currently recognized w... more Introduction Poa L. is the largest genus of Poaceae, with over 500 species currently recognized worldwide (Gillespie and Soreng, 2005). The genus has a wide distribution in various regions of the world (Gillespie and Soreng, 2005). Identification of Poa species is difficult because of its similar and polymorphic taxa and the existence of polyploidy, hybridization, and apomixis (Stebbins, 1950; Clausen, 1961; Tzvelev, 1983; Hunziker and Stebbins, 1987). Clayton and Renvoize (1986, p. 101) claimed that "Poa is an extremely uniform genus for which there is no satisfactory infrageneric classification and useful morphological characters". More than 200 species have never been placed in a section, or only subgeneric ranks were known for them. The affinities of half of these species are unknown, while the remaining species are considered to belong to several informal species groups (Gillespie et al., 2007; Soreng et al., 2009). Here, we generally follow Tzvelev's (1983) infrageneric classification of the genus, which we have updated. According to Flora Iranica (Bor, 1970), 13 species of the genus Poa occur in Iran. In the Floras of neighboring countries the number of Iranian species recorded varies; for example, Flora of Turkey
Poa damavandica Assadi & Kavousi is described as a new species from Iran based on a specimen has ... more Poa damavandica Assadi & Kavousi is described as a new species from Iran based on a specimen has been collected from high altitudes of Damavand Mountain. It belongs to the section Stenopoa subsection Stenopoa. The new species is compared with Poa araratica, P. sterilis, P. stepposa and P. rangkulensis as close affinities. Moreover, Poa glauca is reported as a new record from Iran collected from Mazandaran province.
Introduction: Functionalized carbon nanotubes have been used as molecular carriers in the cancer ... more Introduction: Functionalized carbon nanotubes have been used as molecular carriers in the cancer treatment. Medicine molecules bind to the surface functional groups of coated nanotubes or polymers. The aims of this research were to examine the effect of multilayer coated and uncoated carbon nanotubes containing flaxseed extract on MDA-MB-231 cell line and to study changes in induced apoptosis by measuring genes' expression of Bax and Bcl-2. Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic gene and Bax is apoptotic gene. Methods: In this study, MDA-MB-231 that is breast cancer cell line was cultured in DMEM medium as the culture media. The cells were divided into four equal groups, control group and three treatment groups. Cells were treated with different concentrations of flaxseed extract as medicine, chitosan-coated carbon nanotube and uncoated carbon nanotubes. The effects of the medicine were evaluated by MTT assay. Changes in the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 were analyzed by Real Time PCR. Results: The results showed that the expression level of Bax gene in chitosan-coated nanotubes carrying flaxseed and carbon nanotubes-containing flaxseed extract and crude carbon nanotubes and flaxseed extracts were respectively 9.125, 5.139, 1.576 and 3.151 that have significantly increased. Expression of Bcl-2 gene in chitosancoated nanotubes containing flaxseed and carbon nanotube-coated nanotubes and crude carbon nanotubes and flaxseed extract were respectively −3.389, −2.915, −1.103 and − 2.604 that have significantly decreased. The results showed that flaxseed extract with carbon nanotube-chitosan nanoparticle carrier in a dose-dependent manner increased Bax gene expression and decreased Bcl-2 gene expression. Conclusion: The results showed that MDA-MB-231 cancer cells treated with carbon nanotube-chitosan nanoparticle and carrier of flaxseed extract had apoptosis and death due to increasing Bcl-2 and decreasing Bax. The use of flaxseed as a medicine and carbon nanotube-chitosan nanoparticle can be considered as a promising strategy in the treatment of breast cancer.
The current study reveals anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs... more The current study reveals anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) fabricated by Juniperus chinensis leaf extracts due to it's easy, low cost, biological activity, eco-friendly and lower side effects. The characteristics of AgNPs were determined by scanning electron microscopy [1], transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Further, this study highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AgNPs involves in antiproliferative and apoptotic effect on human lung cancer cells (A549) and compared to commercial drug cisplatin by various biological methods such as MTT, ow cytometery analysis, gene expression patterns, migration and invasion inhibition, ROS and caspase production and cell staining. The size of AgNPs fabricated in this study was 12.96 with spherical shape and negative zeta potential. Up-regulation of capase 3,9 and p53, Annexin V-FITC/PI, DAPI staining, ROS production indicated remarkable apoptotic effect of AgNPs than cisplatin. Also down-regulation of MMP2/MMP9 scratch and matrigel assays revealed anti-metastatic properties of AgNPs.cell cycle analysis and down regulation of cyclin D1 showed cancer cell cessation in the G0/G1 phase. Overall results in current experiment revealed AgNPs synthetized by biogreen method anti-metastasis and anti-proliferation effect on lung cancer cells comparison to cicplatin drug and also had lower side effect on normal cell line.
The current study reveals anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs... more The current study reveals anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) fabricated by Juniperus chinensis leaf extracts due to it’s easy, low cost, biological activity, eco-friendly and lower side effects. The characteristics of AgNPs were determined by scanning electron microscopy [1], transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Further, this study highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AgNPs involves in anti-proliferative and apoptotic effect on human lung cancer cells (A549) and compared to commercial drug cisplatin by various biological methods such as MTT, flow cytometery analysis, gene expression patterns, migration and invasion inhibition, ROS and caspase production and cell staining. The size of AgNPs fabricated in this study was 12.96 with spherical shape and negative zeta...
Pars of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, 2019
Introduction: U87 cell line contains glioblastoma cancer cells as the most acute type of human br... more Introduction: U87 cell line contains glioblastoma cancer cells as the most acute type of human brain tumor. Increased expression of Bcl-2 gene in cancer cells has anti-apoptotic effect. In the present study the effect of Spirulina extract on gene expression in cancer cell line was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this in laboratory study, the U87 cell line was used. The brain cancer cell line was procured and cultivated from the Iranian Biological Resource Center. Cells were divided into two treatment and control groups. Spirulina alga extract was affected on the treatment group and its toxicity was measured using MTT assay (compound 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromidefor). The reference gene in this study was GAPDH. RNA was extracted from control and control cells and cDNA was made. The expression of genes was evaluated using ∆∆Ct in Real-time PCR. Results: The result of MTT assay showed that the IC50 (Median Inhibition Concentration) value was 10.01 mg/ml for the 48 hour treatment. The result of Real-time PCR showed that the expression of Bcl-2 and the anti-apoptotic gene significantly decreased 3 folds in treatment group. Conclusion: According to the results of MTT assay and Real-time PCR, the expression of Bcl-2 significantly decreased 3 times in treatment group.
The current study evaluated the anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticles... more The current study evaluated the anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticles fabricated by Juniperus chinensis leaf extracts. The nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, Zeta potential and X-ray spectroscopy. Further, this study elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of nanoparticles for anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects on human lung cancer cells (A549) and compared them with commercial drug cisplatin. The size of the spherical nanoparticle was 12.96 nm with negative zeta potential. Up-regulation of caspase 3,9 and p53, Annexin V-FITC/PI, DAPI staining, and ROS production indicated the remarkable apoptotic effect of AgNPs compared to cisplatin. Moreover, down-regulation of MMP2/MMP9 scratch and matrigel assays revealed anti-metastatic properties of AgNPs. Cell cycle analysis a...
Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 2021
Background: After breast cancer, cervix neoplasm is the most common disease among young women. No... more Background: After breast cancer, cervix neoplasm is the most common disease among young women. Nowadays, natural substances are used in the treatment of diseases, because of the known side effects of the chemical drugs. Dunaliella is a green alga that lives in the saltwater lakes of Iran and is abundant in antioxidant substances. This paper aimed to study the effect of Dunaliella extract on the expression of the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 gene in Hela cell line. Expression of this gene is increased during cancer. It is expected that gene expression will be reduced if the alga extract is effective. Methods: Hela was prepared from the Center for Genetic and Biological Reserves of Iran and cultured. After culture, cells were divided into two treatment and control groups. Different concentrations of algae extract were applied to the treatment group for 48 hours. Then its toxicity was measured using MTT assay and IC50 was determined. RNA was extracted from cells of two groups, to determine the...
Medical journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, 2021
Background: After breast cancer, uterine cervical neoplasms is the most common cancer in women. I... more Background: After breast cancer, uterine cervical neoplasms is the most common cancer in women. It is believed that genetic factors are effective in developing cancer. Bcl-2 is a well-known anti-apoptosis gene that increases cell viability without stimulating effect on cellular proliferation. Today it attempts to use natural compounds to control or treat diseases. Carotenoids are one of these compounds. Deinoxanthin is a carotenoid isolated from Deinococcus radiodurans. Since this bacterium has a unique ability to withstand radiation, and radiation is a well-known cause of cancer carotenoid synthesized by bacterium is worthwhile. The aim of study is evaluating the effect of deinoxanthin on the expression of Bcl-2 in Hela cell line. Methods: Active culture of bacteria was purchased from Genetic and Biological Reserve of Iran then deinoxanthin was extracted. Hela was prepared of Pasteur Institute of Iran and cultured. Cells were divided into two treatment and control groups. Deinoxant...
Published online: 10 June 2019 Background and Aim: Lung cancer is one of the most contagious canc... more Published online: 10 June 2019 Background and Aim: Lung cancer is one of the most contagious cancers in all of the world. Recently, several potential oncogenes and carcinogens have been identified, including EGFR, BRAF, KRAS and ALK genes. With due attention to the high prevalence of lung cancer, its death rate, the complications of chemotherapy and the efforts to find effective and less effective drugs, this study was done to investigate the effect of a plant extract so that results are available to manufacturing centers. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of Eucalyptus extract and cisplatin on the expression of KRAS gene in A549 lung cancer cell line was investigated. To determine the cell survival, MTT was used and IC50 was determined. After determining IC50, the cells were exposed to less than IC50 concentrations of the extract and drug for 48 hours. Then, the amount of βACTIN and KRAS genes expressions in control and extract treated and drug treated groups were de...
Introduction: Breast cancer greatly affects the life expectancy of patients. Since social support... more Introduction: Breast cancer greatly affects the life expectancy of patients. Since social support can greatly improve complications in chronic diseases, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between social support and hope in patients with breast cancer. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy in hospitals of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences were studied. Samples were selected using convenience sampling and according to inclusion criteria. After collecting data using Snyder's Adult Trait Hope Scale and Sherburne and Stewart's Social Support Scale, data analysis was done using the SPSS software. Results: According to the findings, 80% of the studied women reported high levels of social support and 53% had moderate levels of life hope. The findings also showed that the participants received the most support in the emotional dimension (30.83 ± 31.40), the least support in the social interaction dimension (11.79 ± 3.60). Findings showed a direct and significant relationship between hope and social support (r = 0.278, P = 0.004). Conclusion: Strengthening and promoting social support in women with breast cancer can be a good way to create hope for life and thus better tolerance of and compromise with problems associated with the disease and its treatments.
Introduction Poa L. is the largest genus of Poaceae, with over 500 species currently recognized w... more Introduction Poa L. is the largest genus of Poaceae, with over 500 species currently recognized worldwide (Gillespie and Soreng, 2005). The genus has a wide distribution in various regions of the world (Gillespie and Soreng, 2005). Identification of Poa species is difficult because of its similar and polymorphic taxa and the existence of polyploidy, hybridization, and apomixis (Stebbins, 1950; Clausen, 1961; Tzvelev, 1983; Hunziker and Stebbins, 1987). Clayton and Renvoize (1986, p. 101) claimed that "Poa is an extremely uniform genus for which there is no satisfactory infrageneric classification and useful morphological characters". More than 200 species have never been placed in a section, or only subgeneric ranks were known for them. The affinities of half of these species are unknown, while the remaining species are considered to belong to several informal species groups (Gillespie et al., 2007; Soreng et al., 2009). Here, we generally follow Tzvelev's (1983) infrageneric classification of the genus, which we have updated. According to Flora Iranica (Bor, 1970), 13 species of the genus Poa occur in Iran. In the Floras of neighboring countries the number of Iranian species recorded varies; for example, Flora of Turkey
Poa damavandica Assadi & Kavousi is described as a new species from Iran based on a specimen has ... more Poa damavandica Assadi & Kavousi is described as a new species from Iran based on a specimen has been collected from high altitudes of Damavand Mountain. It belongs to the section Stenopoa subsection Stenopoa. The new species is compared with Poa araratica, P. sterilis, P. stepposa and P. rangkulensis as close affinities. Moreover, Poa glauca is reported as a new record from Iran collected from Mazandaran province.
Introduction: Functionalized carbon nanotubes have been used as molecular carriers in the cancer ... more Introduction: Functionalized carbon nanotubes have been used as molecular carriers in the cancer treatment. Medicine molecules bind to the surface functional groups of coated nanotubes or polymers. The aims of this research were to examine the effect of multilayer coated and uncoated carbon nanotubes containing flaxseed extract on MDA-MB-231 cell line and to study changes in induced apoptosis by measuring genes' expression of Bax and Bcl-2. Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic gene and Bax is apoptotic gene. Methods: In this study, MDA-MB-231 that is breast cancer cell line was cultured in DMEM medium as the culture media. The cells were divided into four equal groups, control group and three treatment groups. Cells were treated with different concentrations of flaxseed extract as medicine, chitosan-coated carbon nanotube and uncoated carbon nanotubes. The effects of the medicine were evaluated by MTT assay. Changes in the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 were analyzed by Real Time PCR. Results: The results showed that the expression level of Bax gene in chitosan-coated nanotubes carrying flaxseed and carbon nanotubes-containing flaxseed extract and crude carbon nanotubes and flaxseed extracts were respectively 9.125, 5.139, 1.576 and 3.151 that have significantly increased. Expression of Bcl-2 gene in chitosancoated nanotubes containing flaxseed and carbon nanotube-coated nanotubes and crude carbon nanotubes and flaxseed extract were respectively −3.389, −2.915, −1.103 and − 2.604 that have significantly decreased. The results showed that flaxseed extract with carbon nanotube-chitosan nanoparticle carrier in a dose-dependent manner increased Bax gene expression and decreased Bcl-2 gene expression. Conclusion: The results showed that MDA-MB-231 cancer cells treated with carbon nanotube-chitosan nanoparticle and carrier of flaxseed extract had apoptosis and death due to increasing Bcl-2 and decreasing Bax. The use of flaxseed as a medicine and carbon nanotube-chitosan nanoparticle can be considered as a promising strategy in the treatment of breast cancer.
The current study reveals anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs... more The current study reveals anti-cancer properties of bio-functionalized silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) fabricated by Juniperus chinensis leaf extracts due to it's easy, low cost, biological activity, eco-friendly and lower side effects. The characteristics of AgNPs were determined by scanning electron microscopy [1], transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta potential and X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Further, this study highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms of AgNPs involves in antiproliferative and apoptotic effect on human lung cancer cells (A549) and compared to commercial drug cisplatin by various biological methods such as MTT, ow cytometery analysis, gene expression patterns, migration and invasion inhibition, ROS and caspase production and cell staining. The size of AgNPs fabricated in this study was 12.96 with spherical shape and negative zeta potential. Up-regulation of capase 3,9 and p53, Annexin V-FITC/PI, DAPI staining, ROS production indicated remarkable apoptotic effect of AgNPs than cisplatin. Also down-regulation of MMP2/MMP9 scratch and matrigel assays revealed anti-metastatic properties of AgNPs.cell cycle analysis and down regulation of cyclin D1 showed cancer cell cessation in the G0/G1 phase. Overall results in current experiment revealed AgNPs synthetized by biogreen method anti-metastasis and anti-proliferation effect on lung cancer cells comparison to cicplatin drug and also had lower side effect on normal cell line.
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