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Maheen Sultan

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Maheen Sultan is one of the founders of the Centre for Gender and Social Transformation at the BRAC Development Institute, BRAC University, a regional centre on research, teaching and policy related to gender and social transformation. She is a development practitioner with over 25 years experience working for NGOs, donors, the UN, Grameen Bank and the Bangladesh Government in a range of capacities, from direct programme management to policy formulation. She has worked on issues of social development, poverty, civil society and community participation and gender equality. Maheen is a member of Naripokkho, a Bangladeshi women’s activist organisation and a board member of Marie Stopes. She is the co-editor of ‘Voicing Demands: Feminist Activism in Transitional Contexts’ (Zed Books: London, 2014).

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Papers by Maheen Sultan

‘It’s a Family Matter’: Inaction and Denial of Domestic Violence

IDS bulletin, Jan 5, 2024

This article provides a grounded example of backlash in action surrounding the implementation of ... more This article provides a grounded example of backlash in action surrounding the implementation of the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2010 in Bangladesh. While formulation and enactment of the law marked significant achievements, its implementation has been weak. Unlike conventional analyses that concentrate on backlash in gender equality policy formulation, this study focuses on the obstacles encountered during the implementation phase. Through in-depth interviews with advocates and stakeholders responsible for implementation, the article examines their attitudes and interests concerning the law and women's rights to life, dignity, and bodily integrity. Prevailing gender norms perpetuate the trivialisation of domestic violence, framing it as a personal issue of minimal importance. Consequently, service providers tend to delegitimise and deprioritise it. This article investigates the strategies and tactics of deliberate inaction employed by backlash proponents, which is different from lack of capacity, and explores the counter-strategies deployed by advocates aiming to ensure the Act's effective implementation.

Reciprocity, Distancing and Opportunistic Overtures

Rights and resources: the effects of external financing on organising for women’s rights

Mobilizing support and negotiating change: women's organizations building constituencies in Bangladesh

Digital Story Telling and Researching Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh

by Maheen Sultan and Sahida Khondaker

The SAGE Handbook of Participatory Research and Inquiry, 2021

Backlash in Action? Or Inaction? Stalled Implementation of the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2010 in Bangladesh

The Bangladesh government adopted the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act in 2010. ... more The Bangladesh government adopted the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act in 2010. While the formulation and enactment of the Act was an achievement for the government and the coalition that championed it (the Citizens’ Initiative Against Domestic Violence, CIDV), its implementation has been weak. In Bangladesh, dominant social norms have led to stereotyping domestic violence as a trivial, personal matter, which has led to service providers delegitimising and deprioritising the issue. Combined with all the gender biases that operate within the judiciary and other government departments, this has resulted in an unsatisfactory use of the Act for women seeking redress from violence. This paper explores to what extent this lax implementation is due to the weak capacity of implementing agencies versus deliberate/intentional inaction in the form of backlash. It also examines how women’s rights organisations have articulated feminist voices in terms of agenda and framing and ...

Quiet revolution? Women’s collective empowerment and BRAC

Development in Practice

BRAC’s focus on women and community organisations in the 1970s was lauded as bringing forth “a qu... more BRAC’s focus on women and community organisations in the 1970s was lauded as bringing forth “a quiet revolution.” We explore the evolution of BRAC’s selected programs that built community forums and argue that while BRAC successfully retained its focus on women’s inclusion, its approach to collective empowerment is marked by contradictions. The shifts in funding structures that emphasised individual empowerment, the organisation’s emphasis on scaling up programs at the expense of investing in building community organisations, and the accommodation of patriarchal norms to prevent backlash from local actors – all resulted in trade-offs, limiting programming on collective empowerment.

Tackling Workplace Sexual Harassment

Employment is believed to be a crucial avenue for women’s empowerment, yet widespread workplace s... more Employment is believed to be a crucial avenue for women’s empowerment, yet widespread workplace sexual harassment undermines this in many countries. Young and unmarried women from poor backgrounds are particularly at risk, but workplace sexual harassment is often overlooked in debates on decent jobs for youth. Based on case study research with factory and domestic workers in Bangladesh and Uganda, this briefing explains how social and gender norms constrain young women’s voices and agency in response to sexual harassment. It offers recommendations towards developing the laws, mechanisms and culture needed to reduce workplace sexual harassment and empower young women in their work.

Adolescence in the Time of COVID-19

This note examines the effects of COVID-19 and subsequent economic and educational disruptions on... more This note examines the effects of COVID-19 and subsequent economic and educational disruptions on adolescent well-being in Bangladesh. The analysis is based on data from 2,095 in-school adolescents aged 10-18 collected pre-COVID-19 (February-March 2020) through a field survey for an ongoing impact evaluation, and a follow-up virtual survey undertaken early in the pandemic (May-June 2020). Findings show large household-level economic impacts associated with increased food insecurity, anxiety, and mental health issues among adolescents. In addition, school closures have decreased adolescents' access to learning, increased time spent on household chores, and affected future job aspirations. The impacts are particularly large for girls and for adolescents from more vulnerable households. Policy makers need to consider policies that facilitate school return, targeting girls and the most vulnerable. They also need creative school-based programming to address the likely long-run physical and mental health effects of COVID-19 on young people. SUMMARY COVID-19 has rapidly disrupted lives across the globe, likely resulting in multidimensional effects on young people's wellbeing in the short-and long-run. This is particularly the case for education. School closures related to COVID-19 will not only have immediate direct effects on learning outcomes; they may also foster sustained impacts on education, labor market outcomes, and broader welfare (Rogers and Sabarwal 2020). In Bangladesh, where higher secondary school dropout rates for girls are at least partially driven by social and cultural constraints-including early marriage, household responsibilities, lack of access to appropriate information about sexual and reproductive health, mental health issues, and school-based violence that includes sexual harassment (Sosale, Asaduzzaman, and Ramachandran 2019)-the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to undermine many of the recent gains in girl's education and to stunt further progress (see Box 1 for more on COVID-19 in Bangladesh). While the government has aired video classes for grades 6 to 10 on its Shangsad TV channel, uptake has been low (Asadullah 2020; Biswas et al. 2020). Consequently, the education of school-goers

The Gendered Price of Precarity: Voicing and Challenging Workplace Sexual Harassment

There is a strong belief that employment is a crucial avenue for the empowerment of young women, ... more There is a strong belief that employment is a crucial avenue for the empowerment of young women, through income, greater autonomy, and bargaining power within the family. However, experiences of workplace sexual harassment undermine these potential gains. This qualitative study among agro-processing factory workers and domestic workers in Uganda and Bangladesh demonstrates that sexual harassment is widespread in both formal and informal workplaces, while domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to its most severe forms.

National Discourses on Womenâ€™s Empowerment in Bangladesh: Continuities and Change

Research Papers in Economics, 2016

The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous inputs provided by Firdous Azim. Particular thank... more The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous inputs provided by Firdous Azim. Particular thanks are due to Sahida Khondakar and Helal Hossain Dhali for collecting various materials and to Jenny Edwards for her help at various stages of publication. Many thanks to Nana Akua Anyidoho for her incisive comments on the paper.

National Discourses on Womenâ€™s Empowerment in Bangladesh: Continuities and Change

Research Papers in Economics, 2016

The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous inputs provided by Firdous Azim. Particular thank... more The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous inputs provided by Firdous Azim. Particular thanks are due to Sahida Khondakar and Helal Hossain Dhali for collecting various materials and to Jenny Edwards for her help at various stages of publication. Many thanks to Nana Akua Anyidoho for her incisive comments on the paper.

Intersecting Disadvantages for Married Adolescents: Life After Marriage Pre- and Post-COVID-19 in Contexts of Displacement

by Maheen Sultan and Jennifer Seager

Journal of Adolescent Health, 2022

Although there is a growing evidence base on the drivers of child marriage, comparatively little ... more Although there is a growing evidence base on the drivers of child marriage, comparatively little is known about the experiences of married girls in refugee settings and how their development trajectories diverge from those of their nonmarried peers, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on cross-national panel data from Bangladesh and Jordan, this article explores diversity in child marriage experiences in contexts affected by forced displacement, highlighting how married girls' well-being differs from that of their unmarried peers, and how COVID-19 has reinforced these differences. Methods: We analyzed longitudinal survey datadcollected pre-and post-COVID-19dfrom the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence study with 293 ever-married and 1,102 never-married adolescent girls. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the well-being of married and unmarried girls across contexts and refugee status, both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. These quantitative data are complemented by in-depth qualitative data from adolescents (n ¼ 112), and key informant interviews with service providers and community leaders (n ¼ 62). Results: Our findings highlight that married girls in contexts affected by displacement are disadvantaged in multiple ways, but that the patterning of disadvantage varies across contexts, and that marriage can also have protective effects in certain contexts. The COVID-19 pandemic has, however, served to exacerbate existing inequalities in all contexts. Discussion: Although child marriage prevention efforts remain critical, there is also an urgent need for programming that targets married girls in refugee and host communities to mitigate negative outcomes among this vulnerable group.

Mobilising for Women's Rights: the Role of Resources (Bangladesh Case)

Well-Chosen Compromises? Feminists Legitimizing Voice in Bangladesh

Voicing Demands, 2014

A review of the National Strategy for Adolescent Health

Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) is a nine-year longitudinal research programme gen... more

Contemporary feminist politics in Bangladesh: taking the bull by the horns

New South Asian feminisms, 2012

International criminal courts pursue several objectives including retribution, deterrence, creati... more International criminal courts pursue several objectives including retribution, deterrence, creating a historical record and giving a voice to the victims while the rights of the accused are protected. A problem is that these objectives pull in different directions creating tensions and fragmentation in the procedural system. Numerous legal issues, referred to as 'hard cases', entail a choice where the Judge has to make a choice between two or several objectives. In the interest of legal certainty solutions should ultimately controlled by the law and not by the discretion of the Judge. This article examines whether it is possible to identify a universally acceptable hierarchy of objectives. It is argued that the relevant objectives which determine the outcome of a hard case vary depending on the procedural stage and in each procedural stage there is a structural bias towards one or several objectives. Considering that law exists as a response to several social needs, it appears as unattainable to identify a universal and fixed hierarchy of objectives.

Accessing the performance of GQAL in changing gender norms and behaviour

xiv 9. TUP members in 'good GQAL spots' were more likely to perceive that they were able to use T... more xiv 9. TUP members in 'good GQAL spots' were more likely to perceive that they were able to use TUP assets successfully to earn an income and bring changes in their living standards. However, whether it is the fact that respondents in areas where GQAL was successful are better able to manage their assets or whether it is the outcome of a successful TUP program, where improvements in peoples' economic status enabled greater incorporation of GQAL values and practices, needs to be further explored.

GAGE baseline qualitative research tools

by Maheen Sultan and Fiona Samuels

Although our understanding of the risks and vulnerabilities that adolescent girls and boys face h... more Although our understanding of the risks and vulnerabilities that adolescent girls and boys face has grown exponentially over the last decade, with adolescents becoming an increasingly visible target group within development (Viner et al., 2015; Harper et al., 2018), our understanding of what works remains nascent. In seeking to address this, we observed that qualitative methodologies for working with especially young adolescents and evaluating programme effectiveness with young people remain relatively underdeveloped. In an effort to contribute to this fledgling field, the GAGE consortium undertook extensive formative fieldwork in five diverse contexts in 2016 to pilot a range of different methodological approaches and instruments, some inspired by studies undertaken in the Global North, others from the Global South, and through our team’s collective brainstorming on what had worked with this age group in past research. The current set of tools reflects the collective learning among...

Voicing demands : feminist activism in transitional contexts

* Introduction: Voicing Demands: Feminist Activism in Transitional Contexts * Sohela Nazneen and ... more * Introduction: Voicing Demands: Feminist Activism in Transitional Contexts * Sohela Nazneen and Maheen Sultan * 1. Well-Chosen Compromises? Feminists Legitimizing Voice in Bangladesh * Sohela Nazneen and Maheen Sultan * 2. Feminisms in Brazil: Voicing and Channelling Women's Diverse Demands * Cecilia M. B. Sardenberg and Ana Alice Alcantara Costa * 3. The South African Revolution: Protracted or Postponed? * Gertrude Fester * 4. Voicing Autonomy through Citizenship: The Regional Nationality Campaign and Morocco * Alexandra Pittman and Rabea Naciri * 5. Motivated by Dictatorship, Muted by Democracy: Articulating Women's Rights in Pakistan * Afiya Shehrbano Zia * 6. Feminist Voices and the Regulation, Islamization and Quango-ization of Women's Activism in Mubarak's Egypt * Mariz Tadros * 7. The Many Faces of Feminism: Palestinian Women's Movements Finding a Voice * Elieen Kuttab

‘It’s a Family Matter’: Inaction and Denial of Domestic Violence

IDS bulletin, Jan 5, 2024

This article provides a grounded example of backlash in action surrounding the implementation of ... more This article provides a grounded example of backlash in action surrounding the implementation of the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2010 in Bangladesh. While formulation and enactment of the law marked significant achievements, its implementation has been weak. Unlike conventional analyses that concentrate on backlash in gender equality policy formulation, this study focuses on the obstacles encountered during the implementation phase. Through in-depth interviews with advocates and stakeholders responsible for implementation, the article examines their attitudes and interests concerning the law and women's rights to life, dignity, and bodily integrity. Prevailing gender norms perpetuate the trivialisation of domestic violence, framing it as a personal issue of minimal importance. Consequently, service providers tend to delegitimise and deprioritise it. This article investigates the strategies and tactics of deliberate inaction employed by backlash proponents, which is different from lack of capacity, and explores the counter-strategies deployed by advocates aiming to ensure the Act's effective implementation.

Reciprocity, Distancing and Opportunistic Overtures

Rights and resources: the effects of external financing on organising for women’s rights

Mobilizing support and negotiating change: women's organizations building constituencies in Bangladesh

Digital Story Telling and Researching Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh

by Maheen Sultan and Sahida Khondaker

The SAGE Handbook of Participatory Research and Inquiry, 2021

Backlash in Action? Or Inaction? Stalled Implementation of the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act 2010 in Bangladesh

The Bangladesh government adopted the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act in 2010. ... more The Bangladesh government adopted the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act in 2010. While the formulation and enactment of the Act was an achievement for the government and the coalition that championed it (the Citizens’ Initiative Against Domestic Violence, CIDV), its implementation has been weak. In Bangladesh, dominant social norms have led to stereotyping domestic violence as a trivial, personal matter, which has led to service providers delegitimising and deprioritising the issue. Combined with all the gender biases that operate within the judiciary and other government departments, this has resulted in an unsatisfactory use of the Act for women seeking redress from violence. This paper explores to what extent this lax implementation is due to the weak capacity of implementing agencies versus deliberate/intentional inaction in the form of backlash. It also examines how women’s rights organisations have articulated feminist voices in terms of agenda and framing and ...

Quiet revolution? Women’s collective empowerment and BRAC

Development in Practice

BRAC’s focus on women and community organisations in the 1970s was lauded as bringing forth “a qu... more BRAC’s focus on women and community organisations in the 1970s was lauded as bringing forth “a quiet revolution.” We explore the evolution of BRAC’s selected programs that built community forums and argue that while BRAC successfully retained its focus on women’s inclusion, its approach to collective empowerment is marked by contradictions. The shifts in funding structures that emphasised individual empowerment, the organisation’s emphasis on scaling up programs at the expense of investing in building community organisations, and the accommodation of patriarchal norms to prevent backlash from local actors – all resulted in trade-offs, limiting programming on collective empowerment.

Tackling Workplace Sexual Harassment

Employment is believed to be a crucial avenue for women’s empowerment, yet widespread workplace s... more Employment is believed to be a crucial avenue for women’s empowerment, yet widespread workplace sexual harassment undermines this in many countries. Young and unmarried women from poor backgrounds are particularly at risk, but workplace sexual harassment is often overlooked in debates on decent jobs for youth. Based on case study research with factory and domestic workers in Bangladesh and Uganda, this briefing explains how social and gender norms constrain young women’s voices and agency in response to sexual harassment. It offers recommendations towards developing the laws, mechanisms and culture needed to reduce workplace sexual harassment and empower young women in their work.

Adolescence in the Time of COVID-19

This note examines the effects of COVID-19 and subsequent economic and educational disruptions on... more This note examines the effects of COVID-19 and subsequent economic and educational disruptions on adolescent well-being in Bangladesh. The analysis is based on data from 2,095 in-school adolescents aged 10-18 collected pre-COVID-19 (February-March 2020) through a field survey for an ongoing impact evaluation, and a follow-up virtual survey undertaken early in the pandemic (May-June 2020). Findings show large household-level economic impacts associated with increased food insecurity, anxiety, and mental health issues among adolescents. In addition, school closures have decreased adolescents' access to learning, increased time spent on household chores, and affected future job aspirations. The impacts are particularly large for girls and for adolescents from more vulnerable households. Policy makers need to consider policies that facilitate school return, targeting girls and the most vulnerable. They also need creative school-based programming to address the likely long-run physical and mental health effects of COVID-19 on young people. SUMMARY COVID-19 has rapidly disrupted lives across the globe, likely resulting in multidimensional effects on young people's wellbeing in the short-and long-run. This is particularly the case for education. School closures related to COVID-19 will not only have immediate direct effects on learning outcomes; they may also foster sustained impacts on education, labor market outcomes, and broader welfare (Rogers and Sabarwal 2020). In Bangladesh, where higher secondary school dropout rates for girls are at least partially driven by social and cultural constraints-including early marriage, household responsibilities, lack of access to appropriate information about sexual and reproductive health, mental health issues, and school-based violence that includes sexual harassment (Sosale, Asaduzzaman, and Ramachandran 2019)-the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to undermine many of the recent gains in girl's education and to stunt further progress (see Box 1 for more on COVID-19 in Bangladesh). While the government has aired video classes for grades 6 to 10 on its Shangsad TV channel, uptake has been low (Asadullah 2020; Biswas et al. 2020). Consequently, the education of school-goers

The Gendered Price of Precarity: Voicing and Challenging Workplace Sexual Harassment

There is a strong belief that employment is a crucial avenue for the empowerment of young women, ... more There is a strong belief that employment is a crucial avenue for the empowerment of young women, through income, greater autonomy, and bargaining power within the family. However, experiences of workplace sexual harassment undermine these potential gains. This qualitative study among agro-processing factory workers and domestic workers in Uganda and Bangladesh demonstrates that sexual harassment is widespread in both formal and informal workplaces, while domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to its most severe forms.

National Discourses on Womenâ€™s Empowerment in Bangladesh: Continuities and Change

Research Papers in Economics, 2016

The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous inputs provided by Firdous Azim. Particular thank... more The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous inputs provided by Firdous Azim. Particular thanks are due to Sahida Khondakar and Helal Hossain Dhali for collecting various materials and to Jenny Edwards for her help at various stages of publication. Many thanks to Nana Akua Anyidoho for her incisive comments on the paper.

National Discourses on Womenâ€™s Empowerment in Bangladesh: Continuities and Change

Research Papers in Economics, 2016

The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous inputs provided by Firdous Azim. Particular thank... more The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous inputs provided by Firdous Azim. Particular thanks are due to Sahida Khondakar and Helal Hossain Dhali for collecting various materials and to Jenny Edwards for her help at various stages of publication. Many thanks to Nana Akua Anyidoho for her incisive comments on the paper.

Intersecting Disadvantages for Married Adolescents: Life After Marriage Pre- and Post-COVID-19 in Contexts of Displacement

by Maheen Sultan and Jennifer Seager

Journal of Adolescent Health, 2022

Although there is a growing evidence base on the drivers of child marriage, comparatively little ... more Although there is a growing evidence base on the drivers of child marriage, comparatively little is known about the experiences of married girls in refugee settings and how their development trajectories diverge from those of their nonmarried peers, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on cross-national panel data from Bangladesh and Jordan, this article explores diversity in child marriage experiences in contexts affected by forced displacement, highlighting how married girls' well-being differs from that of their unmarried peers, and how COVID-19 has reinforced these differences. Methods: We analyzed longitudinal survey datadcollected pre-and post-COVID-19dfrom the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence study with 293 ever-married and 1,102 never-married adolescent girls. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the well-being of married and unmarried girls across contexts and refugee status, both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. These quantitative data are complemented by in-depth qualitative data from adolescents (n ¼ 112), and key informant interviews with service providers and community leaders (n ¼ 62). Results: Our findings highlight that married girls in contexts affected by displacement are disadvantaged in multiple ways, but that the patterning of disadvantage varies across contexts, and that marriage can also have protective effects in certain contexts. The COVID-19 pandemic has, however, served to exacerbate existing inequalities in all contexts. Discussion: Although child marriage prevention efforts remain critical, there is also an urgent need for programming that targets married girls in refugee and host communities to mitigate negative outcomes among this vulnerable group.

Mobilising for Women's Rights: the Role of Resources (Bangladesh Case)

Well-Chosen Compromises? Feminists Legitimizing Voice in Bangladesh

Voicing Demands, 2014

A review of the National Strategy for Adolescent Health

Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) is a nine-year longitudinal research programme gen... more

Contemporary feminist politics in Bangladesh: taking the bull by the horns

New South Asian feminisms, 2012

International criminal courts pursue several objectives including retribution, deterrence, creati... more International criminal courts pursue several objectives including retribution, deterrence, creating a historical record and giving a voice to the victims while the rights of the accused are protected. A problem is that these objectives pull in different directions creating tensions and fragmentation in the procedural system. Numerous legal issues, referred to as 'hard cases', entail a choice where the Judge has to make a choice between two or several objectives. In the interest of legal certainty solutions should ultimately controlled by the law and not by the discretion of the Judge. This article examines whether it is possible to identify a universally acceptable hierarchy of objectives. It is argued that the relevant objectives which determine the outcome of a hard case vary depending on the procedural stage and in each procedural stage there is a structural bias towards one or several objectives. Considering that law exists as a response to several social needs, it appears as unattainable to identify a universal and fixed hierarchy of objectives.

Accessing the performance of GQAL in changing gender norms and behaviour

xiv 9. TUP members in 'good GQAL spots' were more likely to perceive that they were able to use T... more xiv 9. TUP members in 'good GQAL spots' were more likely to perceive that they were able to use TUP assets successfully to earn an income and bring changes in their living standards. However, whether it is the fact that respondents in areas where GQAL was successful are better able to manage their assets or whether it is the outcome of a successful TUP program, where improvements in peoples' economic status enabled greater incorporation of GQAL values and practices, needs to be further explored.

GAGE baseline qualitative research tools

by Maheen Sultan and Fiona Samuels

Although our understanding of the risks and vulnerabilities that adolescent girls and boys face h... more Although our understanding of the risks and vulnerabilities that adolescent girls and boys face has grown exponentially over the last decade, with adolescents becoming an increasingly visible target group within development (Viner et al., 2015; Harper et al., 2018), our understanding of what works remains nascent. In seeking to address this, we observed that qualitative methodologies for working with especially young adolescents and evaluating programme effectiveness with young people remain relatively underdeveloped. In an effort to contribute to this fledgling field, the GAGE consortium undertook extensive formative fieldwork in five diverse contexts in 2016 to pilot a range of different methodological approaches and instruments, some inspired by studies undertaken in the Global North, others from the Global South, and through our team’s collective brainstorming on what had worked with this age group in past research. The current set of tools reflects the collective learning among...

Voicing demands : feminist activism in transitional contexts

* Introduction: Voicing Demands: Feminist Activism in Transitional Contexts * Sohela Nazneen and ... more * Introduction: Voicing Demands: Feminist Activism in Transitional Contexts * Sohela Nazneen and Maheen Sultan * 1. Well-Chosen Compromises? Feminists Legitimizing Voice in Bangladesh * Sohela Nazneen and Maheen Sultan * 2. Feminisms in Brazil: Voicing and Channelling Women's Diverse Demands * Cecilia M. B. Sardenberg and Ana Alice Alcantara Costa * 3. The South African Revolution: Protracted or Postponed? * Gertrude Fester * 4. Voicing Autonomy through Citizenship: The Regional Nationality Campaign and Morocco * Alexandra Pittman and Rabea Naciri * 5. Motivated by Dictatorship, Muted by Democracy: Articulating Women's Rights in Pakistan * Afiya Shehrbano Zia * 6. Feminist Voices and the Regulation, Islamization and Quango-ization of Women's Activism in Mubarak's Egypt * Mariz Tadros * 7. The Many Faces of Feminism: Palestinian Women's Movements Finding a Voice * Elieen Kuttab