A. Loomans

Followers

Following

Co-authors

Public Views

Interests

Uploads

Papers by A. Loomans

Environmental risk assessment: methods for comprehensive evaluation and quick scan

Environmental impact of invertebrates for biological control of arthropods: methods and risk assessment, 2006

Guidelines on information requirements for import and release of invertebrate biological control agents in European countries

by A. Loomans and H. Dreyer

Several international documents have been published in recent years with the objective of providi... more Several international documents have been published in recent years with the objective of providing guidance to industry, biocontrol practitioners and competent national regulatory authorities on the regulatory framework for the import and release of invertebrate biological control agents (IBCAs). As the scope and the level of detail given in these documents were diverse in many respects, it has been difficult

Download

Insect Biological Control and Nontarget Effects : a European Perspective

Insect Biological Control and Non-target Effects: a European Perspective LD Lynch, 1 HMT Hokkanen... more

Insect biological control and non-target effects: a European perspective

Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control. Key papers from the symposium "Indirect ecological effects in biological control", Montpellier, France, 17-20 October 1999, 2001

Insect Biological Control and Non-target Effects: a European Perspective LD Lynch, 1 HMT Hokkanen... more

Assessing risks of releasing exotic biological control agents of arthropod pests

Annual review of entomology, 2006

More than 5000 introductions of about 2000 species of exotic arthropod agents for control of arth... more More than 5000 introductions of about 2000 species of exotic arthropod agents for control of arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands during the past 120 years rarely have resulted in negative environmental effects. Yet, risks of environmental effects caused by releases of exotics are of growing concern. Twenty countries have implemented regulations for release of biological control agents. Soon, the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM3) will become the standard for all biological control introductions worldwide, but this standard does not provide methods by which to assess environmental risks. This review summarizes documented nontarget effects and discusses the development and application of comprehensive and quick-scan environmental risk assessment methods.

Download

Host plants of Anoplophora glabripennis , a review

EPPO Bulletin, 2014

Early wound reactions of Japanese maple during winter dormancy: the effect of two contrasting temperature regimes

AoB Plants, 2014

During winter dormancy, temperate trees are capable of only a restricted response to wounding. De... more During winter dormancy, temperate trees are capable of only a restricted response to wounding. Depending on the ambient temperature during winter dormancy, wounded trees may start compartmentalization, e.g. by producing inhibitory compounds, but it is thought that processes involving cell proliferation, such as the formation of callus and wound xylem, are delayed until the next growing season. We investigated the effect of two contrasting temperature regimes on early reactions of Acer palmatum trees to wounding during winter bud dormancy. Stems of A. palmatum trees were wounded and stored under an ambient temperature of 4 or 15 °C for 3 weeks during winter bud dormancy. We then studied wound reactions in the living bark, cambial region and xylem. In the 4 °C treatment, wound reactions were virtually absent. In the 15 °C treatment, however, trees reacted to wounding by dieback of the cortex and phloem and by the formation of ligno-suberized layers. In the cambial zone, cambial dieback occurred and callus tissue and wound xylem were formed locally, close to the wound margins. In the xylem, compartmentalization took place by deposition of inhibitory compounds in fibre cells and vessel elements. We conclude that temperature is an important factor in wound reactions during winter dormancy, and may even induce proliferation of callus and wound xylem within a 3-week period. It therefore seems likely that trees that have been wounded during dormancy in areas with mild or warm winters might cope better with wounding, as unlike trees in cold environments, they may compartmentalize wounds even during winter dormancy.

Western flower thrips in greenhouses: A review of its biological control and other methods

... A.; Wick, R.; Smith, T.; Lopes, P.; Sanderson, JP; Daughtrey, M.; Brownbridge, M. Source: In:... more

Releases of parasitoids (Ceranisus spp.) as biological control agents of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) in experimental glasshouses

Bulletin of Insectology - BULL INSECTOLOGY, 2006

Experimental releases were performed to investigate the potential of thrips parasitoids as biolog... more Experimental releases were performed to investigate the potential of thrips parasitoids as biological control agents of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Strains of two larval parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Ceranisus menes (Walker) (a strain from France and from Brazil) and Ceranisus americensis (Girault) (Arizona strain), were released in different commercial greenhouse crops. In all crops only traces of parasitism were recorded. In an experimental rose crop (cv. 'Frisco'), releases were made of two parasitoid species, C. menes (a French strain) and C. americensis (Arizona strain) in two separate greenhouse compartments. An account is given on the release, dispersal, establishment, population dynamics and control capacity of both parasitoid species. Parasitoids spread readily and established themselves throughout the crops, but releases did not result in reduction of thrips during a five month period. Rates of parasitism stayed lower than 10% throughout the season, resulting in severe damage of the rose crop. The potential of parasitoids as biological control agents of thrips pests in ornamental crops is discussed.

Download

Evaluation of eradication measures against Anoplophora chinensis in early stage infestations in Europe

EPPO Bulletin, 2010

Eradication efforts are described at 5 sites where infestations of Anoplophora chinensis have bee... more Eradication efforts are described at 5 sites where infestations of Anoplophora chinensis have been detected in Europe since 2003. The infestations were in France (declared eradicated in 2006), in Croatia, in Italy (Rome) and in the Netherlands (Westland and Boskoop). Each of these infestations was on or nearby a nursery or location where plants originating from Eastern Asia had (probably) been stocked or sold. Infested plants were all found within a distance of 30 m from the presumed source of infestation except in the Rome-infestation where infested plants, in total 40, were found within 500 m of the presumed source of infestation. The history of plant imports and local observations at 3 sites (France, Croatia and Westland in the Netherlands) suggests that larvae arrived in imported plants and adults emerged and laid eggs on plants in the surroundings between 1 and 5 years before the infestation was detected. It was not possible to make such an estimate for the Boskoop infestation in the Netherlands and the Rome infestation in Italy.

Download

Predicting the potential geographical distribution of the harlequin ladybird, Harmonia axyridis, using the CLIMEX model

BioControl, 2008

Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a ladybird beetle native to tempe... more Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a ladybird beetle native to temperate and subtropical parts of Asia. Since 1916 populations of this species have been introduced throughout the world, either deliberately, or by accident through international transport. Harmonia axyridis was originally released as a classical biological control agent of aphid and coccid pests in orchards and forests, but since

Harmonia axyridis in Europe: spread and distribution of a non-native coccinellid

by A. Loomans, B. Klausnitzer, and V. Ternois

BioControl, 2008

11 Abstract Native to Asia, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is 12 consider... more 11 Abstract Native to Asia, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is 12 considered an invasive alien ladybird in Europe and North America, where it was widely 13 introduced as a biological control agent of aphids and coccids. In Europe, H. axyridis was 14 sold by various biological control companies from 1995 in France, Belgium and the 15 Netherlands, and was also intentionally released in at least nine other countries. It has 16 spread very rapidly, particularly since 2002, and is now regarded as established in thirteen 17 European countries. The established range extends from Denmark in the north to southern Europe, and examine the 20 situation on a country-by-country basis. We report first records of the species in five 21 countries; Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Czech Republic and Italy; and first evidence of 22 H. axyridis establishment in the latter three countries. Despite releases of H. axyridis in 23 Portugal, Spain and Greece, there is little evidence of establishment in southern Europe. It 24 is predicted that the spread and increase within Europe will continue and that H. axyridis 25 will become one of the most widely distributed coccinellids in the continent. 26 Keywords Biological control Á Coccinellidae Á Halloween beetle Á Harlequin ladybird Á 27 Harmonia axyridis Á Introduced species Á Invasive species Á 28 Multicolored Asian lady beetle Á Non-native species 29 Background to Harmonia axyridis 30 Variously known as the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Halloween beetle and harlequin 31 ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is native to China, Japan, 32 Korea, Mongolia and Siberia (e.g. Dobzhansky 1933; Kuznetsov 1997), although its entire 33 native range, particularly in parts of the former Soviet Union, has not been clearly 34 recorded. Although usually stated in the literature to be semi-arboreal (e.g. Hodek 1973), it 35 occupies many habitats, and in parts of both its native and introduced ranges has been 36 recorded in meadows, heathlands and riparian zones (Adriaens et al. submitted to Bio-37 Control SI), reedbeds (Ware et al. 2005; Brown et al. submitted to BioControl SI) and crop 38 systems (Colunga-Garcia and Gage 1998).

Download

Evaluating environmental risks of biological control introductions: how to select safe natural enemies?

Environmental risk assessment of exotic natural enemies used in inundative biological control

by A. Loomans, D. Babendreier, and P. van Rijn

In the past 100 years many exotic natural enemies have been imported, mass reared and released as... more In the past 100 years many exotic natural enemies have been imported, mass reared and released as biological control agents. Negative environmental effects of these releases have rarely been reported. The current popularity of inundative biological control may, however, result in problems, as an increasing number of activities will be executed by persons not trained in identification, evaluation and release of biological control agents. Therefore, a methodology for risk assessment has been developed within the EU-financed project 'Evaluating Environmental Risks of Biological Control Introductions into Europe [ERBIC]' as a basis for regulation of import and release of exotic natural enemies used in inundative forms of biological control (i.e. not in 'classical biological control' though some of the same principles and approaches apply). This paper proposes a general framework of a risk assessment methodology for biological control agents, integrating information on the potential of an agent to establish, its abilities to disperse, its host range, and its direct and indirect effects on nontargets. Of these parameters, estimating indirect effects on non-targets will be most difficult, as myriads of indirect effects may occur when generalist natural enemies are introduced. The parameter 'host range' forms a central element in the whole risk evaluation process, because lack of host specificity might lead to unacceptable risk if the agent establishes and disperses widely, whereas, in contrast, a monophagous biological control agent is not expected to create serious risk even when it establishes and disperses well. Drawing on published information and expert opinion, the proposed risk assessment methodology is applied to a number of biological control agents currently in use. These illustrative case histories indicate that the risk assessment methodology can discriminate between agents, with some species attaining low 'risk indices' and others scoring moderate or high. Risk indices should, however, not be seen as absolute values, but as indicators to which a judgement can be connected by biological control experts for granting permission to release or not. 4 J.C. VAN LENTEREN ET AL.

Download

Environmental risk assessment: methods for comprehensive evaluation and quick scan

Environmental impact of invertebrates for biological control of arthropods: methods and risk assessment, 2006

Guidelines on information requirements for import and release of invertebrate biological control agents in European countries

by A. Loomans and H. Dreyer

Download

Insect Biological Control and Nontarget Effects : a European Perspective

Insect Biological Control and Non-target Effects: a European Perspective LD Lynch, 1 HMT Hokkanen... more

Insect biological control and non-target effects: a European perspective

Evaluating indirect ecological effects of biological control. Key papers from the symposium "Indirect ecological effects in biological control", Montpellier, France, 17-20 October 1999, 2001

Insect Biological Control and Non-target Effects: a European Perspective LD Lynch, 1 HMT Hokkanen... more