B. S. Heeb, A. Szentmiklosi, R. Krause și M. Wemhoff (ed), Fortifications: The Rise And Fall Of Defended Sites In Late Bronze And Early Iron Age Of South-East Europe International Conference in Timişoara, Romania from November 11th to 13th, 2015,,Berliner Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte Band 21, 2017
The archaeological research at Călineşti Oaş provides important data on the origin and the way fo... more The archaeological research at Călineşti Oaş provides important data on the origin and the way fortifications were built during the Gava culture, with particular emphasis on the use of stone in wall construction.
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a thin layer of evental history characterized by short and rapid historical oscillations. However beneath this surface one finds successive layers of history which are in effect echoes of long-term process and of long
periods of stagnation, a phenomenon which Braudel calls "history being the prisoner of the longue duree".
The history of the longue duree is expressed at the leve I of collective mentalities, of the relationship with the environment, of the exploitation of natural resources, and of the economic flow which develops
between different ecosystems. The circulation of salt between Transylvania and the Hungarian Plain bas determined specific modalities of pork preservation which became part of the local collective identity. In
these areas the ham prepared in salt became the main staple food already in prehistoric times according to the osteologica) analysis.
The first group of materials, namely the entire lot originating from Călinești-Oaș and lot I from Lazuri, has most numerous and clear parallels in the neighbouring regions from the northern area of the Gáva culture. Pottery analogies were noted in settlements from the upper Tisza river basin, the Carei Plain, the northern area of Moldavia (Bucovina) and north-eastern Transylvania (especially the Someșul Mare river basin). The analysis of Gáva I horizon pottery present in the Satu Mare settlements brings a few key details regarding how the Gáva pottery style was composed. Together with regional forms and decorations related to local traditions, in the settlements of Călinești-Oaș and Lazuri, the Gáva I pottery style has a fund of new ware forms and decorations, comprising clearly differentiating elements from the proto-Gáva pottery.
The Gáva II pottery style (lot II) may be considered as a trend for homogeneity. Part of the new elements may be appreciated as transfer of elements specific to the south-western area of the Gáva culture, in the north-eastern area. Together with pottery changes and evolution shifts in numerous settlements, funerary rite elements may be mentioned for nuancing transformation arriving from the south or west from the eastern area of the Gáva culture.
The ascendant that phase Gáva II acquires in the south-western area of the culture is illustrated by the fact that the metalworking centre from the Upper Tisza area loses importance starting with stage HaB1. Still once with stage HaB1, Transylvania’s importance compared to neighbouring regions is evidenced by the prominent role it acquires in the intra-Carpathian province in terms of implementing and (likely) producing iron. Adoption at large scale of iron weaponry records on one hand the warlike potential of the elites from the intra-Carpathian area and on the other, the role of influences arriving from the worlds of the Aegean Sea and Near East.
Papers by Liviu Marta
to the engagement of the community in long-distance trade and exchange, while certain crafts such as metalworking seem to have played an important role in the local economy. The fortified settlement in Andrid, with its lower occupation density, resembles the so-called ‘refuge strongholds’ from Transylvania. The artefacts of a foreign origin uncovered at Andrid and in the composition of the nearby hoard from Pir could also be seen as arguments supporting the hypothesis that the fortified sites exercised control over some trade and exchange routes.
outside the Carpathian Mountains through which they could have controlled the circulation of mineral resources from Transylvania towards the second line of tells located along the Tisza River. The data available so far do not allow for interpreting this setting as a ‘regional policy’; it seems more likely that each tell was thus located in order to have as much access as possible to this flow of goods.
The desire to control trade and exchange routes can be regarded as a source of potential competition not only between individuals, but also between communities and settlements.
understanding the bronze fragmentation custom shifts in the period preceding the abandonment of the custom practice.From the point of view of artefact typologies and the composition of the ensemble, the Pir deposit may be framed in the series of Hajduboszormeny/ Moigrad – Tăuteu deposits (horizon IV of deposits, dated to Ha B1). The Pir bronze offering is part of a group of bronze deposits connecting central Transylvania with the north-east region of Hungary, an offering grouping associated with a trading route which in the Middle Ages linked Transylvania to the Great Hungarian Plain. The article debates the extent to which the Salt Road of the Middle Ages may be considered to have been used from prehistory from the view of bronze offerings and the fortifications emerging on its route, but also the prehistoric salt mines recently discovered in northern Transylvania. Starting from associating the deposit with a prehistoric trading route, the possible reasons behind such actions are investigated. It was appreciated that the Pir deposit may not be regarded as a “trader’s deposit”, as suggested by certain exotic objects present in the amassment. Present ritual elements on the objects reference a burial that may be related to religious manifestations of the local population inhabiting the territory crossed by a trading route.
between the old and the new elements is reflected by the intensity with which certain social and religious traditions are expressed, mainly in the field of funerary (e.g. biritual cemeteries and lavish burials) and
depositional practice, through the increase of the number of deposited objects, noticeable also in the case of the traditional so-called “one-type hoards” and Apa type deposits, in addition to the newly adopted
hoards inspired by the Kurd type.
components of the fortification system from Călineşti Oaş and some dating elements would provide a better understanding of the stone fortifications and their impact on the vast fortification phenomenon of the late Bronze Age.
From a regional perspective, the multi-layered settlements in Satu Mare County represent a north-eastern continuation of a line of tell-settlements that starts in the Barcău Valley (in Hungary) and continues towards the north with the tells in the stretch of the Ier River Valley located in Bihor County. These multi-layered settlements form a continuous line of sites located at distances ranging from c. 5.4 km to 14.6 km apart.1 The tells seem to have formed a continuous barrier stretching over adistance of 120 km that controlled the connectivity between Transylvania and the Hungarian Plain.
a thin layer of evental history characterized by short and rapid historical oscillations. However beneath this surface one finds successive layers of history which are in effect echoes of long-term process and of long
periods of stagnation, a phenomenon which Braudel calls "history being the prisoner of the longue duree".
The history of the longue duree is expressed at the leve I of collective mentalities, of the relationship with the environment, of the exploitation of natural resources, and of the economic flow which develops
between different ecosystems. The circulation of salt between Transylvania and the Hungarian Plain bas determined specific modalities of pork preservation which became part of the local collective identity. In
these areas the ham prepared in salt became the main staple food already in prehistoric times according to the osteologica) analysis.
The first group of materials, namely the entire lot originating from Călinești-Oaș and lot I from Lazuri, has most numerous and clear parallels in the neighbouring regions from the northern area of the Gáva culture. Pottery analogies were noted in settlements from the upper Tisza river basin, the Carei Plain, the northern area of Moldavia (Bucovina) and north-eastern Transylvania (especially the Someșul Mare river basin). The analysis of Gáva I horizon pottery present in the Satu Mare settlements brings a few key details regarding how the Gáva pottery style was composed. Together with regional forms and decorations related to local traditions, in the settlements of Călinești-Oaș and Lazuri, the Gáva I pottery style has a fund of new ware forms and decorations, comprising clearly differentiating elements from the proto-Gáva pottery.
The Gáva II pottery style (lot II) may be considered as a trend for homogeneity. Part of the new elements may be appreciated as transfer of elements specific to the south-western area of the Gáva culture, in the north-eastern area. Together with pottery changes and evolution shifts in numerous settlements, funerary rite elements may be mentioned for nuancing transformation arriving from the south or west from the eastern area of the Gáva culture.
The ascendant that phase Gáva II acquires in the south-western area of the culture is illustrated by the fact that the metalworking centre from the Upper Tisza area loses importance starting with stage HaB1. Still once with stage HaB1, Transylvania’s importance compared to neighbouring regions is evidenced by the prominent role it acquires in the intra-Carpathian province in terms of implementing and (likely) producing iron. Adoption at large scale of iron weaponry records on one hand the warlike potential of the elites from the intra-Carpathian area and on the other, the role of influences arriving from the worlds of the Aegean Sea and Near East.
to the engagement of the community in long-distance trade and exchange, while certain crafts such as metalworking seem to have played an important role in the local economy. The fortified settlement in Andrid, with its lower occupation density, resembles the so-called ‘refuge strongholds’ from Transylvania. The artefacts of a foreign origin uncovered at Andrid and in the composition of the nearby hoard from Pir could also be seen as arguments supporting the hypothesis that the fortified sites exercised control over some trade and exchange routes.
outside the Carpathian Mountains through which they could have controlled the circulation of mineral resources from Transylvania towards the second line of tells located along the Tisza River. The data available so far do not allow for interpreting this setting as a ‘regional policy’; it seems more likely that each tell was thus located in order to have as much access as possible to this flow of goods.
The desire to control trade and exchange routes can be regarded as a source of potential competition not only between individuals, but also between communities and settlements.
understanding the bronze fragmentation custom shifts in the period preceding the abandonment of the custom practice.From the point of view of artefact typologies and the composition of the ensemble, the Pir deposit may be framed in the series of Hajduboszormeny/ Moigrad – Tăuteu deposits (horizon IV of deposits, dated to Ha B1). The Pir bronze offering is part of a group of bronze deposits connecting central Transylvania with the north-east region of Hungary, an offering grouping associated with a trading route which in the Middle Ages linked Transylvania to the Great Hungarian Plain. The article debates the extent to which the Salt Road of the Middle Ages may be considered to have been used from prehistory from the view of bronze offerings and the fortifications emerging on its route, but also the prehistoric salt mines recently discovered in northern Transylvania. Starting from associating the deposit with a prehistoric trading route, the possible reasons behind such actions are investigated. It was appreciated that the Pir deposit may not be regarded as a “trader’s deposit”, as suggested by certain exotic objects present in the amassment. Present ritual elements on the objects reference a burial that may be related to religious manifestations of the local population inhabiting the territory crossed by a trading route.
between the old and the new elements is reflected by the intensity with which certain social and religious traditions are expressed, mainly in the field of funerary (e.g. biritual cemeteries and lavish burials) and
depositional practice, through the increase of the number of deposited objects, noticeable also in the case of the traditional so-called “one-type hoards” and Apa type deposits, in addition to the newly adopted
hoards inspired by the Kurd type.
components of the fortification system from Călineşti Oaş and some dating elements would provide a better understanding of the stone fortifications and their impact on the vast fortification phenomenon of the late Bronze Age.
From a regional perspective, the multi-layered settlements in Satu Mare County represent a north-eastern continuation of a line of tell-settlements that starts in the Barcău Valley (in Hungary) and continues towards the north with the tells in the stretch of the Ier River Valley located in Bihor County. These multi-layered settlements form a continuous line of sites located at distances ranging from c. 5.4 km to 14.6 km apart.1 The tells seem to have formed a continuous barrier stretching over adistance of 120 km that controlled the connectivity between Transylvania and the Hungarian Plain.
From a regional perspective, the multi-layered settlements in Satu Mare County represent a north-eastern continuation of a line of tell-settlements that starts in the Barcău Valley (in Hungary) and continues towards the north with the tells in the stretch of the Ier River Valley located in Bihor County. These multi-layered settlements form a continuous line of sites located at distances ranging from c. 5.4 km to 14.6 km apart.1 The tells seem to have formed a continuous barrier stretching over adistance of 120 km that controlled the connectivity between Transylvania and the Hungarian Plain.
From a regional perspective, the multi-layered settlements in Satu Mare County represent a north-eastern continuation of a line of tell-settlements that starts in the Barcău Valley (in Hungary) and continues towards the north with the tells in the stretch of the Ier River Valley located in Bihor County. These multi-layered settlements form a continuous line of sites located at distances ranging from c. 5.4 km to 14.6 km apart.1 The tells seem to have formed a continuous barrier stretching over adistance of 120 km that controlled the connectivity between Transylvania and the Hungarian Plain.
From a regional perspective, the multi-layered settlements in Satu Mare County represent a north-eastern continuation of a line of tell-settlements that starts in the Barcău Valley (in Hungary) and continues towards the north with the tells in the stretch of the Ier River Valley located in Bihor County. These multi-layered settlements form a continuous line of sites located at distances ranging from c. 5.4 km to 14.6 km apart.1 The tells seem to have formed a continuous barrier stretching over adistance of 120 km that controlled the connectivity between Transylvania and the Hungarian Plain.