<p>Whole LN and spleen OT-I RAG1<sup>−/−</sup> cells were stained with 2 µM CFS... more <p>Whole LN and spleen OT-I RAG1<sup>−/−</sup> cells were stained with 2 µM CFSE and cultured at 10<sup>6</sup> cells per well with the indicated doses of SIINFEKL (A), SIIGFEKL (B), Catnβ1 (C) and Catnβ1 plus 1 µg/ml of LPS (D), and 10 µg/ml of anti-CD69 2.2 mAb (dashed line) or isotype control (solid line). Graphs showing the number of proliferated (left column) and of CD25<sup>+</sup> (right column) CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells per well. Results representative of two experiments.</p
<p><b>A.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> F... more <p><b>A.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> Flt3l-derived BMDC were cultured with 0.5 µM CpG for 24 h. Overlays of CD69<sup>+/+</sup> (solid line) and CD69<sup>−/−</sup> (dashed line) Flt3l-derived BMDC showing CD86 and CD40 expression on pDC (CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>, left) and cDC (CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>, right). <b>B.</b> and <b>C.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> Flt3l-derived BMDC were pulsed with OVA at the indicated doses for 45 minutes, washed, and further cultured with OT-II (<b>B.</b>) or OT-I (<b>C.</b>) T cells for 3 or 2 days, respectively, in the presence of 0.5 µM CpG in duplicate. Percentage of proliferated Vα2<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> or Vα2<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> cells is depicted. Bars represent Standard Deviation (SD) of duplicate cultures. Experiments representative of two with similar results.</p
<p>Spleen CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were purified from CD69<sup>+/+</sup... more <p>Spleen CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were purified from CD69<sup>+/+</sup> (solid line) or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> (dashed line) OT-I mice, stained with 2 µM CFSE and cultured at 0.5×10<sup>6</sup> at 10∶1 with APC in the presence of the indicated doses of SIINFEKL (A), SIIGFEKL (B), and Catnβ1 (C) peptides. Graphs showing the number of proliferated (left column) and of CD25<sup>+</sup> (right column) CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells per well. The results are representative of two similar experiments with similar results.</p
<p><b>A.</b> Flt3l BMDC were cultured with 50 nM CpG and anti-CD69 2.2 (solid l... more <p><b>A.</b> Flt3l BMDC were cultured with 50 nM CpG and anti-CD69 2.2 (solid line) or IgG1 control (dashed line) for 24 h. CD86 and CD40 expression levels were determined on pDC (CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>, left) and cDC (CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>, right). Result representative of two experiments. <b>B.</b> Purified DC were cultured with OT-II CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, in the presence of the indicated OVA doses, 0.03 µM CpG and 10 µg/ml anti-CD69 2.2 or IgG1 isotype control, in duplicate, for 3 days. <b>C.</b> Sorted pDC were cultured with the indicated OVA doses and 10 µg/ml anti-CD69 2.2 or IgG1 isotype control for 1 h. After wash, they were co-cultured with CD4<sup>+</sup> OT-II T cells for 3 days. <b>D.</b> Sorted cDC were pulsed with the indicated OVA doses for 45 minutes and treated with 0.025 µM CpG and anti-CD69 2.2 or IgG1 control for 18 h. Then, they were cultured with OT-I CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells for 2 days. In all cases, the number of divided cells within Vα2<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> or Vα2<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> live cells is represented. Bars represent SD of duplicate cultures.</p
<p><b>A.–C.</b> DC were purified from spleens of C57BL/6 mice and cultured with... more <p><b>A.–C.</b> DC were purified from spleens of C57BL/6 mice and cultured with CpG in various conditions. 10 γg/ml of anti-CD69 2.2 were added to control samples in order to block CD69 staining and provide a background staining control. 10 µg/ml of Isotype control Ab were added to test samples. All samples were stained for the different DC subsets markers and for CD69, and analyzed by flow cytometry. <b>A.</b> Overlay of CD69 expression between CD69 blocked control samples cultured with 0.03 µM CpG for 18h (grey filled), and unblocked samples, uncultured (dashed line) or cultured with 0.03 µM CpG for 18h (solid line), gated on pDC (CD11c<sup>int</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>), and cDC (CD11c<sup>hi</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>). <b>B.</b> DC were cultured with 0.03 µM CpG during various time-spans and CD69 was assessed in pDC (CD11c<sup>int</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>) and cDC (CD11c<sup>hi</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>). <b>C.</b> pDC (CD11c<sup>int</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>), CD8<sup>+</sup> cDC (CD11c<sup>hi</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>) and CD8<sup>−</sup> cDC (CD11c<sup>hi</sup> , CD45RA<sup>−</sup>, CD8<sup>−</sup>) were analyzed for CD69 expression after 12h culture with different doses of CpG or without having been cultured. In B and C, CD69 levels are expressed as the difference of CD69 MFI between the unblocked and blocked samples. Results representative of two similar experiments are shown.</p
<p><b>A.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> m... more <p><b>A.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> mice were infected with VACV-WR and 7 days later spleen cells were reestimulated with uninfected (background control) or VACV-WR-infected RMA cells. <b>B.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> mice were infected with VACV-OVA and 7 days later spleen cells were reestimulated with or without (background control) SIINFEKL peptide. Pool of two experiments. <b>C.</b> H-2 class I knockout HLA-A*0201-transgenic mice were i.v. treated with 100 µg of anti-CD69 2.2 or left untreated, and were subsequently infected with VACV-WR. After 7 days, spleen cells were reestimulated with uninfected (background control) or VACV-WR-infected HLA-A*0201 transfectant RMA cells. In all cases, cells were stained for intracellular IFNγ, and the percentage of IFNγ<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells within total cells was assessed. The background control values were substracted from each reestimulated sample value.</p
<p><b>A.</b> Purified CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</... more <p><b>A.</b> Purified CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> OT-I CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were CFSE stained and transferred into recipients receiving the indicated doses of OVA and 5 µg of LPS subcutaneously in a posterior footpad. The percentage of proliferated OT-I CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells was analyzed 42h later in the popliteal LN. Pool of two experiments, with 1 (dose 0) to 4 (doses 0.1–10 µg) mice per point. Bars represent SD. <b>B.</b> As in A, but mice received 10 µg of OVA with or without 5 µg of LPS in the footpad. <b>C.</b> Purified CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> RAG2<sup>−/−</sup> DO10.11 CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells were transferred into Balb/c mice receiving 1 µg of OVA subcutaneously in the footpad. 3 days later the popliteal LN were analyzed for the percentage of proliferated cells within DO10.11 CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells.</p
La presente invención se refiere al uso de moduladores que inhiben la función de la molécula CD69... more La presente invención se refiere al uso de moduladores que inhiben la función de la molécula CD69, preferiblemente de un anticuerpo anti-CD69, para la elaboración de un medicamento para provocar la proliferación y salida o movilización de células hematopoyéticas desde médula ósea en un sujeto, de modo que es útil para la prevención y/o tratamiento de leucopenias, trombopenia, y/o pancitopenia.
Laser bioprinting is a powerful tool in many biological fields due to its versatility in placing ... more Laser bioprinting is a powerful tool in many biological fields due to its versatility in placing and construct different geometries of biological materials. The high accuracy and non-destructive nature of this method can be applied to the study of complex biological systems. In particular, single cell laser bioprinting helps to understand the relationships between cells and their local environment. Immunology is a transversal field that is governed by a complex network of genetic and signalling pathways subtending a network of interacting cells. In this context, mobility of the cells in a network along with their situation and the gene products they interact with, plays an important roll in the behaviour of the immune system. In this work we use a laser induced forward transfer blister assisted (BALIFT) approach to assess these cell-cell interaction and mobility in vitro. This method helps to understand properly the role of a cell in such networks to increase our knowledge of the im...
The immune system is a very complex system that comprises a network of genetic and signalling pat... more The immune system is a very complex system that comprises a network of genetic and signalling pathways subtending a network of interacting cells. The location of the cells in a network, along with the gene products they interact with, rules the behaviour of the immune system. In order to acquire a better understanding of these processes, laser assisted bio-printing techniques emerges as one of the promising approaches to organize cells with high spatial resolution in two and three-dimensional patterns to enable the study the geometry influence in the immune system interactions. In particular, laser assisted bio-printing techniques using sub-nanosecond laser sources have better characteristics for application in this field, mainly dueto its higher spatial resolution, cell viability percentage and process automation.
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory infection... more Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory infections in infants and young children, often leading to hospitalization. In addition, this virus poses a serious health risk in immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. HRSV is also a major nosocomial hazard in healthcare service units for patients of all ages. Therefore, the development of antiviral treatments against HRSV is a global health priority. In this study, mitoxantrone, a synthetic anthraquinone with previously reported in vitro antiprotozoal and antiviral activities, inhibits HRSV replication in vitro, but not in vivo in a mice model. These results have implications for preclinical studies of some drug candidates.
The CD69 gene encodes a C-type lectin glycoprotein with immune regulatory properties which is exp... more The CD69 gene encodes a C-type lectin glycoprotein with immune regulatory properties which is expressed on the cell surfaces of all activated hematopoietic cells. CD69 activation kinetics differ by developmental stage, cell linage and activating conditions, and these differences have been attributed to the participation of complex gene regulatory networks. An evolutionarily conserved regulatory element, CNS2, located 4kb upstream of the CD69 gene transcriptional start site, has been proposed as the major candidate governing the gene transcriptional activation program. To investigate the function of human CNS2, we studied the effect of its endogenous elimination via CRISPR-Cas9 on CD69 protein and mRNA expression levels in various immune cell lines. Even when the entire promoter region was maintained, CNS2-/-cells did not express CD69, thus indicating that CNS2 has promoter-like characteristics. However, like enhancers, inverted CNS2 sustained transcription, although at a diminished levels, thereby suggesting that it has dual promoter and enhancer functions. Episomal luciferase assays further suggested that both functions are combined within the CNS2 regulatory element. In addition, CNS2 directs its own bidirectional transcription into two different enhancer-derived RNAs molecules (eRNAs) which are transcribed from two independent transcriptional start sites in opposite directions. This eRNA transcription is dependent on only the enhancer sequence itself, because in the absence of the CD69 promoter, sufficient RNA polymerase II levels are maintained at CNS2 to drive eRNA expression. Here, we describe a regulatory element with overlapping promoter and enhancer functions, which is essential for CD69 gene transcriptional regulation.
The immune regulatory receptor CD69 is expressed upon activation in all types of leukocytes and i... more The immune regulatory receptor CD69 is expressed upon activation in all types of leukocytes and is strongly regulated at the transcriptional level. We previously described that, in addition to the CD69 promoter, there are four conserved noncoding regions (CNS1-4) upstream of the CD69 promoter. Furthermore, we proposed that CNS2 is the main enhancer of CD69 transcription. In the present study, we mapped the transcription factor (TF) binding sites (TFBS) from ChIP-seq databases within CNS2. Through luciferase reporter assays, we defined a ~60 bp sequence that acts as the minimum enhancer core of mouse CNS2, which includes the Oct1 TFBS. This enhancer core establishes cooperative interactions with the 3′ and 5′ flanking regions, which contain RUNX1 BS. In agreement with the luciferase reporter data, the inhibition of RUNX1 and Oct1 TF expression by siRNA suggests that they synergistically enhance endogenous CD69 gene transcription. In summary, we describe an enhancer core containing RU...
CD69 is highly expressed on the leukocyte surface upon viral infection, and its regulatory role i... more CD69 is highly expressed on the leukocyte surface upon viral infection, and its regulatory role in the vaccinia virus (VACV) immune response has been recently demonstrated using CD69-/- mice. Here, we show augmented control of VACV infection using the anti-human CD69 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2.8 as both preventive and therapeutic treatment for mice expressing human CD69. This control was related to increased natural killer (NK) cell reactivity and increased numbers of cytokine-producing T and NK cells in the periphery. Moreover, similarly increased immunity and protection against VACV were reproduced over both long and short periods in anti-mouse CD69 mAb 2.2-treated immunocompetent wild-type (WT) mice and immunodeficient Rag2-/- CD69+/+ mice. This result was not due to synergy between infection and anti-CD69 treatment since, in the absence of infection, anti-human CD69 targeting induced immune activation, which was characterized by mobilization, proliferation, and enhanced surviva...
Rationale: CD69 is an immunomodulatory molecule induced during lymphocyte activation. Following s... more Rationale: CD69 is an immunomodulatory molecule induced during lymphocyte activation. Following stroke, T-lymphocytes upregulate CD69 but its function is unknown. Objective: We investigated whether CD69 was involved in brain damage following an ischemic stroke. Methods and Results: We used adult male mice on the C57BL/6 or BALB/c backgrounds, including wild-type mice and CD69 −/− mice, and CD69 +/+ and CD69 −/− lymphocyte-deficient Rag2 −/ − mice, and generated chimeric mice. We induced ischemia by transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. We measured infarct volume, assessed neurological function, and studied CD69 expression, as well as platelet function, fibrin(ogen) deposition, and VWF (von Willebrand factor) expression in brain vessels and VWF content and activity in plasma, and performed the tail-vein bleeding test and the carotid artery ferric chloride-induced thrombosis model. We also performed primary glial cell cultures and sorted brain CD45 − CD11b − CD31 + ...
CD69 regulates lymphocyte egress from the thymus and lymph nodes through cis-interactions and the... more CD69 regulates lymphocyte egress from the thymus and lymph nodes through cis-interactions and the downregulation of surface sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 (S1P1). However, its role in the regulation of cell egress from bone marrow has not been extensively studied. We show here that CD69 targeting induced rapid and massive mobilization of BM leukocytes, which was inhibited by desensitization to S1P with FTY720. This mobilization was reproduced with anti-human CD69 mAb treatment of mice expressing human CD69. In this strain, the mobilization occurred to the same extent as that induced by AMD3100. The anti-human CD69 treatment highly increased LSK and CLP cell proliferation and numbers, both in the periphery and in the BM, and also augmented S1P1 and CXCR4 expression. Additionally, increased mTOR, p70S6K, S6, and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was detected after in vivo anti-CD69 treatment in the bone marrow. Importantly, mTOR inhibition with rapamycin inhibited anti-huCD69-induced m...
Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXVIII, 2017
Assessment of geometry in 2D immune systems using high accuracy laser-based bioprinting technique... more Assessment of geometry in 2D immune systems using high accuracy laser-based bioprinting techniques (Conference Presentation) (Withdrawal Notice),"
During the host response to viral infection, the transmembrane CD69 protein is highly upregulated... more During the host response to viral infection, the transmembrane CD69 protein is highly upregulated in all immune cells. We have studied the role of CD69 in the murine immune response to vaccinia virus (VACV) infection, and we report that the absence of CD69 enhances protection against VACV at both short and long times postinfection in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Natural killer (NK) cells were implicated in the increased infection control, since the differences were greatly diminished when NK cells were depleted. This role of NK cells was not based on an altered NK cell reactivity, since CD69 did not affect the NK cell activation threshold in response to major histocompatibility complex class I NK cell targets or protein kinase C activation. Instead, NK cell numbers were increased in the spleen and peritoneum of CD69-deficient infected mice. That was not just secondary to better infection control in CD69-deficient mice, since NK cell numbers in the spleens and the blood ...
The CD69 type II C-type lectin is one of the earliest indicators of leukocyte activation acting i... more The CD69 type II C-type lectin is one of the earliest indicators of leukocyte activation acting in lymphocyte migration and cytokine secretion. CD69 expression in hematopoietic lineage undergoes rapid changes depending on the cell-lineage, the activation state or the localization of the cell where it is expressed, suggesting a complex and tightly controlled regulation. Here we provide new insights on the transcriptional regulation of CD69 gene in mammal species. Through in silico studies, we analyzed several regulatory features of the 4 upstream conserved non-coding sequences (CNS 1-4) previously described, confirming a major function of CNS2 in the transcriptional regulation of CD69. In addition, multiple transcription binding sites are identified in the CNS2 region by DNA cross-species conservation analysis. By functional approaches we defined a core region of 226 bp located within CNS2 as the main enhancer element of CD69 transcription in the hematopoietic cells analyzed. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, binding of RUNX1 to the core-CNS2 was shown in a T cell line. In addition, we found an activating but not essential role of RUNX1 in CD69 gene transcription by site-directed mutagenesis and RNA silencing, probably through the interaction with this potent enhancer specifically in the hematopoietic lineage. In summary, in this study we contribute with new evidences to the landscape of the transcriptional regulation of the CD69 gene.
CD69 is rapidly upregulated on T cells upon activation. In this work we show that this is also th... more CD69 is rapidly upregulated on T cells upon activation. In this work we show that this is also the case for CD69 expression on dendritic cells (DC). Thus, the expression kinetics of CD69 on both cell types is reminiscent of the one of costimulatory molecules. Using mouse models of transgenic T cells, we aimed at evaluating the effect of monoclonal antibody (MAb)based targeting and gene deficiency of CD69 expressed by either DC or T cells on the extent of antigen (Ag)-specific T cell priming, which could be the result of a putative role in costimulation as well as on DC maturation and Ag-processing and presentation. CD69 targeting or deficiency of DC did not affect their expression of costimulatory molecules nor their capacity to induce Ag-specific T cell proliferation in in vitro assays. Also, CD69 targeting or deficiency of transgenic T cells did not affect the minimal proliferative dose for different peptide agonists in vitro. In in vivo models of transgenic T cell transfer and local Ag injection, CD69 deficiency of transferred T cells did not affect the extent of the proliferative response in Ag-draining lymph nodes (LN). In agreement with these results, CD69 MAb targeting or gene deficiency of Vaccinia-virus (VACV) infected mice did not affect the endogenous formation of virus-specific CD8 + T cell populations at the peak of the primary immune response. Altogether our results argue against a possible role in costimulation or an effect on Ag processing and presentation for CD69.
<p>Whole LN and spleen OT-I RAG1<sup>−/−</sup> cells were stained with 2 µM CFS... more <p>Whole LN and spleen OT-I RAG1<sup>−/−</sup> cells were stained with 2 µM CFSE and cultured at 10<sup>6</sup> cells per well with the indicated doses of SIINFEKL (A), SIIGFEKL (B), Catnβ1 (C) and Catnβ1 plus 1 µg/ml of LPS (D), and 10 µg/ml of anti-CD69 2.2 mAb (dashed line) or isotype control (solid line). Graphs showing the number of proliferated (left column) and of CD25<sup>+</sup> (right column) CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells per well. Results representative of two experiments.</p
<p><b>A.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> F... more <p><b>A.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> Flt3l-derived BMDC were cultured with 0.5 µM CpG for 24 h. Overlays of CD69<sup>+/+</sup> (solid line) and CD69<sup>−/−</sup> (dashed line) Flt3l-derived BMDC showing CD86 and CD40 expression on pDC (CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>, left) and cDC (CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>, right). <b>B.</b> and <b>C.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> Flt3l-derived BMDC were pulsed with OVA at the indicated doses for 45 minutes, washed, and further cultured with OT-II (<b>B.</b>) or OT-I (<b>C.</b>) T cells for 3 or 2 days, respectively, in the presence of 0.5 µM CpG in duplicate. Percentage of proliferated Vα2<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> or Vα2<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> cells is depicted. Bars represent Standard Deviation (SD) of duplicate cultures. Experiments representative of two with similar results.</p
<p>Spleen CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were purified from CD69<sup>+/+</sup... more <p>Spleen CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were purified from CD69<sup>+/+</sup> (solid line) or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> (dashed line) OT-I mice, stained with 2 µM CFSE and cultured at 0.5×10<sup>6</sup> at 10∶1 with APC in the presence of the indicated doses of SIINFEKL (A), SIIGFEKL (B), and Catnβ1 (C) peptides. Graphs showing the number of proliferated (left column) and of CD25<sup>+</sup> (right column) CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells per well. The results are representative of two similar experiments with similar results.</p
<p><b>A.</b> Flt3l BMDC were cultured with 50 nM CpG and anti-CD69 2.2 (solid l... more <p><b>A.</b> Flt3l BMDC were cultured with 50 nM CpG and anti-CD69 2.2 (solid line) or IgG1 control (dashed line) for 24 h. CD86 and CD40 expression levels were determined on pDC (CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>, left) and cDC (CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>, right). Result representative of two experiments. <b>B.</b> Purified DC were cultured with OT-II CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, in the presence of the indicated OVA doses, 0.03 µM CpG and 10 µg/ml anti-CD69 2.2 or IgG1 isotype control, in duplicate, for 3 days. <b>C.</b> Sorted pDC were cultured with the indicated OVA doses and 10 µg/ml anti-CD69 2.2 or IgG1 isotype control for 1 h. After wash, they were co-cultured with CD4<sup>+</sup> OT-II T cells for 3 days. <b>D.</b> Sorted cDC were pulsed with the indicated OVA doses for 45 minutes and treated with 0.025 µM CpG and anti-CD69 2.2 or IgG1 control for 18 h. Then, they were cultured with OT-I CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells for 2 days. In all cases, the number of divided cells within Vα2<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> or Vα2<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> live cells is represented. Bars represent SD of duplicate cultures.</p
<p><b>A.–C.</b> DC were purified from spleens of C57BL/6 mice and cultured with... more <p><b>A.–C.</b> DC were purified from spleens of C57BL/6 mice and cultured with CpG in various conditions. 10 γg/ml of anti-CD69 2.2 were added to control samples in order to block CD69 staining and provide a background staining control. 10 µg/ml of Isotype control Ab were added to test samples. All samples were stained for the different DC subsets markers and for CD69, and analyzed by flow cytometry. <b>A.</b> Overlay of CD69 expression between CD69 blocked control samples cultured with 0.03 µM CpG for 18h (grey filled), and unblocked samples, uncultured (dashed line) or cultured with 0.03 µM CpG for 18h (solid line), gated on pDC (CD11c<sup>int</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>), and cDC (CD11c<sup>hi</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>). <b>B.</b> DC were cultured with 0.03 µM CpG during various time-spans and CD69 was assessed in pDC (CD11c<sup>int</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>) and cDC (CD11c<sup>hi</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>). <b>C.</b> pDC (CD11c<sup>int</sup>, CD45RA<sup>+</sup>), CD8<sup>+</sup> cDC (CD11c<sup>hi</sup>, CD45RA<sup>−</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>) and CD8<sup>−</sup> cDC (CD11c<sup>hi</sup> , CD45RA<sup>−</sup>, CD8<sup>−</sup>) were analyzed for CD69 expression after 12h culture with different doses of CpG or without having been cultured. In B and C, CD69 levels are expressed as the difference of CD69 MFI between the unblocked and blocked samples. Results representative of two similar experiments are shown.</p
<p><b>A.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> m... more <p><b>A.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> mice were infected with VACV-WR and 7 days later spleen cells were reestimulated with uninfected (background control) or VACV-WR-infected RMA cells. <b>B.</b> CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> mice were infected with VACV-OVA and 7 days later spleen cells were reestimulated with or without (background control) SIINFEKL peptide. Pool of two experiments. <b>C.</b> H-2 class I knockout HLA-A*0201-transgenic mice were i.v. treated with 100 µg of anti-CD69 2.2 or left untreated, and were subsequently infected with VACV-WR. After 7 days, spleen cells were reestimulated with uninfected (background control) or VACV-WR-infected HLA-A*0201 transfectant RMA cells. In all cases, cells were stained for intracellular IFNγ, and the percentage of IFNγ<sup>+</sup> CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells within total cells was assessed. The background control values were substracted from each reestimulated sample value.</p
<p><b>A.</b> Purified CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</... more <p><b>A.</b> Purified CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> OT-I CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were CFSE stained and transferred into recipients receiving the indicated doses of OVA and 5 µg of LPS subcutaneously in a posterior footpad. The percentage of proliferated OT-I CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells was analyzed 42h later in the popliteal LN. Pool of two experiments, with 1 (dose 0) to 4 (doses 0.1–10 µg) mice per point. Bars represent SD. <b>B.</b> As in A, but mice received 10 µg of OVA with or without 5 µg of LPS in the footpad. <b>C.</b> Purified CD69<sup>+/+</sup> or CD69<sup>−/−</sup> RAG2<sup>−/−</sup> DO10.11 CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells were transferred into Balb/c mice receiving 1 µg of OVA subcutaneously in the footpad. 3 days later the popliteal LN were analyzed for the percentage of proliferated cells within DO10.11 CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells.</p
La presente invención se refiere al uso de moduladores que inhiben la función de la molécula CD69... more La presente invención se refiere al uso de moduladores que inhiben la función de la molécula CD69, preferiblemente de un anticuerpo anti-CD69, para la elaboración de un medicamento para provocar la proliferación y salida o movilización de células hematopoyéticas desde médula ósea en un sujeto, de modo que es útil para la prevención y/o tratamiento de leucopenias, trombopenia, y/o pancitopenia.
Laser bioprinting is a powerful tool in many biological fields due to its versatility in placing ... more Laser bioprinting is a powerful tool in many biological fields due to its versatility in placing and construct different geometries of biological materials. The high accuracy and non-destructive nature of this method can be applied to the study of complex biological systems. In particular, single cell laser bioprinting helps to understand the relationships between cells and their local environment. Immunology is a transversal field that is governed by a complex network of genetic and signalling pathways subtending a network of interacting cells. In this context, mobility of the cells in a network along with their situation and the gene products they interact with, plays an important roll in the behaviour of the immune system. In this work we use a laser induced forward transfer blister assisted (BALIFT) approach to assess these cell-cell interaction and mobility in vitro. This method helps to understand properly the role of a cell in such networks to increase our knowledge of the im...
The immune system is a very complex system that comprises a network of genetic and signalling pat... more The immune system is a very complex system that comprises a network of genetic and signalling pathways subtending a network of interacting cells. The location of the cells in a network, along with the gene products they interact with, rules the behaviour of the immune system. In order to acquire a better understanding of these processes, laser assisted bio-printing techniques emerges as one of the promising approaches to organize cells with high spatial resolution in two and three-dimensional patterns to enable the study the geometry influence in the immune system interactions. In particular, laser assisted bio-printing techniques using sub-nanosecond laser sources have better characteristics for application in this field, mainly dueto its higher spatial resolution, cell viability percentage and process automation.
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory infection... more Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory infections in infants and young children, often leading to hospitalization. In addition, this virus poses a serious health risk in immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. HRSV is also a major nosocomial hazard in healthcare service units for patients of all ages. Therefore, the development of antiviral treatments against HRSV is a global health priority. In this study, mitoxantrone, a synthetic anthraquinone with previously reported in vitro antiprotozoal and antiviral activities, inhibits HRSV replication in vitro, but not in vivo in a mice model. These results have implications for preclinical studies of some drug candidates.
The CD69 gene encodes a C-type lectin glycoprotein with immune regulatory properties which is exp... more The CD69 gene encodes a C-type lectin glycoprotein with immune regulatory properties which is expressed on the cell surfaces of all activated hematopoietic cells. CD69 activation kinetics differ by developmental stage, cell linage and activating conditions, and these differences have been attributed to the participation of complex gene regulatory networks. An evolutionarily conserved regulatory element, CNS2, located 4kb upstream of the CD69 gene transcriptional start site, has been proposed as the major candidate governing the gene transcriptional activation program. To investigate the function of human CNS2, we studied the effect of its endogenous elimination via CRISPR-Cas9 on CD69 protein and mRNA expression levels in various immune cell lines. Even when the entire promoter region was maintained, CNS2-/-cells did not express CD69, thus indicating that CNS2 has promoter-like characteristics. However, like enhancers, inverted CNS2 sustained transcription, although at a diminished levels, thereby suggesting that it has dual promoter and enhancer functions. Episomal luciferase assays further suggested that both functions are combined within the CNS2 regulatory element. In addition, CNS2 directs its own bidirectional transcription into two different enhancer-derived RNAs molecules (eRNAs) which are transcribed from two independent transcriptional start sites in opposite directions. This eRNA transcription is dependent on only the enhancer sequence itself, because in the absence of the CD69 promoter, sufficient RNA polymerase II levels are maintained at CNS2 to drive eRNA expression. Here, we describe a regulatory element with overlapping promoter and enhancer functions, which is essential for CD69 gene transcriptional regulation.
The immune regulatory receptor CD69 is expressed upon activation in all types of leukocytes and i... more The immune regulatory receptor CD69 is expressed upon activation in all types of leukocytes and is strongly regulated at the transcriptional level. We previously described that, in addition to the CD69 promoter, there are four conserved noncoding regions (CNS1-4) upstream of the CD69 promoter. Furthermore, we proposed that CNS2 is the main enhancer of CD69 transcription. In the present study, we mapped the transcription factor (TF) binding sites (TFBS) from ChIP-seq databases within CNS2. Through luciferase reporter assays, we defined a ~60 bp sequence that acts as the minimum enhancer core of mouse CNS2, which includes the Oct1 TFBS. This enhancer core establishes cooperative interactions with the 3′ and 5′ flanking regions, which contain RUNX1 BS. In agreement with the luciferase reporter data, the inhibition of RUNX1 and Oct1 TF expression by siRNA suggests that they synergistically enhance endogenous CD69 gene transcription. In summary, we describe an enhancer core containing RU...
CD69 is highly expressed on the leukocyte surface upon viral infection, and its regulatory role i... more CD69 is highly expressed on the leukocyte surface upon viral infection, and its regulatory role in the vaccinia virus (VACV) immune response has been recently demonstrated using CD69-/- mice. Here, we show augmented control of VACV infection using the anti-human CD69 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2.8 as both preventive and therapeutic treatment for mice expressing human CD69. This control was related to increased natural killer (NK) cell reactivity and increased numbers of cytokine-producing T and NK cells in the periphery. Moreover, similarly increased immunity and protection against VACV were reproduced over both long and short periods in anti-mouse CD69 mAb 2.2-treated immunocompetent wild-type (WT) mice and immunodeficient Rag2-/- CD69+/+ mice. This result was not due to synergy between infection and anti-CD69 treatment since, in the absence of infection, anti-human CD69 targeting induced immune activation, which was characterized by mobilization, proliferation, and enhanced surviva...
Rationale: CD69 is an immunomodulatory molecule induced during lymphocyte activation. Following s... more Rationale: CD69 is an immunomodulatory molecule induced during lymphocyte activation. Following stroke, T-lymphocytes upregulate CD69 but its function is unknown. Objective: We investigated whether CD69 was involved in brain damage following an ischemic stroke. Methods and Results: We used adult male mice on the C57BL/6 or BALB/c backgrounds, including wild-type mice and CD69 −/− mice, and CD69 +/+ and CD69 −/− lymphocyte-deficient Rag2 −/ − mice, and generated chimeric mice. We induced ischemia by transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. We measured infarct volume, assessed neurological function, and studied CD69 expression, as well as platelet function, fibrin(ogen) deposition, and VWF (von Willebrand factor) expression in brain vessels and VWF content and activity in plasma, and performed the tail-vein bleeding test and the carotid artery ferric chloride-induced thrombosis model. We also performed primary glial cell cultures and sorted brain CD45 − CD11b − CD31 + ...
CD69 regulates lymphocyte egress from the thymus and lymph nodes through cis-interactions and the... more CD69 regulates lymphocyte egress from the thymus and lymph nodes through cis-interactions and the downregulation of surface sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 (S1P1). However, its role in the regulation of cell egress from bone marrow has not been extensively studied. We show here that CD69 targeting induced rapid and massive mobilization of BM leukocytes, which was inhibited by desensitization to S1P with FTY720. This mobilization was reproduced with anti-human CD69 mAb treatment of mice expressing human CD69. In this strain, the mobilization occurred to the same extent as that induced by AMD3100. The anti-human CD69 treatment highly increased LSK and CLP cell proliferation and numbers, both in the periphery and in the BM, and also augmented S1P1 and CXCR4 expression. Additionally, increased mTOR, p70S6K, S6, and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was detected after in vivo anti-CD69 treatment in the bone marrow. Importantly, mTOR inhibition with rapamycin inhibited anti-huCD69-induced m...
Optical Interactions with Tissue and Cells XXVIII, 2017
Assessment of geometry in 2D immune systems using high accuracy laser-based bioprinting technique... more Assessment of geometry in 2D immune systems using high accuracy laser-based bioprinting techniques (Conference Presentation) (Withdrawal Notice),"
During the host response to viral infection, the transmembrane CD69 protein is highly upregulated... more During the host response to viral infection, the transmembrane CD69 protein is highly upregulated in all immune cells. We have studied the role of CD69 in the murine immune response to vaccinia virus (VACV) infection, and we report that the absence of CD69 enhances protection against VACV at both short and long times postinfection in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Natural killer (NK) cells were implicated in the increased infection control, since the differences were greatly diminished when NK cells were depleted. This role of NK cells was not based on an altered NK cell reactivity, since CD69 did not affect the NK cell activation threshold in response to major histocompatibility complex class I NK cell targets or protein kinase C activation. Instead, NK cell numbers were increased in the spleen and peritoneum of CD69-deficient infected mice. That was not just secondary to better infection control in CD69-deficient mice, since NK cell numbers in the spleens and the blood ...
The CD69 type II C-type lectin is one of the earliest indicators of leukocyte activation acting i... more The CD69 type II C-type lectin is one of the earliest indicators of leukocyte activation acting in lymphocyte migration and cytokine secretion. CD69 expression in hematopoietic lineage undergoes rapid changes depending on the cell-lineage, the activation state or the localization of the cell where it is expressed, suggesting a complex and tightly controlled regulation. Here we provide new insights on the transcriptional regulation of CD69 gene in mammal species. Through in silico studies, we analyzed several regulatory features of the 4 upstream conserved non-coding sequences (CNS 1-4) previously described, confirming a major function of CNS2 in the transcriptional regulation of CD69. In addition, multiple transcription binding sites are identified in the CNS2 region by DNA cross-species conservation analysis. By functional approaches we defined a core region of 226 bp located within CNS2 as the main enhancer element of CD69 transcription in the hematopoietic cells analyzed. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, binding of RUNX1 to the core-CNS2 was shown in a T cell line. In addition, we found an activating but not essential role of RUNX1 in CD69 gene transcription by site-directed mutagenesis and RNA silencing, probably through the interaction with this potent enhancer specifically in the hematopoietic lineage. In summary, in this study we contribute with new evidences to the landscape of the transcriptional regulation of the CD69 gene.
CD69 is rapidly upregulated on T cells upon activation. In this work we show that this is also th... more CD69 is rapidly upregulated on T cells upon activation. In this work we show that this is also the case for CD69 expression on dendritic cells (DC). Thus, the expression kinetics of CD69 on both cell types is reminiscent of the one of costimulatory molecules. Using mouse models of transgenic T cells, we aimed at evaluating the effect of monoclonal antibody (MAb)based targeting and gene deficiency of CD69 expressed by either DC or T cells on the extent of antigen (Ag)-specific T cell priming, which could be the result of a putative role in costimulation as well as on DC maturation and Ag-processing and presentation. CD69 targeting or deficiency of DC did not affect their expression of costimulatory molecules nor their capacity to induce Ag-specific T cell proliferation in in vitro assays. Also, CD69 targeting or deficiency of transgenic T cells did not affect the minimal proliferative dose for different peptide agonists in vitro. In in vivo models of transgenic T cell transfer and local Ag injection, CD69 deficiency of transferred T cells did not affect the extent of the proliferative response in Ag-draining lymph nodes (LN). In agreement with these results, CD69 MAb targeting or gene deficiency of Vaccinia-virus (VACV) infected mice did not affect the endogenous formation of virus-specific CD8 + T cell populations at the peak of the primary immune response. Altogether our results argue against a possible role in costimulation or an effect on Ag processing and presentation for CD69.
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Papers by Laura Notario