An extensive chemical investigation of fog water’s chemical composition, as well as source charac... more An extensive chemical investigation of fog water’s chemical composition, as well as source characterization, were carried out during the winter season (December to February) at an outflow location (Bhola, Bangladesh) of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Characterization of the source involved correlational analysis, enrichment factor analysis, estimation of percentage sources, and air mass trajectory analysis. The average pH of fog water in Bhola was found to be 7.03 ± 0.02, demonstrating that acid-neutralizing components were successful in neutralizing acidifying species. The concentrations of the water-soluble ions were determined, and they were in the following order: Ca2+ > NO3− > Cl− > Na+ > SO42− > NH4+ > Mg2+ > K+ > F− > HCO3−. Of the six trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb) that were analyzed, Zn ions were found in the highest concentration, followed by Mn ions. Neutralization factor analysis showed that the key neutralization components of fog...
Water is the main sources for domestic purposes and as well as for both farming and industrial ac... more Water is the main sources for domestic purposes and as well as for both farming and industrial activities. Therefore, this study investigated the quality of groundwater at Ishwardi, Pabna district of Bangladesh. This study showed that the heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe were remaining in trace amount. The groundwater quality index (GWQI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and degree of contamination (Cd) revealed that all of the groundwater samples belonged to good quality condition for drinking purposes. Nevertheless, Cd provided better index than other indices. Subsequently, hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values for heavy metals indicated that there was no significant noncarcinogenic health risk due to oral ingestion of groundwater except three sites. However, the paired student t-test (tobs=9.29≥tcrit=2.09;p<0.0001,df=19\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${t}_{\mathrm{obs}}=9.29 \ge {t}_{\mathrm{crit}}=2.09;p<0.0001, df=19$$\end{document}) revealed that child was found to be more exposed compared to adult for noncarcinogenic health risk due to oral ingestion of the same groundwater samples. This study revealed that pH, EC, TDS, salinity, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO42−, PO43−, and NO3− values in water samples are in tolerable limit according to Bangladesh (DoE) and international standards (WHO, IS, FAO, USEPA, UCCC). Subsequently, combined approaches of numerous irrigation water quality indices, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Kelley’s ratio (KR), were applied to appraise the appropriateness of water for farming purposes. The irrigation water quality index (IWQI) revealed that majority of the groundwater samples were suitable for agricultural purposes. Classification based on Wilcox and US salinity hazard diagram indicated a consistent conclusion, which indicated that the water quality was in good condition for farming in the study area.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021
In this research, we intended to appraise the hydrogeochemistry and human health risks of groundw... more In this research, we intended to appraise the hydrogeochemistry and human health risks of groundwater (GW) in southwestern Bangladesh, applying hydrogeochemical techniques, GW quality index (GWQI), several pollution indices, and mathematical health risk models. The trace elements (TEs) and ionic composition of GW samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and ion chromatography (AAS-IC) technique. The evaporate dissolution, silicate weathering, and ionic exchange processes control the hydrogeochemistry in GW. The GWQI revealed that 34% of samples were poor to very poor quality for drinking purposes, whereas irrigation water quality indices suggested moderate suitability of GW. The mean hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) exceeded the tolerable level for adults and children, making substantial chronic health impacts on humans. The estimated carcinogenic risk of As and Pb surpassed the upper level of 1 × 10–4 for both aged populations. Overall, the results indicate that the local inhabitants have detrimental health risks; hence, effective regulation and proper measures should be concentrated for continuous monitoring, assessment, and remediation of As, Mn, Pb, and Hg in the study area.
This study demonstrates the level of heavy metal pollution in the Halda River, the only natural b... more This study demonstrates the level of heavy metal pollution in the Halda River, the only natural breeding source of carps in Bangladesh. Water was collected from 12 different sampling points along the Halda River. Water at various locations was found satisfactory in terms of the assessed physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids). The presence of various cations and anions was also studied using ion chromatography. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify various heavy metals in the collected water samples. Among the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Cu, and As concentration exceeded the safe limit suggested by WHO. The calculated heavy metal pollution index and metal index were found higher than the critical index value. The single-factor assessment (P i) and Nemerow's multi-factor index (P N) of heavy metals was calculated to find out the degree of pollution in the Halda River. The maximum values of P i (Cd), P i (Pb), P i (As), P i (Cu), and P i (Cr) were determined to be 26.67, 260.00, 17.00, 208.76 and 2.80 respectively. The maximum value of P N was found to be 289.04. The discharge of effluents from various large and small industries near the Halda River is considered to be the major source of the identified heavy metals. Multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis, Pearson correlation matrix and cluster analysis revealed that most of the heavy metals originated from different anthropogenic sources. Multivariate analysis also showed that Co, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, NH 4 þ , NO 3 mainly came from artificial sources whereas Fe, Ca, As mainly originated from natural sources. Arsenic (As) also came from artificial sources with Cu.
Biosorption is an innovative technology aimed at the removal of toxic metals from effluent utiliz... more Biosorption is an innovative technology aimed at the removal of toxic metals from effluent utilizing abundantly available agricultural waste biomaterials. Among several agricultural wastes studied as biosorbents for effluent treatment, coir pith has been of great importance for the removal of diverse type of pollutants from effluent water. As an agricultural waste, coir pith has gained wide attention as effective biosorbents due to the significant adsorption potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants. Cost-effectiveness, abundant availability and renewability makes them as an economical alternative for water treatment and waste remediation. In this review, the perspective of coir pith based biosorbents for textile effluent treatment from vast literature has been compiled and their adsorption capacities for various types of as available in the literature are presented.
Mercerization, the treatment of cotton with concentrated sodium hydroxide under tension, is perfo... more Mercerization, the treatment of cotton with concentrated sodium hydroxide under tension, is performed to enhance absorption, luster, strength and dimensional stability. After mercerization, the unreacted sodium hydroxide is neutralized with acids. Neutralization with polycarboxylic acids (PCAs) is likely not only to crosslink the cellulose molecules, but to also enhance other functional attributes like crease recovery behavior, flame retardancy, and soil release properties. In this research, four PCAs with different functional groups were used for fabric neutralization to merge mercerization and poly- functional finishing into one continuous process. The PCA treated fabrics were then assessed for their performance. All four PCAs were effective in improving crease recovery and soil release properties, and reducing the flammability, of the treated cotton fabric.
Groundwater quality is a serious environmental concern that links to sustainable development in B... more Groundwater quality is a serious environmental concern that links to sustainable development in Bangladesh, particularly in the southeast coastal region to guarantee drinking water safety. Groundwater quality, co-dispersions, sources, and probabilistic health risk were assessed simultaneously using multiple approaches and indexes including the entropy water quality index, groundwater quality index (GWQI), Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index, fuzzy logic GIS, principal component analysis (PCA), the correlation matrix (CM), hazard index (HI), carcinogenic risk (CR), and stochastic uncertainty analysis. The average concentrations of EC (781.66 μS/cm), Mg2+ (40.75 mg/L), K + (11.96 mg/L), NO2− (3.57 mg/L), Fe (1950.76 μg/L), Mn (130.04 μg/L), Cd (1.75 μg/L) and Pb (42.22 μg/L) were identified in groundwater and surpassed the water quality limits from 25 to 100% based on the sampling sites. SO42−, NO2− and NO3− were the priority contributors affecting water quality degradation. Approximately 30 and 33% of samples were unfit for drinking use employing the EWQI and GWQI, respectively. Spatially, groundwater quality is degraded from southwest to northeast area inundating by saline water. PCA and CM disclosed that Fe, Mn, and Cu had geogenic origins from the dissolution of weathering and leaching; Pb and Zn were primarily from nonpoint sources; Cd, and As were dominated by the mixed sources. Based on the non-carcinogenic risk (NCR), the HI values were above the permissible limit (> 1) for both adults and children, except for a few sites, indicating harmful health risks on humans. The attribution of the analyzed metals did not outweigh the CR range (10–6–10–4) with an elevated risk of children. Uncertainty analysis identified As concentration, exposure duration, and exposure frequency as the most significant parameters affecting the probabilistic health risk results. The outcome of this study can provide the baseline data for sustainable groundwater management and human health protection in the coastal region.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020
The Ganges River is one of the biggest transboundary streams in the Indian sub-continent. The sig... more The Ganges River is one of the biggest transboundary streams in the Indian sub-continent. The significant part of this waterway channel drains one of the most densely populated areas on the planet so it is unequivocally influenced by human activities. Unprecedented high-temporal-resolution samples were collected for investigating the seasonal variability of water quality. Water quality index (WQI) reveals large seasonal variation among three major seasons and also indicates that the river water is not suitable for drinking and other household uses. The dominant water facies is bicarbonate (HCO 3 −). The water quality indices, %Na, Kelley's ratio (KR), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), reveal that the water is appropriate for irrigation. The permeability index (PI) indicated that the water is moderate to poorly useable for agricultural purposes. Heavy metals concentrations demonstrated significant seasonal variations with high concentrations during the monsoon due to flushing of pollutants from catchment areas by intense monsoonal precipitations. In addition, local activities such as oil spills from the boat, vehicle washing water, and agricultural runoff may also added pollutants. The single-factor pollution index (Ii) and Nemerow pollution index (Ni) exhibits minor pollution. The values of heavy metal pollution index (HPI) are far below than the critical limit (100) for the studied month, although relatively higher HPI values found for April, August, and November than other months might come from domestic wastes and agricultural activities. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) values of all the months indicated a low degree of pollution. Even though the river water pollution level is low, the authority should take proper management and monitoring strategy for sustainable use.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
A simple, sensitive and rapid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is proposed for... more A simple, sensitive and rapid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is proposed for the analysis of some environmentally important highly toxic phenols in water. The concentration level of phenol was determined in water at the sampling stations of Savar, Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) and Bank Colony of the Bangsai river, Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from different depth of the sampling stations. The phenolic compounds were extracted with dichloromethane, which was further preconcentrated by evaporation. Different concentrations of toxic phenol were obtained in the river water at the various sampling stations. The concentration of highly toxic phenol was found in the range of 0.01-0.998 g. L-1. This method could permit the analysis of water for phenol as well as phenolic derivatives with detection limit as low as 100 ng. L-1 .
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2009
Jute fabrics (hessian cloth) reinforced polypropylene (PP) matrix composites (30% fiber by weight... more Jute fabrics (hessian cloth) reinforced polypropylene (PP) matrix composites (30% fiber by weight) were fabricated by compression molding. Tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), and percentage elongation at break (Eb) of the composites were found to be 32 MPa, 740 MPa, and 16%, respectively. Then jute fabrics reinforced solid natural rubber (NR)-based composites (30% fiber by weight) were also fabricated and it was found that TS, TM, and Eb of the jute/NR composites were 14 MPa, 120 MPa, and 94%, respectively. The mechanical properties of jute/PP and jute/NR composites were compared. Six weeks of degradation of the composites were performed in aqueous medium and it was found that jute/NR composites lost much of its original strength and modulus compared to that of the jute/PP composites. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the jute/PP and jute/NR systems was investigated by using the single fiber fragmentation tests. The IFSS of jute/PP and jute/NR systems appeared to be 2.16...
An extensive chemical investigation of fog water’s chemical composition, as well as source charac... more An extensive chemical investigation of fog water’s chemical composition, as well as source characterization, were carried out during the winter season (December to February) at an outflow location (Bhola, Bangladesh) of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Characterization of the source involved correlational analysis, enrichment factor analysis, estimation of percentage sources, and air mass trajectory analysis. The average pH of fog water in Bhola was found to be 7.03 ± 0.02, demonstrating that acid-neutralizing components were successful in neutralizing acidifying species. The concentrations of the water-soluble ions were determined, and they were in the following order: Ca2+ > NO3− > Cl− > Na+ > SO42− > NH4+ > Mg2+ > K+ > F− > HCO3−. Of the six trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb) that were analyzed, Zn ions were found in the highest concentration, followed by Mn ions. Neutralization factor analysis showed that the key neutralization components of fog...
Water is the main sources for domestic purposes and as well as for both farming and industrial ac... more Water is the main sources for domestic purposes and as well as for both farming and industrial activities. Therefore, this study investigated the quality of groundwater at Ishwardi, Pabna district of Bangladesh. This study showed that the heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe were remaining in trace amount. The groundwater quality index (GWQI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and degree of contamination (Cd) revealed that all of the groundwater samples belonged to good quality condition for drinking purposes. Nevertheless, Cd provided better index than other indices. Subsequently, hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values for heavy metals indicated that there was no significant noncarcinogenic health risk due to oral ingestion of groundwater except three sites. However, the paired student t-test (tobs=9.29≥tcrit=2.09;p<0.0001,df=19\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${t}_{\mathrm{obs}}=9.29 \ge {t}_{\mathrm{crit}}=2.09;p<0.0001, df=19$$\end{document}) revealed that child was found to be more exposed compared to adult for noncarcinogenic health risk due to oral ingestion of the same groundwater samples. This study revealed that pH, EC, TDS, salinity, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO42−, PO43−, and NO3− values in water samples are in tolerable limit according to Bangladesh (DoE) and international standards (WHO, IS, FAO, USEPA, UCCC). Subsequently, combined approaches of numerous irrigation water quality indices, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Kelley’s ratio (KR), were applied to appraise the appropriateness of water for farming purposes. The irrigation water quality index (IWQI) revealed that majority of the groundwater samples were suitable for agricultural purposes. Classification based on Wilcox and US salinity hazard diagram indicated a consistent conclusion, which indicated that the water quality was in good condition for farming in the study area.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021
In this research, we intended to appraise the hydrogeochemistry and human health risks of groundw... more In this research, we intended to appraise the hydrogeochemistry and human health risks of groundwater (GW) in southwestern Bangladesh, applying hydrogeochemical techniques, GW quality index (GWQI), several pollution indices, and mathematical health risk models. The trace elements (TEs) and ionic composition of GW samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and ion chromatography (AAS-IC) technique. The evaporate dissolution, silicate weathering, and ionic exchange processes control the hydrogeochemistry in GW. The GWQI revealed that 34% of samples were poor to very poor quality for drinking purposes, whereas irrigation water quality indices suggested moderate suitability of GW. The mean hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) exceeded the tolerable level for adults and children, making substantial chronic health impacts on humans. The estimated carcinogenic risk of As and Pb surpassed the upper level of 1 × 10–4 for both aged populations. Overall, the results indicate that the local inhabitants have detrimental health risks; hence, effective regulation and proper measures should be concentrated for continuous monitoring, assessment, and remediation of As, Mn, Pb, and Hg in the study area.
This study demonstrates the level of heavy metal pollution in the Halda River, the only natural b... more This study demonstrates the level of heavy metal pollution in the Halda River, the only natural breeding source of carps in Bangladesh. Water was collected from 12 different sampling points along the Halda River. Water at various locations was found satisfactory in terms of the assessed physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids). The presence of various cations and anions was also studied using ion chromatography. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify various heavy metals in the collected water samples. Among the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Cu, and As concentration exceeded the safe limit suggested by WHO. The calculated heavy metal pollution index and metal index were found higher than the critical index value. The single-factor assessment (P i) and Nemerow's multi-factor index (P N) of heavy metals was calculated to find out the degree of pollution in the Halda River. The maximum values of P i (Cd), P i (Pb), P i (As), P i (Cu), and P i (Cr) were determined to be 26.67, 260.00, 17.00, 208.76 and 2.80 respectively. The maximum value of P N was found to be 289.04. The discharge of effluents from various large and small industries near the Halda River is considered to be the major source of the identified heavy metals. Multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis, Pearson correlation matrix and cluster analysis revealed that most of the heavy metals originated from different anthropogenic sources. Multivariate analysis also showed that Co, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, NH 4 þ , NO 3 mainly came from artificial sources whereas Fe, Ca, As mainly originated from natural sources. Arsenic (As) also came from artificial sources with Cu.
Biosorption is an innovative technology aimed at the removal of toxic metals from effluent utiliz... more Biosorption is an innovative technology aimed at the removal of toxic metals from effluent utilizing abundantly available agricultural waste biomaterials. Among several agricultural wastes studied as biosorbents for effluent treatment, coir pith has been of great importance for the removal of diverse type of pollutants from effluent water. As an agricultural waste, coir pith has gained wide attention as effective biosorbents due to the significant adsorption potential for the removal of various aquatic pollutants. Cost-effectiveness, abundant availability and renewability makes them as an economical alternative for water treatment and waste remediation. In this review, the perspective of coir pith based biosorbents for textile effluent treatment from vast literature has been compiled and their adsorption capacities for various types of as available in the literature are presented.
Mercerization, the treatment of cotton with concentrated sodium hydroxide under tension, is perfo... more Mercerization, the treatment of cotton with concentrated sodium hydroxide under tension, is performed to enhance absorption, luster, strength and dimensional stability. After mercerization, the unreacted sodium hydroxide is neutralized with acids. Neutralization with polycarboxylic acids (PCAs) is likely not only to crosslink the cellulose molecules, but to also enhance other functional attributes like crease recovery behavior, flame retardancy, and soil release properties. In this research, four PCAs with different functional groups were used for fabric neutralization to merge mercerization and poly- functional finishing into one continuous process. The PCA treated fabrics were then assessed for their performance. All four PCAs were effective in improving crease recovery and soil release properties, and reducing the flammability, of the treated cotton fabric.
Groundwater quality is a serious environmental concern that links to sustainable development in B... more Groundwater quality is a serious environmental concern that links to sustainable development in Bangladesh, particularly in the southeast coastal region to guarantee drinking water safety. Groundwater quality, co-dispersions, sources, and probabilistic health risk were assessed simultaneously using multiple approaches and indexes including the entropy water quality index, groundwater quality index (GWQI), Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index, fuzzy logic GIS, principal component analysis (PCA), the correlation matrix (CM), hazard index (HI), carcinogenic risk (CR), and stochastic uncertainty analysis. The average concentrations of EC (781.66 μS/cm), Mg2+ (40.75 mg/L), K + (11.96 mg/L), NO2− (3.57 mg/L), Fe (1950.76 μg/L), Mn (130.04 μg/L), Cd (1.75 μg/L) and Pb (42.22 μg/L) were identified in groundwater and surpassed the water quality limits from 25 to 100% based on the sampling sites. SO42−, NO2− and NO3− were the priority contributors affecting water quality degradation. Approximately 30 and 33% of samples were unfit for drinking use employing the EWQI and GWQI, respectively. Spatially, groundwater quality is degraded from southwest to northeast area inundating by saline water. PCA and CM disclosed that Fe, Mn, and Cu had geogenic origins from the dissolution of weathering and leaching; Pb and Zn were primarily from nonpoint sources; Cd, and As were dominated by the mixed sources. Based on the non-carcinogenic risk (NCR), the HI values were above the permissible limit (> 1) for both adults and children, except for a few sites, indicating harmful health risks on humans. The attribution of the analyzed metals did not outweigh the CR range (10–6–10–4) with an elevated risk of children. Uncertainty analysis identified As concentration, exposure duration, and exposure frequency as the most significant parameters affecting the probabilistic health risk results. The outcome of this study can provide the baseline data for sustainable groundwater management and human health protection in the coastal region.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020
The Ganges River is one of the biggest transboundary streams in the Indian sub-continent. The sig... more The Ganges River is one of the biggest transboundary streams in the Indian sub-continent. The significant part of this waterway channel drains one of the most densely populated areas on the planet so it is unequivocally influenced by human activities. Unprecedented high-temporal-resolution samples were collected for investigating the seasonal variability of water quality. Water quality index (WQI) reveals large seasonal variation among three major seasons and also indicates that the river water is not suitable for drinking and other household uses. The dominant water facies is bicarbonate (HCO 3 −). The water quality indices, %Na, Kelley's ratio (KR), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), reveal that the water is appropriate for irrigation. The permeability index (PI) indicated that the water is moderate to poorly useable for agricultural purposes. Heavy metals concentrations demonstrated significant seasonal variations with high concentrations during the monsoon due to flushing of pollutants from catchment areas by intense monsoonal precipitations. In addition, local activities such as oil spills from the boat, vehicle washing water, and agricultural runoff may also added pollutants. The single-factor pollution index (Ii) and Nemerow pollution index (Ni) exhibits minor pollution. The values of heavy metal pollution index (HPI) are far below than the critical limit (100) for the studied month, although relatively higher HPI values found for April, August, and November than other months might come from domestic wastes and agricultural activities. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) values of all the months indicated a low degree of pollution. Even though the river water pollution level is low, the authority should take proper management and monitoring strategy for sustainable use.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
A simple, sensitive and rapid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is proposed for... more A simple, sensitive and rapid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is proposed for the analysis of some environmentally important highly toxic phenols in water. The concentration level of phenol was determined in water at the sampling stations of Savar, Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) and Bank Colony of the Bangsai river, Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from different depth of the sampling stations. The phenolic compounds were extracted with dichloromethane, which was further preconcentrated by evaporation. Different concentrations of toxic phenol were obtained in the river water at the various sampling stations. The concentration of highly toxic phenol was found in the range of 0.01-0.998 g. L-1. This method could permit the analysis of water for phenol as well as phenolic derivatives with detection limit as low as 100 ng. L-1 .
Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 2009
Jute fabrics (hessian cloth) reinforced polypropylene (PP) matrix composites (30% fiber by weight... more Jute fabrics (hessian cloth) reinforced polypropylene (PP) matrix composites (30% fiber by weight) were fabricated by compression molding. Tensile strength (TS), tensile modulus (TM), and percentage elongation at break (Eb) of the composites were found to be 32 MPa, 740 MPa, and 16%, respectively. Then jute fabrics reinforced solid natural rubber (NR)-based composites (30% fiber by weight) were also fabricated and it was found that TS, TM, and Eb of the jute/NR composites were 14 MPa, 120 MPa, and 94%, respectively. The mechanical properties of jute/PP and jute/NR composites were compared. Six weeks of degradation of the composites were performed in aqueous medium and it was found that jute/NR composites lost much of its original strength and modulus compared to that of the jute/PP composites. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the jute/PP and jute/NR systems was investigated by using the single fiber fragmentation tests. The IFSS of jute/PP and jute/NR systems appeared to be 2.16...
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